Kufa Journal of Arts

The current research aims to identify the factors that help in education according to Al-Jahiz. As for the limits of the research, the researcher took the book Al-Barsan, Al-Arjan, Al-Amyan, and Al-Hawlan as a sample for his research, from among Al-Jahiz’s books, to confirm Al-Jahiz’s subject matter. There is no doubt that there are many factors that help in the success of the educational process, including: the teacher’s knowledge of the students’ mental and age level and his insight into the cognitive, emotional, genetic, environmental, and psychological aspects of the student, etc., and before all of these factors, his knowledge of the objectives. After the researchers determined the research’s purpose, limits, and terminology, they conducted the research procedures in light of the descriptive approach of Al-Jahiz’s narratives or in light of what Al-Jahiz stipulated regarding the subject. The researchers reached a number of conclusions, including: Al-Jahiz’s ability to diagnose the factors that aid in education, and the richness of the Arab-Islamic heritage in them, and that these factors play a fundamental role in the teacher’s delivery of the educational material to the students and providing them with information that has an impact. Based on the results of the research, the researchers recommended several recommendations, including: Benefiting from Al-Jahiz’s educational and psychological opinions, especially in his diagnosis of the factors that aid in delivering education and teaching, and employing them in writing school books according to the mental and age level, such as the book of reading, literature, or grammar, etc.

In order to know the classification of the land appearance temporally for the current period, the study dealt with the analytical approach for the purpose of analyzing the space visuals and displaying them through classification, analysis and automatic interpretation through software for remote sensing techniques through the (ERDAS) program as an integrated program that contains the directed classification (Supervised Classification) and the undirected classification (Unsupervised Classification) and the (Global Mapper) program for the purpose of cutting the space visuals that consist of four space visuals (Landsat 7) to field visits for the purpose of verifying the accuracy of the information and determining the training areas.
Then the study area was classified according to the Anderson classification, which was integrated with remote sensing techniques, and the areas of five main types of land covers for Najaf Governorate were reached, which are:
• Urban lands or buildings.
• Agricultural lands.
• Wetlands.
• Water.
• Barren lands.

The interest in ethical thought, research, analysis and theorizing, is steadily increasing day after day, and perhaps it is ironic that Western thought has recorded remarkable progress in this field compared to our Arab world. This increasing interest in ethics is an echo of the depth of the ethical crisis in the reality of contemporary man, which has led to the spread of nihilism or the loss of meaning, to the point that this crisis of values ​​is considered a sign of the decline of civilization; This crisis has had several manifestations, starting with the waste of science devoid of morals for human dignity, through its invention of tools of killing and genocide, which have reached astonishing levels of sophistication in killing and spreading terror, and to the economic systems that crush human humanity, and attempt to transform it into a commodity or a machine to serve its profitable machine, which is expressed by "commodifying man", or "objectifying man", and passing through the media vortex working to empty man of all spiritual and moral content by spreading the culture of the image that addresses human instincts, in addition to what it practices in terms of misleading and brainwashing, which has its clear reflection on his behavior, reaching the worst forms of moral decadence represented by the phenomenon of terrorism that strikes blindly targeting the safe and peaceful. All these manifestations and others reveal the crisis of moral conscience that man has reached, so voices began to rise to return morality to its centrality, after it remained for a long time on the margins, which had harsh repercussions on man. Focusing on the topic of ethics, through research, study and theorizing, contributes to establishing awareness of the problem of ethics, in addition to what our topic here entails in terms of a critical dimension of Western modernity that has dominated minds and souls. The analytical critical approach has been adopted in analyzing the origins of modernity and the nature of its references, and then criticizing these origins and foundations that have harmed ethics, all of which comes in the context of analyzing the opinions of Dr. Taha Abdul Rahman.

The Iranian Kurdistan Democratic Party is one of the nationalist parties that the Iranian political arena witnessed from the year of its establishment in 1945 until the banning of political parties in 1979, with the victory of the Islamic Revolution, especially since the Kurdish people today are one of the peoples of the Middle East, the majority of whom enjoy an independent state, and this is what prompted me to study this party in Iran. We can distinguish two main different periods in the history of this party, the first is the most active period that began in 1945 and continued until 1963, and the second period that extended from 1963-1979, during which the party suffered setbacks and clear procrastination that affected the nature and strategy of the party's work, except for what was rare during the last years of the seventh decade of the twentieth century. At that time, it was limited to holding secret conferences and seminars, especially after the setback that struck the party following the disastrous failure of the 1968 uprising against the Iranian authority, and the escape of its most prominent leaders and supporters and their adoption of the lands of Iraqi Kurdistan as a temporary headquarters.

The research is an attempt to shed light on the path of the Iranian Kurdistan Democratic Party, which was distinguished from other movements and parties in Iran during the research period, as its political path was characterized by procrastination, and the inability of its central committee to implement its decisions, due to the policy of force and repression used by the Iranian security services against its leaders and supporters.

The research relied on a group of Persian documents, including SAVAK reports, in addition to the document of the internal system of the Iranian Kurdistan Democratic Party, and a good number of Persian and Arabic sources and references.

Most modern Arab grammarians focused on attempts to reform the ancient Arabic grammatical approach, which may have been complicated and ambiguous, due to the overlap of Western approaches and their differences from the linguistic approach of the Arabic language, such as logic, philosophy, and others. The efforts of Dr. Mahdi Al-Makhzoumi and Dr. Tamam Hassan had an impact on this, as they both called for reforming the grammatical approach by following the descriptive approach and applying it in the study of Arabic grammar. However, they differed in the means and tools. Dr. Al-Makhzoumi called for returning Arabic grammar to what was brought by the early Arab grammarians, such as Al-Farahidi, Al-Kisa’i, Al-Farra’, and others who, in his view, followed a descriptive approach appropriate to the nature of the Arabic language. While Dr. Tamam Hassan called for applying the modern Western descriptive approach, the seed of which was planted by (De Saussure) and followed by (Firth), the owner of the contextual theory of language, which Dr. Tamam Hassan received directly from him. This agreement and disagreement have formed a suitable material for research, study and comparison. The research followed a descriptive, analytical and comparative approach between the approach of Dr. Mahdi Al-Makhzoumi and Dr. Tamam Hassan in the scientific material that the research seeks to study, which is (what Dr. Al-Makhzoumi agreed upon with Dr. Tamam Hassan), and (what Dr. Al-Makhzoumi disagreed upon with Dr. Tamam Hassan).

Sunflower crop needs different temperatures during the growth stages. It does not grow when the temperature drops below (7°C) and reaches a maximum of (35%). The ideal temperature for its growth ranges between (25°C-30°C) - (35°C). The crop’s need for temperatures begins after the germination stage and until the maturity stage, as the seed germination stage begins at a temperature ranging between (15°C-17°C), especially during spring planting. However, during autumn planting, its seeds need a temperature of up to (30°C). ( ) Either during the vegetative growth stage, the sunflower crop needs a temperature ranging between (20°-25°) during spring cultivation for the period from March - April, while during autumn cultivation, the crop needs (30°), so its cultivation begins between the months of August - September until their average temperature reaches between (32°-36°). Either during the pollination and , the crop needs an optimal temperature ranging between (25°-30°) and maintaining a temperature that increases the yield of oil and seeds. The crop cannot tolerate a temperature that reaches more than (40°), which leads to stopping its growth and not forming pollen grains ( )
As for the accumulated temperature ( ), the sunflower crop needs (45-27) thermal units during the growing season of (5) months for spring cultivation and (2660) thermal units during the growing season of (122) days for autumn cultivation. (4) (*) ( )
The sunflower crop is classified within Day-neutral plants because their flowering is not affected by the length of the photoperiod, despite their need for sunlight during their growth and development, as the process of photosynthesis increases with the increase in the intensity of light to which the crop is exposed ( ). Sunflower crop grows well in most soils if it has good drainage. It produces mixed and mixed clay soils with a neutral acidity ranging between (6-7) ( ). It can also be grown in riverbed soils and basin soils with good drainage. It needs (12) irrigations during spring cultivation and (10) irrigations during autumn cultivation. Thus, the water requirement for this crop ranges between (88-104) cm per irrigation during spring and autumn cultivation, respectively. Sunflower crop is grown in plowed soil with a depth ranging between (30-40) cm in the form of panels separating the distance between each plant and another by a distance of (50-70) cm to increase its production. This helps in obtaining the amount of solar radiation and air movement between the planted plants. It is also grown in holes on the edges of the upper ridges. ( ) Hybrid varieties of sunflower are characterized by their high productivity, especially the (Flame) variety, which reaches a rate of Its production per acre is (866 kg) and the percentage of oil in its seeds is (2-47)% and the variety (Your Flower) has an average production per acre of (768) kg and an oil percentage of (49%). In addition, these varieties are characterized by their shortness, such that the height of the plant does not exceed (2 m), which facilitates the possibility of harvesting them mechanically and avoiding the problems of manual harvesting ().

Since the first cycle of humanity, man has been striving to satisfy his needs, defying all the challenges that face him and hinder the achievement of satisfying his needs, whether they are (natural, social, economic, etc.). Despite the similarity of humanity in its needs, they differ in importance from one individual to another, from one family to another, from one society to another, and from one period of time to another, due to the nature of the circumstances surrounding societies.
In light of the current circumstances that the residents of Iraqi society suffer from in their daily lives, the Iraqi individual faces a set of challenges, the most important of which is satisfying his daily needs of (food, medicine, housing, clothing, work, security, etc.), from the necessities for a comfortable life.
Our study aims to reveal the challenges facing the residents of Iraq in satisfying their requirements, as well as clarifying the daily lifestyle of the residents of Iraq by choosing the Mosul family as a model.
The importance of the study lies in shedding light on the extent of the suffering that the residents of Iraq suffer in satisfying their basic needs. Relying on scientific methods to reach the most accurate results, the most important of which are (historical method, social survey method, and analytical method).

The research reached a set of results, the most important of which are:

1. The population of Iraq faces a set of challenges (psychological, social, and economic) in satisfying its needs.

2. Most of the population of Iraq (the Mosul family as an example) suffers from a severe shortage in satisfying its needs.

3. Most of the population of Iraq lives below the poverty line, which has hindered the satisfaction of their needs.

The importance of population studies does not only come from the fact that the population is the source of all social phenomena, but these studies also have an impact on various economic and political fields of the state. On this basis, most countries have taken an interest in population studies. In the geographical field, attention has focused on the distribution of the population, its growth, its composition, and the variation of its characteristics from one society to another. Due to the importance of the spatial distribution of the population and knowing the most important factors that affected it, the research dealt with studying the numerical, relative, and density distribution of the population, measuring population concentration, and the most important factors affecting the variation of their distribution in Karbala Governorate.

There is no doubt that the child spends most of his waking hours playing, and he may sometimes prefer it to sleeping and eating, as it is the most practiced and active activity for the child. Through it, the child learns new skills and helps him develop his old skills. It is a social workshop in which he reflects different social roles, controls his emotions, and play relieves many of the children's fears and anxiety, whether he plays alone or with his peers. If the child loses that activity and practice, this is reflected negatively in his behavior. In fact, the absence of this activity in a child is an indication that this child is abnormal. A child who does not play is a sick child. - We should know that playing is a real intrinsic motivation that the child does not acquire through the encouragement of others. It is a natural, spontaneous activity that no one has a role in teaching. It expresses an innate tendency in the individual through which the child discovers himself and his abilities, and develops his mental and sensory potential. Rather, playing enables the child to acquire values, skills and attitudes necessary for sound social growth. Accordingly, playing is a vital activity practiced by all children in the world. Many sayings have been repeated about playing that have been recommended by children to their parents and teachers for a period of time. The gist of these sayings is that playing is a waste of time and a bad investment of time. The father says to his son, “My son, do not waste your time playing. My son, leave playing and focus on your lessons. There is no benefit in playing other than wasting time.” Is this saying true? And can we, through playing, reveal the family atmosphere surrounding the child through the various emotional relationships around him?

The importance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has become essential for scientists, researchers and users of urban planning, spatial and geographical analysis in general, not only to prepare maps or provide information, but also to distribute data on maps and match, analyze, organize and classify information, especially after the great technological development witnessed by the world and the need for planners and geographers to keep pace with the development of other specializations in terms of speed in analyzing huge and diverse numbers of data and statistics and finding the most appropriate solutions and making the best decisions, which made resorting to the use of geographic information systems indispensable in many applied studies that deal with various fields, and at the forefront of which is the educational sector represented by government schools, as they are considered the institutions with the main influence in spreading knowledge and enlightening and developing peoples. Choosing the appropriate location for establishing a school or the size of the school in proportion to the number of its students requires taking into account all the criteria that must be taken into account in the reality of those schools and their buildings. This requires conducting survey studies of the residential area in which the school is to be established, and determining the number of residents, buildings and lands suitable for establishing a school on them and their distance from natural and human hazards and other things that require a great deal of effort and time in a way that ultimately leads to ignoring many of these criteria and then improvising in choosing the locations of many schools.

Language is what determines the regulated world, the signification of which provides the foundation of our culture, our activities and our relations. It defines our identity as a form of reassurance. It deals not only with the impossibilities of knowing the motivation of human beings, but also presents the problem of communication between human beings. Speech is, undoubtedly, the proof of existence as well as a manner of contending silence, solitude and death, and it is man's unique heritage.
Absurd dramatists' use of language probes the limitations of language both as a means of communication and as an instrument of thought as there can be no definite meanings in a world deprived of values, principles and virtues. They have chosen to write in a language devoid of content to become the adequate representation of stagnant life; they present language as an inefficient tool to express one's thought, to comprehend the world, or to define one's self. So, Beckett materialized the absurdity of modern life and human condition in his play.

In William Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet, there are eleven soliloquies spoken by the protagonists of the play Hamlet, King Claudius and Ophelia. In this paper, the focus will be on the soliloquies spoken by the central character of the play 'Hamlet'. He said seven soliloquies, these soliloquies show the feelings, tendencies and psychological aspects of Hamlet. The reader will be aware of the reasons why Hamlet does not take revenge, although the play is all about revenge. There are many opportunities to kill Claudius but Hamlet does not take advantage of them. He hesitates to take revenge despite being sure that his uncle killed his father.

It is commonly known that “literary language” is different from “ordinary language”. That is, it is full of deviation, while Pratt (1977: 80) asserts that “ordinary language” is accompanied by ordinary rules, and Grice’s work (1975) specifies the appropriate conditions that accept a certain rumor. - conditions that language users assume to be valid. In this study, the present tense is not referred to as referring to the moment of speech or action. Rather, in novels, it is indicated that this genre is “unmediated”. As such, writers use the present tense extensively, regardless of the present time, to indicate that the text can be read at any time. Furthermore, it can be noted that the shift from the past to the simple present provides readers with an opportunity to think seriously about what is being said. It thus invites thought and suspense. As far as the writer is concerned, it seems that the writer resorts to the simple present tense only to comment on, highlight and criticize some event or incident within the story.