Journal of Basra researches for Human Sciences

The research approaches a prominent poetic theme in the Mamluk era poetry, which is (hunger). The Mamluk poet represented ((hunger)) poetically and formulated it in his poetic discourse. The Mamluk poet is considered one of the most capable creators in translating reality poetically; therefore, the message of poetry in the Mamluk era was based on a principle that most poets abandoned throughout the ages - except for the vagabond poets - which is (not betraying reality). The poets succeeded greatly in translating reality into a poetic universe that reflected reality and touched upon art.
The research was based on an introduction and three axes, which are:
1- The manufacture of hunger.
2- Aspects of hunger poetry.
3- Hunger and poetic representation.

This paper provides a contrastive study of the markedness theory according to the positions of western and Arab grammarians. It describes how western grammarians understand markedness, and shows at the same time that Arab grammarians understanding of markedness do not differ from that of the western grammarians. In addition, the positions of modern Arab grammarians will discussed and rejected when mistakes and misunderstanding of markedness will be detecte

The dependents are among the restrictions that give the sentence elegance and beauty and limit its prevalence and generality. The research will try to reveal the beauty of the existence of these dependents in the verses of the study and the purpose of that existence. Are these restrictions among the tools of the creator that he resorts to in his effects on the recipient, so that sometimes their presence is necessary in the text and they cannot be considered among the extra waste on the two parts of the sentence, so they can be dispensed with?

The term change means simile and metaphor as well as metaphor in the terminology of ancient rhetoricians. The research was divided into an introduction and three sections. The first section dealt with the concept of simile in the thought of philosophers, the second section dealt with the concept of metaphor in their thought, and the third section dealt with the sensory image. The term change refers to all that characterizes the language in the poetic industry of stylistic tricks that make the statement poetic, and it also means the depiction, especially metaphor and simile as two basic pillars of poetic change. The concept of simile among philosophers is based on mentioning the tool of simile, since deleting the tool, according to them, makes the thing other than itself, so it is not considered a simile but rather called a metaphor. The philosophers set a basic condition for the metaphor, as the two sides of the metaphor should be built on participation, similarity and proximity, to achieve the quality of understanding and imagination.

This research aims to demonstrate the characteristics of the linguistic structure of the poetic text, which is represented in the semantic deviation resulting from the use of rhetorical and stylistic techniques, and other poetic performance techniques such as the use of symbols, which would intensify the language of the text and deepen its semantic structure. This requires an interpretive reading that goes beyond its superficial structure and apparent content, in order to discover its potential deep connotations suggested by the textual context. This means the necessity of moving from the mechanism of interpretation to the strategy of interpretation.

The Basque Country occupies the northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula, and Navarre is one of its most important provinces. The most important thing that distinguishes this province from other Basque provinces is the presence of the capital, Pamplona, ​​which has a strategic location, as it is crossed by the Roncesvalle or Chazarri Pass, which is a point of contact between Andalusia and Europe.

The youth stage in the life of Moses (peace be upon him) witnessed many important events that affected the course of his life and the course of his heavenly message to the children of Israel. The narratives of those events differed in both the Torah and the Qur’an, although their content indicated the message approach of the Jewish religion. The Prophet of God Moses (peace be upon him) was brave and patient in this stage of his life in facing the violent events that he went through. Despite his upbringing in the palace of Pharaoh, he refused to submit to the deviant ideas that deviated from the path of guidance and justice. He also stood with the sons of his religion who were suffering under the rule of the Egyptian Pharaohs. When he did not find anyone to support him in his cause, he decided to flee from the family of Pharaoh and seek refuge in Madyan, where he met the Prophet of God Shuaib (peace be upon him). He found a space of comfort and stability, so he prepared for the next stage of his life, which was to return to Egypt again to lead his people out of the land of the Pharaohs and into the Holy Land. The study also focused on clarifying the points of difference in the narration of events between the texts of the Torah and the Qur’an, and detailed those resources so that the reader could sense the extent of the difference between the Torah and the Qur’an.

The era of the Almohad Caliph Yaqub al-Mansur in the Maghreb and Andalusia was known for a number of features that distinguished it from other eras of the Almohad Caliphs, including the religious life that the Almohads lived in his state, as it was known for its renewed Islamic religious character, far from the deviations that were attributed to it in previous eras. His era also witnessed many charitable works that he provided to his people, while he brought religious scholars and jurists closer to him, so they became favored by him. He had a religious position on the doctrine of Muhammad Ibn Tumart and his intellectual school of thought, in addition to the fact that he encouraged religious sciences and motivated students and scholars to study them and benefit from their content. Thus, his era was an adornment for the ages and an honor for the people of Islam.

This study was conducted to identify the state of variation in some physical and chemical properties of the soils of river banks and basins in Abu Al-Khaseeb District (Basra Governorate). After conducting field surveys, six sites were identified, three of which are river banks: Abu Al-Hamad, Al-Lakta, and Al-Mutawa, and three river basins: Al-Awja, Al-Mutawa (basin), and Kut Al-Zain. A dissection hole was dug in each site and soil samples were taken from different horizons for the purpose of conducting physical and chemical analyses. The results of the volumetric distribution analysis of soil particles showed the dominance of silt particles in river banks sites, and their quantity ranged between 373.2 - 606.4 g. kg-1 for all studied horizons, while clay particles dominated most of the river basin sites, and their quantity ranged between 440.3 - 475.3 g. kg-1. The results also showed a decrease in the apparent density values ​​in the surface horizon and an increase with depth. As for the weighted diameter rate, the results showed an increase in the values ​​in the surface horizon and ranged between 0.3 - 0.5 mm. The values ​​decreased with depth and reached its highest value in the C2 horizon of the Al-Mutawaa site (depression) and reached 0.58 mm. The results of the chemical analysis showed a relative increase in the organic matter content in the surface horizon and ranged between 3.1 - 6.5 g. kg -1. There was a decrease in the values ​​with depth and as a general average regardless of the depth, the highest value was in the Al-Mutawaa site (basin) and reached 4.9 g. kg -1. The soil content of carbonate minerals was noted to be high with the presence of a state of homogeneity with depth and its quantity ranged between 240 - 490 g. kg -1. As for soil salinity, all sites were classified as highly saline soils with an increase in values ​​in river basin areas. As for soil reaction values, they ranged from simple to moderate basicity.

The rural areas of Abu Al-Khaseeb district have witnessed a great and rapid development during the last four decades in the process of building housing in terms of design and building materials, such that these characteristics have become close to housing in cities or similar to them in many cases. However, the quantitative aspect has remained below the needs of all families. The picture is more evident within the villages due to the imbalance between the available housing and the need for it. Despite the trend towards housing on agricultural lands, this has not reduced the severity of the housing crisis in the villages of the district due to the inability of most of its newly established families to obtain a plot of land on which to build a new home. Hence, this study came to shed light on the housing crisis in the rural areas of Abu Al-Khaseeb district by highlighting the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of the housing deficit problem in the villages of Abu Al-Khaseeb district and its impact on the future of agricultural lands.

The current paper examines the use of in-group and out-group pronouns in the political discourse. Using Hosni Mubarak's speech given on 10 February 2011 during what is later known as 'January Revolution' , the paper establishes how politicians can associate with and dissociate from actions taken by them or their government. The paper concludes by locating some of the strategies of political leaders, particularly the use of first person pronouns, to persuade their audiences into accepting their views and actions on crises, revolutions, and controversial issues.