Journal of University of Babylon

This study aims to investigate how the author of the text of Al-Salsabil Al-Shafi employs the verb construction in terms of presenting the verb structure mentioned in the verse; identifying its types, and clarifying the meanings of the addition in the additive forms. Among the objectives of the study that it sought to achieve: knowing the forms of the verb structure mentioned in the text of Al-Salsabil, studying the types of verbs mentioned in it, and discussing them with what was mentioned in the books of morphology. The research adopted the descriptive approach, taking analysis as one of its tools and Statistics , and it came up with some results such as: that the verb structures in the text of Al-Salsabil came in the chapters of the infinitive and additive verb, the pure verb, and the defective, and that the chapters of the trilateral verb were all mentioned in the text except for the chapter, (فَعِلَ يَفْعِلُ) And that from constructions other than those that contradict the analogy, such as: (دَخَلَ) the analogy of its present tense with the smoke of the eye (يَدْخَلُ), which is clear from the letters of midnight, and it has been mentioned in the linguistic styles as the dammhum al-ayn, Among the more structures in the text of Al-Salsabil are those that come in the sense of a tripartite structure, such as: (أَفْعَلَ) meaning (فَعَلَ) in the verb: (أضَاءَ) meaning (ضاءَ).

Reception theory has had a great contribution in directing literary studies to pay attention to the reader, as people now see that there is a very important part for the reader when he interacts with the literary story, and that he is an active partner in creativity, and not just a passive receiver. The reader also completes the role of the author through his taste and experience in understanding some vague points which are not clearly revealed by the author. In this sense, the reader plays an active role in the literary process, and participate in its authorship
This new model or this new theory has opened the way for the reader and helped him to exercise his mind, to begin a new stage of interpretive creativity to search for an appropriate interpretation of the writer’s literary creativity, and to assume or estimate some of the events that were not completed for him during the events narrated in the story, as it sheds light on important events, emphasizing the significance of the story and relating its events.
Qur’anic stories are not only an invitation to know more about God, but they are also the best literature based on the method of narration of those events that are sequential to reach an inevitable result, or a desired goal. They elevate noble skills, by arousing the interest of the listener or reader, while enjoying the events of the story that carry noble messages. The story, which revolves as a whole around the issue of monotheism, faith, patience in the face of harm, and good morals... We - in this context - try to shed light on some of the Islam scholars who interpreted the Qur’an and their way of assessing those semantic gaps while interpreting Qur’anic stories, so that it becomes clear to us that they were earlier than others in being able to pay attention and fill those semantic gaps, even if they did not give it a name.

The study aimed to prepare a tool to measure artificial intelligence anxiety among adults in the city of Aleppo and the level of anxiety among adults, in addition to knowing the fears of artificial intelligence anxiety and knowing the significance of the differences in artificial intelligence anxiety according to gender and academic qualification. To achieve the research objectives, the research tool was prepared and the psychometric properties and validity of the scale were confirmed. (arbitrator validity, internal consistency validity, discriminant validity, structural validity) and scale reliability (Cronbach’s alpha stability, repeat reliability), and then the study tool was applied to a sample consisting of (194) adults distributed among (148) males and (46) males. Female, (121) bachelor’s degrees and (73) postgraduates, results showed:
1. The level of anxiety of artificial intelligence is above average and to a high degree.
2. What adults worry most about artificial intelligence (“I worry that there are no laws and rules for the use of artificial intelligence” and “I worry that artificial intelligence may cause over-reliance on technology” and “I worry that artificial intelligence may make it easier Fraud and hacking” and “I am concerned that artificial intelligence may lead to increased reliance on technology and loss of human autonomy.”
3. There are no statistically significant differences in artificial intelligence anxiety according to gender and educational qualification.
Recommendations and Suggestions:
It is recommended to develop clear policies and regulations governing the use of artificial intelligence to enhance security and ensure transparency, while also promoting community awareness about responsible technology use to reduce excessive dependence on it and achieve human autonomy. The researcher also recommends studying the psychological and social factors and the impact of media on AI anxiety, focusing on the role of technical knowledge in alleviating this anxiety. Additionally, it includes a comparison between different sectors regarding job loss and the influence of culture on perceptions related to artificial intelligence in various countries.

The paper focused mainly on studying the covers of a number of Saudi youths’ poetry collections. The book cover has multiple functions, carrying its own features for a new generation characterized with brilliance at the level of scientific disciplines. In addition, to the contribution of its members in the medium of knowledge exchange, which deems it necessary to study it academically.
This study aims to enrich the Arab library with literary studies that apply modern methods of research and analysis in a manner that keeps pace with the latest developments of the era, in addition to presenting a research study that includes the works of the Saudi youths, represented in the threshold of the covers and their spaces which motivate the recipient to read the text.
The study concluded the following findings: the emergence of the heritage reference among the poets of the blog, and the influence of ancient heritage in shaping the cover. It also showed that young Saudi poets are clearly interested in choosing their covers, due to technology and the dictations of the developments of the era in which we live, which reflects this generation’s concern for the recipient and its impact on the interest in literary work.

The history of Oman has long been rich with innumerable literary works, among which are the encyclopedic works on Islamic jurisprudence. Within these encyclopedias, the sciences of the Holy Qur'an have received special attention. The sciences of the Qur'an encompass the study of Qur'anic recitations (Qira'at) and the art of Qur'anic pronunciation and intonation (Tajweed). These two fields are considered among the most significant branches of Islamic jurisprudence, as they pertain to the proper recitation of the Qur'an, as it was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
Interest in these two sciences has been evident since the earliest writings on Islamic jurisprudence, starting from the late 1st century AH and the early 2nd century AH, continuing to this day. Omani scholars have made remarkable contributions from the earliest periods of encyclopedic writing and authorship in the fields of Qur'anic sciences, Hadith, Fiqh, and more.
Therefore, this research aims to study, track, and extract the contributions of Omani scholars in the fields of Qira'at and Tajweed as recorded in these encyclopedias. Given the nature of this research, the inductive method and the descriptive-analytical method were deemed most suitable to achieve the primary objectives.
Among the key findings is that the Omani encyclopedias represent a significant scientific wealth in Omani history and deserve attention. The interest of Omani scholars in Qira'at and Tajweed is evident through their specialized encyclopedic works on Islamic jurisprudence. This focus has played a substantial role in the development and continuous authorship of these sciences, generation after generation.

The research aimed to prepare memory test tasks, verify its validity, as well as verify the stability of the memory test, interpret its scores, and identify the level of memory among patients with schizophrenia. The researchers relied on the descriptive analytical approach, and the researchers used a memory test prepared by them, on a sample of (51) for a schizophrenic patient, and the content validity and internal consistency of the test were verified. The reliability of the test was verified by the Kornbach alpha method, and the reliability coefficients ranged between (0.63-0.92), and by the repetition reliability method, where the Pearson correlation coefficient reached between (0.54-0.63) at a significance level (0.01), and thus the test in its final form consists of two sections: the first section is short-term memory (which contains five tasks), and the second section is long-term memory (memory of meanings and memory of personal events). The upper, lower, and average limits were also determined. For each task on the test, this is based on the normal’ scores and their overall score. The results also showed that the average scores of the schizophrenic patients were lower than the average scores of the normal in the memory level, and they were also lower than the first quartile of the normal’ scores.

Many Arabic words during the era of eloquence and what came after them violated the system of structure of Arabic words, and the changes that affected these words occurred according to sub-systems from which usage takes seriousness and does not deviate from it. The structure of these words leaves the original system into sub-systems for various reasons, the most famous of which is the tendency of linguists to simplify, and one of the examples of that simplification is the phonetic reduction in the structure of words. This is what this research seeks to explain. In this endeavor, the research follows a descriptive and analytical approach to know the phonetic laws that these words follow in their development, which are the laws that human languages follow when they change their words. Reducing the effort expended on pronunciation is present in the process of linguistic development. The phonetic change in common words is due in its entirety to the influence of the sounds on each other, and to the conditions of the arrangement of the series of sounds in the structure of the word, which is the syllabic system. In this and that, the methods of changing the structure were limited to the expressions that Ibn Darstawayh attributed to the common people in his book Tashih alfasih washarhih (Correcting and Explaining the Standard Language).

The research aimed to know the individual differences in the attitudes of teachers of the first cycle of basic education towards using the cooperative learning method in teaching in light of some variables in the city of Aleppo. The researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach in his research, and the research tool consisted of a questionnaire consisting of 20 items. The characteristics were re-examined. Psychometrics (validity and reliability) in the current research community, and the tool was applied to a sample of 72 teachers of the first cycle of basic education in the city of Aleppo, and the research reached the following results:
1- Teachers' attitudes towards using cooperative learning were positive and very high.
2- There are no statistically significant differences between the attitudes of teachers of the first cycle of basic education according to the variable of teachers' academic degree.
3- There are no statistically significant differences between the attitudes of teachers of the first cycle of basic education according to the variable of teachers' educational experience in cooperative learning
4- There are no statistically significant differences between the attitudes of teachers of the first cycle of basic education according to the variable of teachers' training courses on cooperative learning.

The aim of the current research to know the degree of performance of teaching competencies among student teachers in practical education. The study sample amounted to (37) male and female students distributed among the practical education groups in the Department of Child Education, third and fourth years, in the Faculty of Education at the University of Aleppo. The researcher prepared an observation card to know the degree of performance of teaching competencies among student teachers divided into three axes (lesson planning, lesson implementation, lesson evaluation). The descriptive approach was also used for its suitability to the nature of the study. The results concluded that the availability of teaching competencies among student teachers in practical education on the three axes ranged between medium and weak degrees, with the exception of some performance indicators. In light of the result, the researcher recommended conducting experimental studies to develop teaching competencies among student teachers.

This research focuses on the study of (the connotations of lines and colors in the paintings of Asim Abdul Amir), including the intellectual and aesthetic meanings of lines and colors in contemporary Iraqi painting. His paintings feature various lines that create an aesthetic phenomenon in art. The research is divided into four chapters. Chapter One covers the introduction to the research problem, its significance, the need for it, and the research objective, which is to understand the connotations of lines and colors in Asim Abdul Amir's paintings. It also outlines the thematic, spatial, and temporal boundaries, and defines the key terms. The research problem is summarized in the following question: What are the connotations of lines and colors in Asim Abdul Amir’s paintings? Chapter Two includes three sections: the first discusses the concept and meaning of lines and colors; the second addresses the cultural and heritage connotations of lines and colors; and the third examines the connotations of lines and colors in contemporary Iraqi painting. The chapter concludes with theoretical framework indicators. Chapter Three focuses on the research methodology, including the research population (35 works), the selection of the research sample (five pictorial models), the research tool, the methodology, and the sample analysis. Chapter Four presents the results and conclusions.
Firstly Results:
1- The artist Asim Abdul Amir sought to embody curved lines that signify calm and tranquility.
2- The shift in color organization in the artist's works symbolizes abstract formal content.
Secondly: Conclusions
1- The artist's symbolic foundations varied between color and form, distancing from realism and leaning towards abstraction and simplification.
2-The artist aimed to extract the essential form of cultural and historical references with symbolic and aesthetic interpretations.

This study aims to investigate the use of formative assessment in improving the teaching and learning process of philosophy for eleventh-grade students in Damascus schools. The study also explores students' perceptions, attitudes, and experiences regarding formative assessment and its impact on their performance and achievement in philosophy.
A descriptive analytical approach was adopted in the study, where relevant literature and previous studies were reviewed. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire developed by the researcher. The questionnaire was distributed in three high schools, targeting 134 eleventh-grade students from the literary stream in three schools in Damascus, where formative assessment was implemented in their philosophy classes during the first semester of the academic year. The collected data was analyzed statistically using SPSS software.
The study found a positive correlation between the application of formative assessment and the improvement of the teaching and learning process of philosophy for the studied sample.