Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

Magnetic treatment (MT) is one of the interested techniques that have been widely used in various aspects of life due to its positive effectiveness on the properties of water when utilized. Construction sector received great attention by researchers in order to employ magnetic water (MW) in the production of various building materials especially cement-based materials. This is due to the role of water is involved directly in the hydration process of the cement as well as curing process. The effectiveness of using MW came from the influence of magnetic field (MF) on physical properties of water molecular such as surface tension. Break down in the size of water clusters, therefore, is occurred which increases the activity of water molecular to penetrate the cement particle easily to involve in the hydration process. Various parameters may affect the magnetization process such as time, strength of MF and speed of water through the MF. In the current paper, the impact of using MW in the production of various construction and building materials that based on cement is addressed to clarify the actual need in adopting such an attractive technology to magnetize the water to be used in mixing and curing cement-based materials to construct sustainable concrete structures in construction sites.

Efforts were made in this search to design a physical and computer model using the CFD techniques to simulate the problem of transporting pollutants through a porous media in unsteady state case. A physical model was built to measure the transmission of a copper nitrate pollutant at an initial concentration of 25 mg/l in a medium consists of (sand + gravel) and study the movement of the pollutant through. Then the results of the pollutant transport through used in the physical model were entered as entry data to the CFD simulated model using COMSOL 5.4. Software. The results of the CFD simulated model showed that the change in the inlet velocity to more than 20% of the initial velocity increases the pollutant concentration and reduces the time wanted to reach the highest value of the pollutant, while reducing the inlet velocity to less than 20% of the initial velocity, cause to decrease the concentration and increase the time to reach the highest pollutant value. When changing the porosity by (30%, -15%) of the initial porosity, it was noticed that increasing the porosity value reduces the pollutant concentration and increases the time required to reach the highest value of the pollutant. while when the porosity decreases to 15% of the initial porosity, the concentration increases the time decreases to reach the highest value of the pollutant at all control points. The adsorption factor has a noticeable effect on the emergence of the pollutant, while the temperature change was almost imperceptible for all degrees. However, the results of laboratory work were compared with the results of the CFD simulated model, which showed a good match between them.

Automatic face recognition system is suggested in this work on the basis of appearance based features focusing on the whole image as well as local based features focusing on critical face points like eyes, mouth, and nose for generating further details. Face detection is the major phase in face recognition systems, certain method for face detection (Viola-Jones) has the ability to process images efficiently and achieve high rates of detection in real time systems. Dimension reduction and feature extraction approaches are going to be utilized on the cropped image caused by detection. One of the simple, yet effective ways for extracting image features is the Local Binary Pattern Histogram (LBPH), while the technique of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was majorly utilized in pattern recognition. Also, the technique of Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) utilized for overcoming PCA limitations was efficiently used in face recognition. Furthermore, classification is going to be utilized following the feature extraction. The utilized machine learning algorithms are PART and J48. The suggested system is showing high accuracy for detection with Viola-Jones 98.75, whereas the features which are extracted by means of LDA with J48 provided the best results of (F-measure, Recall, and Precision).

This paper deals with the design of an induction coil (IC) intended to be used for an oxygen free copper production. This coil differs in design because it should be placed in a vacuum or in a chamber filled with noble gas, such as Argon. The designed coil must be suitable for melting the copper in this environment. The coil design means, using the simulation of the melting process to determine the best, coil geometry, type of crucible, the required current, frequency, the consumed power, and time required for this process. These results will be used to determine the parameters of the induction furnace AC power source suitable for feeding such a melting process efficiently. The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) intended to simulate the heating process to determine the best coil dimensions, and choosing the crucible. It is found that the best crucible used for the melting of copper is the carbon crucible.

Network safety has become an important issue in recent years. Encryption has been developed as a solution and plays an important role in the security of information systems. Many methods are required to secure the shared data. The advanced internet, networking firms, health information and the cloud applications have significantly increased our data every minute. The current work focuses on cryptography to provide the protection for sensitive data that exchanged between personal users, companies, organizations, or in the cloud applications and others during the transfer of data across the network. Firstly, Data sent from sender to network receiver must be encrypted using the cryptographic algorithm. Secondly, the recipient shows the original data using the decryption technique. This paper presents three encrypting algorithms such as AES, RSA and hybrid algorithms, and their efficiency is compared based on the analysis of the time. Results of the experiments show that the hybrid algorithm is better in term of security.

High voltage condenser bushing is one of the important component that is widely used in the high voltage system. At high voltage levels more than 52kV the distribution of electric field in condenser bushing is irregular between the lead conductor and the grounded metallic flange. This paper studied the effects of changing in both: the number layers of aluminum foils and Oil Impregnated Paper (OIP), increasing the length of aluminum foils layers, and also increasing the thickness of OIP layer on the distribution of electric potential and electric field in condenser bushing by using Finite Element Method (FEM) and built the bushing model in ANSYS software. The harmonic analysis was performed of the bushing model at maximum value of withstand voltage test at 50Hz, from the analysis results are obtained the maximum value of electric field on the inner and outer surface of the bushing, the obtained electric field values were good and acceptable compared to the permissible electrical stress values of the dielectric insulators. This work can also aid in the design of high voltage bushing stress control, a knowledge of the electrical field distribution in bushing geometry. Moreover, the results of analysis are shown as contour plots, graphs plotted, and tables.

The main drawback of the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with Differential Chaos Shift Keying (DCSK) that is named (OFDM-DCSK) is the high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). In this paper, clipping and companding techniques are suggested to overcome the PAPR problem in the OFDM-DCSK system. For the clipping technique, the clipping function is applied before transmitting the signal without the need for an inverse function at the receiver side. While for companding techniques, the commanding function is applied at the end of the transmitter side and the corresponding decompanding function is applied at the receiver to recover the original signal. Different companding techniques are investigated including Hyperbolic, A-Law, and Mu-Law companding function that are compared with the Palm clipping technique. The MATLAB simulation result shows that the Mu-Law technique has the best PAPR reduction (7.22 dB) with a good bit error rate (BER) performance when the number of subcarriers is equal to 512.

The present numerical work is concerned with the single drop and double drops impingement on a heated surface. Fluid flow and heat transfer coefficients were modeled using a volume of fluid (VOF) code. The stainless –steel thin plate surface is uniformly heated to reach a constant temperature at (50C°), this was done by using relatively thicker plate underneath the heated plate. The thick plate is made of high conductivity aluminum alloy 2mm thickness. Relatively a lower temperature water drop is used for cooling to ensure that drop temperature remains below the boiling point of water. The drop –plate initial impingement distances were varied in the range (10-60) cm which represent an impact velocity in the range (1.4-3.4) m/s. The single drop fluid flow simulation results are compared with that in the literature, while the heat transfer fluid flow results are represented as instantons heat transfer coefficient variation as alternative to values of heat flux on the surface. Double drops impingement results are then presented and its features are compared to the single drop. Results show that the flow characteristics for the double drops are similar to the single drop at small distances with smaller coverage areas during impingement with lower heat removal rates. As distances increase rebound and splash occurs leading to bigger coverage areas during impingement with relatively smaller heat coefficients compared to the single drop one. The present results shows the same behavior for drop deformation when compared with M.pasandideh-Fard et al. [1] numerical results with an agreement of 90 % and 95 % in calculations the spread factor and impact velocities respectively. The calculated average heat coefficients show acceptable values with that given in literature.

A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model for single-walled carbon nanotubes with armchair and zigzag shapes is proposed in this paper (SWCNTs). Nodes are positioned at the locations of carbon atoms to design the FE models. And three-dimensional elastic beam components are used to model the bonds between them. The effect of the diameter length/diameter ratio on the diameter length/diameter ratio, cross sectional aspect ratio and number of elements on the Young’s modulus of SWCNTs has been considered herein. From the conducted experiments it can be observed that, the larger tube diameter can lead to higher Young’s modulus for carbon nanotubes. Such that, maximum elastic modulus for the armchair and the zigzag models has been obtained to be 1.0285TPa and 1.0396TPa when the diameters for the armchair and the zigzag models were 2.034nm and 1.957nm respectively. Increasing the length/diameter ratio has led the Young’s modulus to be increased for armchair and zigzag models such that its values can reach 1.0451TPa and 1.0191TPa respectively. The cross sectional aspect ratio of SWCNTs showed an inversely proportional effect on the elastic modulus in this work. As a result of rising the cross sectional aspect ratio to be2, the Young's modulus for armchair and zigzag models has decreased to 0.7991TPa and 0.8873TPa, accordingly. The change in geometry has been observed to be a defect and it is in general can decrease the modulus of elasticity. The number of elements in the armchair model considered as prominent factor that increases the young’s modulus to be 1.0280TPa when the number of element is 10836. In zigzag model, the number of element has no effect on the elastic modulus since the number of nodes that exposed to the applied load is fixed in this case. The findings showed that the proposed FE model may be useful for studying carbon nanotube mechanical action in the future.