Kufa Journal of Arts

Climate change is one of the most important problems facing humans and their environment with all its elements since ancient times. Today, this problem has become one of the most serious challenges that occupy the minds of scientists, especially geographers, as this phenomenon accompanies human civilizational activities after it was previously a natural product embodied in the comprehensive changes that the Earth has witnessed throughout its ages. The study of climate change and its effects has also become vital and essential, especially with the emergence of its clear effects on water resources in a number of countries around the world, as in the study area. Studies indicate that since the 1940s, a new trend has begun in global climate studies.

The study showed that the reality of educational services in the city is not consistent with the size of the population, as there is a shortage in their number, as the number of primary schools reached (202 schools), including (116 original schools) and (86 guest schools). It showed that the spatial distribution of educational institutions at the level of residential neighborhoods is unfair and unplanned compared to the population size of each residential neighborhood, as their number may increase in some neighborhoods while some of them suffer from a deficit in them. The study concluded by applying the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology and applying the service impact scope method that the service scope of primary schools is clustered in a section and organized in a section and not organized in another. By applying the neighborhood connection method, it became clear that most educational services (primary schools) are of the irregular, spaced type (close to random) and are not subject to a specific system, and the services they provide to residents vary, so the city of Najaf Ashraf needed (170 primary schools) to fill the deficit in it.

The doctrine of natural law is represented by what philosophers and jurists have gone to since ancient times about the existence of a law higher than positive laws. This idea expresses the human tendency towards perfection, and it is not man-made, but rather it is eternal fixed rules that God has placed in the universe and the legislator is required to follow it when establishing legislation. The idea of ​​natural law among the Greeks was a philosophical idea based on contemplating the aspects of social life and trying to uncover its nature. The philosophers of Greece noticed the fixed system upon which the universe operates and to which all natural phenomena in this universe are subject. The idea of ​​natural law among the Romans and the churchmen in the Middle Ages was a legal and religious idea. The Stoic doctrine was transmitted to the Romans, who were influenced by their doctrine based on individualism and the idea of ​​the existence of a natural law. For them, natural law applies to all peoples because it is higher than positive laws and precedes their existence. In modern times, the idea of ​​natural law found its way as a doctrine in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and many philosophers and jurists appeared, the most prominent of whom is the Dutch jurist (Grotius). Natural law got rid of the religious character attached to it in the Middle Ages, as the law was thus liberated from the clergy, and natural law was directed towards justice and was thus liberated from the control of states and the grip of the sultan. Therefore, natural law in modern times had a political character. After this short introduction, I divided the research into four sections. In the first section, I presented the concept of natural law in general, and in the second section I talked about the concept of natural law among the Greeks, and in the third section the concept of natural law among the Romans and the men of the church, that is, in the European Middle Ages, and in the fourth section I dealt with natural law in modern European times. In conclusion, the researcher hopes that the Almighty will inspire him with what would achieve service to the faith, the nation, and the legal culture.

It is clear from this research that as a result of the Ottoman administrative divisions through which Jabal Amel became administratively subordinate to the Wilayat of Beirut, and after the establishment of the Nabatieh Governorate, Jabal Amel became of relative importance in the eyes of the authorities, especially when Rida al-Solh was appointed there. Therefore, Jabal Amel became a center for some political activities. Rida al-Solh used to hold a council in which people would gather and give lectures for political education, in addition to opening a branch of the Union and Progress Society in Jabal Amel. The Ottoman reform organizations also had a relative impact on the mentality of some of the newly emerging social classes in Jabal Amel. The Ottoman state issued some reform laws such as the Humayun Code of 1856 and the Education Law of 1869, which helped some religions and sects in Jabal Amel to expand in establishing reform institutions, the most prominent fruits of which were modern schools. Although these organizations benefited the Christian sects more than the Islamic sects, they, in return, alerted the minds of some of the people of Jabal Amel when they studied in them or learned about their efforts, which subsequently produced calls and orientations that focused primarily on the desire to take the reins of modern civilization and produced names for individuals who were considered reformers, such as Ahmad Arif al-Zein, who opened his magazine Al-Irfan in Sidon in Jabal Amel, which was a product of the Ottoman constitutional revolution.

The disintegration of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991 after the end of the Cold War led to geostrategic adjustments that left significant effects on the regional and international arenas, as many countries, including Iraq, whose relations with the Soviet Union continued as one of the two largest powers that existed for about seven decades, found it necessary to re-adapt their relations with new countries, especially after Iraq returned to the regional and international arena in light of the new openness to the world, including the countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus, after these new countries formed a state of independence in political life with new international borders that did not exist before. The strategic importance of any location leaves a distinctive impact on its political history and economic development as well as on the complexity of its problems and fate, but this importance from a geopolitical perspective is variable and not fixed; Because it is linked to the state's position first, and to the change in the surrounding geopolitical regions, as well as to the change in the global balance of power, this study aims at the geopolitical aspect, and attempts to highlight the strategic dimension of the geographical location, as it aims to determine the strategic importance of Iraq's location, and to reveal the impact and implications of the location on Iraq's strength; This is because the Iraqi location has an increasing importance throughout history, which has made it part of the strategies of major countries. Its location also represents a link between the Arab Islamic world and the Asian Islamic world, meaning that it is in an area in the middle of the Islamic world, in addition to the fact that its location represents a meeting point for different cultures and civilizations. The geographical location of these countries overlooks a closed sea and their need for external outlets to the world, especially the Arab region, so the research problem can be defined based on that.

The era in which we live is full of economic and social crises and tribulations, wars and conflicts, and others. As soon as a crisis ends in one country, it erupts again in another country. As a result of these crises, famine, unemployment, poverty, and deprivation spread. All these crises that are sweeping the world differ in their nature, size, factors of their emergence, and mechanisms for getting rid of them. Therefore, it is necessary not to be satisfied with waiting for them to happen. Therefore, whoever assumes leadership according to the Quranic perspective represented in Surat Yusuf (may Allah be pleased with him) must have plans, programs, and prior preparations to deal with any emergency to contain and limit its damages so that he can sail the ship to the shore of safety. This Surah carries within it many of the foundations of management and the management of crises and tribulations that a person is exposed to, and what Yusuf (may Allah be pleased with him) was exposed to in particular. This prophet was able, with his patience, wisdom, and the virtue of his wise leadership, after Allah bestowed His blessings upon him and honored his abode with the Aziz of Egypt, to overcome a devastating crisis that befell the country and its people. This article, through the analytical and deductive approach, attempts to define the crisis, its causes, types, methods of managing it, treating it, and leading it through the Qur’anic vision in Surat Yusuf (may God be pleased with him), and to compare it to contemporary crises that are similar to it in causes, and to benefit from this fruitful Qur’anic approach in confronting trials.

The research concluded that the poet Muzaffar al-Nawab's reliance on the activations of the pure seas in the external rhythm, and his persistence on one activation in the long poem, is a project of purposeful visions confirmed by the rhythmic structures of his long poems, which can be considered a motive for rhythmically coordinated poetic visions. There are systems in the external rhythm from which poetic visions are generated, the most important of which are: the introductory structure and the structural construction pattern, the flexibility of the rhythmic standard, as well as the flows of poetic content. Among the artistic energies is also the internal poetic rhythm, which is based on vocal bells that harmonize, generating poetic visions that appear in patterns of repetition, alliteration, and balance, most of which have been transformed into semantic systems that embrace poetic visions, and that research into their artistic sources reveals a hidden poetics behind the rhythmic structure that appears audibly and visually.

Baghdad has been a center of Islamic civilization since the beginning of the second century AH. The Abbasid caliphs took care of the intellectual aspect, and as a result of this care, at the end of the first half of the seventh century AH, there was an intellectual heritage that hardly any civilization could match. The intellectual centers that spread in Baghdad helped many scholars to excel, especially the scholars of the Euphrates Peninsula, who found in the encouragement of the caliphs, princes, and the general public those who helped them to advance and document this heritage. What the Abbasid era left behind as a siege heritage, which was represented in what the scholars and writers of the Euphrates Peninsula left behind in that era of books that are still considered to this day as one of the most important sources of Islamic research and studies in various forms of cultural thought. Perhaps the question that arises is what are the components that contributed to the course of intellectual life in all its branches in this era? To answer this question, we must focus on the means by which this civilized thought was expressed, which is the knowledge of intellectual centers in Baghdad and the expansion in building these cultural institutions. This is clear through the sultans’ encouragement of scholars on the one hand and the establishment of scientific institutions with different names on the other hand. Of course, the great contribution made by these institutions left an effective impact in activating rational sciences (such as medicine, mathematics, and astronomy...). So, what was the activity carried out by the scholars of the Euphrates Peninsula in these intellectual centers in Baghdad? And what was the nature of the relations that prevailed between them?

The announcement of Tsarist Russia's withdrawal from World War I, and the implementation of this announcement during the first weeks of the Bolshevik October Revolution of 1917, created a difficult international situation for the Allies, which necessitated the intervention of the Allies in Bolshevik Russia, such as the intervention of Japanese forces in Eastern Siberia facing the Japanese coasts and adjacent to the areas of Japanese influence in Southeast Asia in China and Korea. The declared goal of the Japanese government was to establish peace, but the real reason was the desire of the Japanese government to control the Far East region and eliminate the European presence in the region. The position of the United States of America and the internal situation played a decisive role in curbing the Japanese politicians who tried to impose their control and political and economic influence in Southeast Asia and China, and then in Eastern Siberia.

Fuel stations are a vital and important part of transportation facilities. Their importance and operating characteristics derive from their spatial distribution, which helps in the continuity of vehicle movement and increases their operating efficiency. Given the importance of Najaf Governorate in terms of religious and touristic importance, the development of transportation has stimulated the acceleration of the expansion of its spatial framework and the occurrence of major changes and expansions in land uses related to transportation, their distribution and the extent of their efficiency in their function. The research attempted to show the extent to which the stations conform to the controls and standards, as well as to show the geographical distribution of Najaf fuel stations and their relationship to population density. The research reached a set of conclusions that constitute the final outcome through the field and analytical study of Najaf Governorate fuel stations.

Throughout recorded and documented human history, each civilization and cultural entity has developed its own distinctive urban environment that is compatible with its beliefs and ways of life in this entity. No urban environment is devoid of distinctive urban characteristics that express a certain heritage. These characteristics are often generated and inspired by the social and civilizational environment of this heritage. The result of this interaction is that there is a continuous and interconnected harmony and consistency between the place and the people who inhabit this place (Al-Moussawi, Al-Sharif, 2007). The follower of environmental psychology studies during the past two decades notices a clear interest in the psychology of physical space (the natural environment), and some of these studies have tended to focus on the spirit of space and interact with it in a positive way, as well as the spatial distribution of behavioral phenomena. It is not strange that statements are made about this meaning (space is units that attract certain patterns of behavior), and housing is the closest and most closely related place to the individual and one of the most influential. Housing, in the simplest definition, is comfortable housing units and a source of safety and security. (Mustafa, Ahmed, 2005). Housing always remains an important place rooted in human existence, through which the continuity of existence and social upbringing are achieved. Therefore, it is an extension of the self subject to all the characteristics and differences imposed by the self between human beings. From all these meanings, housing exceeds its spatial limits to contribute to the formation of humans psychologically, socially and physically. Based on the upbringing system, housing represents the second womb to which a person moves after his first experience in the mother's womb. We can say here that a home is not just a roof over a person’s head, but also means privacy, security, safety, familiarity, and a suitable space for the residents. Many psychologists have resorted to studying the homes drawn by children because these drawings reveal the deepest point, which is the subconscious. Through children’s drawings, they were able to discover that a child who draws a door handle, which is often not drawn by nervous children, presents a large group of indications, including that the handle represents a house that has movement and activity and opens more than it closes, while the key indicates closing more than it indicates opening. Through this, many precise issues are evaluated, from which we can go beyond the natural boundaries of the home, and study it as a psychological state. (Schumacher and Taylor ) defined attachment to place as an emotional and positive connection between individuals and their residential environments, and this connection creates feelings of comfort, security, and satisfaction. (Shumaker and Taylor 1983).

The study deals with hyperbaton as a figure of speech where the words in any sentence are not in their expected order. It is classified as a disorder figure and is often used to emphasize a particular word or phrase. It refers to the separation of words that belong together, often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a particular image. The framework of this study is organized into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part provides an introduction to the study where the definition and etymology as well as the varieties are presented. After that, the structural aspect of hyperbaton is discussed with reference to its forms, types and categories. While the practical analysis provides the structural analysis of hyperbole in some religious texts taken from the Bible. Finally, the findings of the study are summarized in the conclusion.

In any communication, it is necessary to focus on certain parts of the message to achieve full understanding. One way is to use “focal adverbs” – the main concern of this study. Focus adverbs are those that focus on a particular part of a sentence. The study aims to (a) present the theoretical literature on the meanings, grammatical properties and functions of focus adverbs; (b) determine the meaning and properties of academic medical discourse; and (c) discover the employment of focus adverbs in academic medical discourse. Focus adverbs fall into four categories: additives, determiners, exclusivists (or restrictive adverbs) and intensifiers. Their main grammatical function is to modify what precedes them (adjective, adverb or main verb). Academic discourse is characterized by certain features: official, enclosed, explicit, objective, formal, complex and persuasive. Focus adverbs used in this discourse show the importance of sentence parts. This is necessary because it draws attention to the important things in the message being delivered. The study found that the most frequently used category of focusing adverbs in medical academic discourse is intensifiers (e.g. largely, largely), determiners (e.g. particularly), additives (e.g. neither… nor, either… or), and exclusivities (e.g. exclusively), respectively. While the most frequently used adverbs are particularly, in particular, either… or mainly, respectively.