Al-Bayan Journal for Medical and Health Sciences

We study orbital fractures in order to comprehend clinical orbital anatomy in relation to trauma and
fractures, to stand with the assessment and examination patient exposed to periorbital trauma, then
to reach medical and surgical treatment modalities in safer way. In this article we aim to spot alight
for summarizing an overview for maxillofacial, neurosurgery and other specialties in the diagnosis
and management of the fractures that may be more common in orbital and pre orbital region.
Different range of treatment specialties result in varying levels of experience accommodation in the
care of these patients. in this review we summarize and evaluation of management of commonly
encountered orbital fractures

Introduction: Delirium is a common side effect of hospitalization, particularly among the elderly. It
has the potential to cause significant morbidity, death, and a reduction in quality of life. Despite
this, a thorough literature study revealed that it is under-recognized and poorly handled by medical
and nursing personnel. Although some studies have discovered that nurse education programs can
help patients with delirium. Objectives: Assess nurses’ level of knowledge about delirium and it is
associated risk factors. Identify clinical and education implications of the findings. Assessment of
the presence of special delirium scale and nurses use of it. Methods: this study is designed to
measure the nurses’ knowledge regarding delirium at adult critical care units in Baghdad city. The
non-probability (purposive) sample consist of 87 male and female nurses, who work in lCU, RCU
and CCU in two teaching hospitals in Baghdad city. Their age range is between 21 _ 60 years.
Subsequently, SPSS software applied to analyze the relevant data of the study. To achieve the
research objective, a questionnaire was composed of two sections: part one deals with the sample’s
demographic information. Part two deals with nurse’s knowledge towards delirium. The
questionnaire was introduced to the study sample manually to fill it. Results: the study findings
show that the majority of sample have moderate level of knowledge regarding delirium (51.6 %). In
addition, there is a relationship between nurses’ knowledge and nurses’ work place in (P-value <
0.001) while there are no relationships with other variables. Conclusion: The study's main finding is
that nurses at the study hospital have insufficient awareness of delirium, particularly when it comes
to risk factors. However, nurses on one ward who received in-service delirium instruction
performed better than nurses in other areas, indicating a link between nurse expertise and area of
work. According to the researchers, further study that encompasses all hospitals in Iraq is needed.
As well as, performing delirium training courses for patients, which is relevant to their sector of
work.

Although 3D printing (3DP) has long been an integral part of industries such as aviation and
automotive, its use in healthcare, especially the pharmaceutical industry, is relatively new and
currently receiving close attention. Due to the rapid development of this field, it is necessary to
summarize the latest development in this field after two years. In this article, we reviewed the
three major areas in pharmaceutical application. The 3DP could support formulation development
because it can produce rapid product iterations for testing, such as excipient compatibility and
drug release.

Nanogels are known as small (20–200 nm) swollen particles made of flexible hydrophilic polymer
networks that are chemically or physically cross-linked. The nanogels network makes a promising
system for ideal drug delivery due to the unique characteristics of nanogels, such as high drug
loading capacity, ease of preparation, stability, adjustable size, uniformity, and minimal toxicity.
Additionally, nanogel has biocompatibility, high water absorption, large surface area, and stimuli
responsiveness; thus, they are utilized to improve and develop drug delivery systems and target a
specific site of action to enhance drug activity and decrease potential adverse effects. Nanogels are
prepared by various copolymerization methods, including photolithography, micro-molding, reverse
micellar, homogeneous, and membrane emulsification. Nanogel has a high loading capacity
depending on the polymer used, which reduces the number of carriers needed. Furthermore, the
release of drugs can be controlled at the right time and proper place in response to specific
conditions, like temperature and pH. A variety of nanogel applications were introduced to treat
different diseases, including cancer, skin allergy or inflammation, and Alzheimer’s disease.
Moreover, nanogel can be used in gene therapy and local anesthesia. Clinical trial studies suggest
the development of nanogel for co-administration of multiple drugs, increase targeting, decrease
systemic cytotoxicity of cancer medicines, and increase the efficacy of many drugs. The limitations
of hydrogels served as the reason to fabricate nanoparticles hydrogels (nanogels) as new advanced
DDS. The swelling and deswelling of nanogel controlled the loading and release of drugs in
response to certain stimuli.

This study aims to test the antibiotic resistance of streptococcus mutants, one of the major causes of
dental caries for Iraqi patients of different ages. This study focuses on routine antibiotics used as a
treatment for the patient suffering from dental caries and demonstrates whether these bacteria
acquired resistance against these antibiotics or not. This study showed that streptococcus
mutants isolates from different patients have an approximately equal ratio of resistance to the
routine antibiotics used to treat dental caries, such as amoxicillin, cefixime, and azithromycin. This
study is based on the disc diffusion method for diagnosing antibiotic resistance. This study targeted
patients chosen randomly from different medical care centers in Baghdad, especially in Al-karkh
district, to show that the minimum inhibitory concentration MIC of different isolates
of streptococcus mutants have relative sensitivity to ceftriaxone and resistance to amoxicillin which
can enhance more studies for controlling the antibiotics abused.

Retrospectively we studied case sheets of gastric cancer patients in Iraq during our work in the cancer
council in MOH; about 3412 newly diagnosed cases were reported during eight years (2000-2007).
These data were brought from all Iraqi governorates and general and private hospitals, and by
reviewing the histopathology of all patients and geographically, we concentrated on the year 2007
because the data available more regarding results of histopathology. As in other countries, we found
that adenocarcinoma is the most common 58.6%, while the highest incidence is reported in Duhok,
Najaf, and Kirkuk.