Kufa Journal of Arts

The study showed that cancer is a very serious health problem that was largely the result of the environment, both natural and human, especially the impact of environmental pollution, which played an effective role in the emergence of the disease and the increase in cases of infection, especially after the years of wars that have been waged in Iraq since 1991 and the radioactive remnants of the last war in 2003. Najaf Governorate witnessed a huge increase in the percentage of people infected with cancer in Iraq in general and the study area in particular due to the radioactive pollutants that it received, which negatively affected the environment of the region with all its natural components (air, water, and soil) and its direct impact on public health, in addition to the deterioration of economic, social, and health conditions. The study showed many connections between the types of malignant tumors and the demographic dimensions prevailing among those infected in the region. Despite the increase in cases of infection in the study area compared to other regions of Iraq, future expectations indicate that these rates are increasing due to economic and cultural variables, which necessitates intensifying efforts at all levels in The governorate is working on developing a special strategy for health care and paying attention to the actual registration of cancer patients and its relationship with the environment and its statistical development so that unified measures and efforts can be taken towards the disease to reduce its severity and treat it. The researcher hopes that this study will be an incentive for geographers to increase their interest in medical geography topics in general, which is a field that still desperately needs more of their efforts and scientific contributions.

Population growth is one of the most important factors causing functional changes in the city, especially since a number of approved commercial space allocations were not implemented, which provided justifications for the creation of commercial establishments within the residential urban structure, especially within neighborhoods with a large population size and relatively far from the main center.

2- The planning decision to launch commercial use was not prior to the changes within the residential use in the city, but rather an acceptance of the matter as a reality after the creation of many establishments attracted by the main traffic axes in it, which was the key to new structural violations, especially with the absence of controls governing the process.
3- The factor of distance from the main commercial center is responsible for huge amounts of changes, which caused a state of relative self-sufficiency for neighborhoods that are the farthest located within the spatial structure of the city, taking into account the effects of other supporting factors in this direction.
4- Although the commercial change process occurred throughout the study period, its peak occurred in the period between (2006-2009), for reasons related to its nature and others related to general circumstantial conditions.
5- The commercial change categories indicated an increase in its speed.
6- The results of the statistical analysis proved the weakness of the relationship between population size and the size of commercial changes, as it was not calculated on the basis of the actual need for it. Rather, it was based on personal efforts, which later led to unjustified functional repetitions. This is a clear indication of the randomness and tyranny of change, and its negative effects on the general functional system.
7- Comparisons between the sizes of change at the level of time categories (study period) confirmed that it is characterized by negativity. As its increase in pace as a general trend leads to devouring more of the urban structure of residential neighborhoods, which means more functional breach and urban distortion.
8- Despite the negative repercussions that the city has suffered and continues to suffer from, as a result of the random functional changes for more than two decades, no planning controls have been adopted to control the growth and direction of these changes, until the moment of constructing this study, which confirms a procedural imbalance and a lack of the lowest levels of urban organization in it, and the weakness of coordination between the work of the departments and relevant parties had a clear impact on the city inheriting this reality.

Praise be to Allah, who taught man what he did not know, and preferred the scholars over the ignorant, by saying in His clear and perfect Book: Are those who know equal to those who do not know? ( ), and may Allah's prayers be upon the best of the prophets and the seal of the messengers, and upon his pure and good family and chosen companions. And after:
This research is an attempt to clarify the components of (the hal clause), which is one of the most fertile and vital Arabic sentences due to the flexibility of its element added to a previous attribution, which is the element that performs the function of the hal.
Whether the hal is derived or static, singular or a sentence, its vitality comes from several aspects, perhaps the most prominent of which is: its flexible relationship with the elements of the predicate clause, and its coming in different forms, including: a derived noun sometimes and a static noun at other times, indefinite at times and similar to a definite noun at other times. A verbal sentence may come: present or past tense, and a quasi-sentence: prepositional phrase or circumstance, and other forms that creators invest in to perform aesthetic, semantic and rhetorical functions, which makes it difficult to define according to Aristotelian formal logic; because this logic is dedicated to explaining the purely formal structure that is determined by the predicate and the predicate and the forms of grammatical movements that follow them. The adverbial sentence cannot be defined except by introducing the element of the communicative context that determines its rhetorical functions that liberate its expressive and suggestive energies. This is what grammarians, ancient and modern, did not resort to, so they established for this sentence that is difficult to define according to what their ancient methods dictated to them, which are marred by the negatives of the passion for divisions and the preference for the fragmentary view. Although the ancient methods met what the ancient ages needed, they were no longer useful, so our unique scholars had the merit of precedence in establishing it and left us the merit of loyalty to their great efforts; To complete what they started and did not complete, and the preference of adding to what was not completed.
Our reading of the adverbial clause according to modern approaches has raised a number of problems, caused by the old approaches that bound the vitality of this clause with restrictions imposed by the old view, in light of what was present or prevalent among them, and if they found that the subject was beyond definition, they had exceptions that the research considered problems that it will address in independent discussions that attempt to return them to their proper place that meets the literary requirements of the text, using the communicative approach, since the arrangement of the components of the adverbial clause results from the interaction of three functions: semantic, syntactic, and communicative ( ). The nature of the research required that we address the problems of the state one by one, and the first thing we will address in this research from these problems is the problem of defining the element of the state, and the effect of this purely structural definition in understanding the Quranic text. The research was divided into three sections, which are: (The importance of the pragmatic approach in studying the literary state sentence), (the state in language and ancient terminology), and (Balancing the ancient functional and structural procedure in theory and application). Then comes the conclusion to summarize the most important results we have arrived at, followed by a list of the research sources and references. After that, we hope that the dear and praiseworthy will grant us success in our endeavor to serve our glorious book, whose verses are perfected and then detailed from the Wise, the All-Aware. ( ), upon Him we trust and to Him we turn, and our last supplication is that praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds.

The period of the Caliphate of Umar al-Khattab witnessed transformations in the economic aspects that clearly affected the living conditions at that time. It began with the distribution of the grant approved by Umar according to precedence and kinship to the Messenger of God. The grantees from Quraysh, who were merchants and some Muslims, invested their money in merchants, doubling their wealth, while the majority of Muslims consumed the grant money, which led to the creation of economic and social disparity between the classes of society in a way that led to the attention of Caliph Ghamr and serious thinking about equality in grants. The grant system indirectly helped in the emergence of tribal fanaticism among the Arabs, that tribal fanaticism that Islam sought to end when it replaced the bond of faith with the bond of blood. The decision taken by Umar to make the land a “waqf” was a decision that had a great impact, as the lands that the Muslims conquered, as well as what they could conquer, became the property of the Islamic nation, as a unit with all its generations, instead of being a property “shared” between individuals, circulated and inherited by sons from fathers. There was widespread criticism of Uthman and his princes regarding the management of the favor and the demand to give it to the fighters. The gift took a political direction during the reign of Uthman by adopting deprivation of it as a means to discipline opponents. After Uthman met with his governors to discuss the matter of those who were angry with his rule, he returned them to their work and ordered them to restrict those who preceded them and ordered them to gather people in the missions and decided to prohibit their gifts so that they would obey him and need him. We reach the period of the rule of Imam Ali, peace be upon him, to find him returning the distribution of the gift to the era of the Prophet and Abu Bakr, so he established equality among the people and did not favor anyone over others. This policy led to the uprising of the leaders of Quraish against the authority of Imam Ali, peace be upon him.

The intellectual movement in Najaf witnessed a great development, and it was considered a stronghold for the intellectual movement that Iraq witnessed, and a center for the spiritual movement in it. It is worth mentioning that the press has penetrated the heart of political, social and religious life, so no opinion is published or approved, and no political or revolutionary party succeeds except with the support and care of the press, and no political or social system fails and no reform or economic project is achieved except through the opposition of the press, as it played a prominent role in spreading reform ideas and tried to advance reality by monitoring negative cases and developing solutions and treatments for them. The Najaf press paid special attention to education because education and its curricula are the basis for the advancement of any nation, and its calls in this direction came in response to the policy of the colonialists who aimed through it to deprive the Iraqi people of receiving knowledge and information by making education far from the requirements of national development. The Najaf press was characterized by its purposeful and constructive criticism to highlight the negative phenomena that education suffered from. Their goal was to improve its reality and eliminate illiteracy and ignorance, like the ambitions of most journalists, even if it cost them their lives. The Najaf press realized the fact that science is the basis of civilization and culture, and that the illiteracy behind it is due to social, political and economic reasons. It is the scourge of ignorance and backwardness. In the face of this social challenge, it took the initiative to publish many articles calling for combating illiteracy, which has become a prominent feature of Iraqi society, if the illiteracy rate in Iraq exceeded (90%) of the total population until 1946.

Imam Ali (PBUH) was able to make the Holy Qur’an speak, and he was truly the Qur’an that spoke and proclaimed the truth, which revolved with him wherever he went. Here he is, the foster child of the heavenly message, putting the economic approach from a theoretical perspective into practice, turning away from all the poor economic doctrines, leaving his mark through his words, which are a treasure of knowledge and a practical application of the Islamic economic, financial and monetary policy. The government of the Imam (PBUH), despite the short period and the many wars and seditions, was distinguished by strengthening the economic foundations of the ideal Islamic state, which if time had extended, would have made the earth a paradise of God Almighty upon it. I say that it was distinguished by justice and equality, honesty and security, raising economic efficiency and faith, applying the Sharia and religion in its economic aspect, and achieving development and social security, until it reflected to us the bright image of Islam, which will not be achieved in applying any aspect of life, especially the material aspects under discussion, without faith in the unseen and what the heavens decree, as the relationship with God Almighty governs all people’s relationships, including economic ones, starting with intention and starting work and staying away from usurious transactions and forbidden contracts, passing through saving, investment, spending, consumption, supply and demand, and during work and how the morals of the worker, manager and president should be, and work engineering, organization and management, and ending with achieving production, circulation, distribution, and paying taxes and legal rights. We will not find this in any economic doctrine, and it is enough for him (PBUH) that he combined the economy in two words that represent the economic cycle (He who economizes will not prosper) ), so he cannot be overlooked as the first founder of economics from a theoretical and practical perspective.

In light of the water scarcity that the whole world is experiencing, including Iraq, it is necessary to study how to preserve the available water wealth, whether surface or groundwater. Experts say that wars in the future are water wars, especially since Iraq suffers from the problem of the sources of its rivers, most of which are outside its borders. Therefore, it is necessary to study how to preserve every drop of water available and use it in the best possible way. In light of this aspect, it was found that agriculture receives 80% of the water quantities. In line with the development that the countries of the world have reached, irrigation techniques that suit the area of ​​​​cultivated crops, taking into account the water quantities that the crops require. Compensating for the wasted quantities by reclaiming other lands that can be cultivated by providing this technology. As for Najaf Governorate, there is a huge desert area estimated at 95% of its total area of ​​​​(28824) km, and it imports, like other Iraqi governorates, most of the agricultural crops from neighboring countries. In light of the continuous increase in population, regions must be provided for cities that are supplied with everything the city needs. Thus, we have worked to ration water on the one hand and provide food sources for cities and provide food security, which has become the focus of It is dangerous in all political systems on the other hand, and preserving the soil from pollutants, and exhausting the soil due to incorrect traditional irrigation, which leads to another dangerous phenomenon sweeping the world today, which is the phenomenon of desertification. Thus, important problems suffered by agriculture in the governorate have been addressed.

There is no specific, comprehensive and exclusive definition of knowledge, but rather it refers to science in its broad sense. Therefore, the definitions that mention knowledge are not real, but rather verbal. The theory of knowledge was introduced as an independent science in Europe about three centuries ago. The first to write about it was the English philosopher John Locke in 1960 AD, while this science faced a kind of inactivity for a long period of time among a segment of Muslim scholars, in which tradition prevailed over contemplation and reflection. This theory was distributed in a scattered manner in their philosophical research, and did not appear with an independent title as is the case in the West. The theory of knowledge occupies an important position within rational and philosophical research. Rather, it is the cornerstone of philosophy, as it is the foundation upon which thought is based, seeking to perceive the truth, reach certainty and produce an integrated theory about human knowledge. The theory of knowledge in Islamic philosophy is distinguished by certain characteristics, despite the differences in its directions, and it was distinguished by a special character that distinguished it from others. Also, the leading Muslim philosophers addressed this theory of knowledge in a non-independent manner within what they wrote, as we find it in the folds of their philosophical research, as it is present. According to Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, Shirazi, Al-Sadr, and Tabataba’i, the division of knowledge is not exclusive, but rather it can be subjected to more than one division based on different considerations. It can be divided sequentially or spatially, and knowing the stages of knowledge has a great impact on evaluating the different types of it, as it clarifies how to reach the universals that play an important impact in the sciences, and that the criterion of truth is not something outside the framework of knowledge, as knowledge itself plays the role of distinguishing correct knowledge from incorrect knowledge, and the true criterion for distinction is intuitive knowledge.

Ayatollah Hassan Modarres is a well-known Iranian religious and political figure. His role has been clearly evident since the events of the Iranian Constitutional Movement (1905-1911), where he had a clear role in all of those events. Then, Mr. Hassan Modarres's activity expanded during the years of World War I and after to form a vital element in combating the tyranny and injustice that Iranian society was suffering from, due to the foreign presence in the country and its support and backing of the armed resistance movements that Iran witnessed during those years, perhaps most notably the Gilan Province movement. Mr. Modarres also had a clear role in the period following World War I and his resistance and leadership of demonstrations calling for the independence of Iran and the exit of foreign occupation, especially the British, from Iran. Mr. Modarres did not neglect the political role in those positions, as he was present inside the Iranian parliament as one of the members of that institution and one of the staunch opponents of the Iranian government's policy. Mr. Modarres continued his role even after the dissolution of the Qajar dynasty and the assumption of power by Reza Shah Pahlavi, but his history of struggle during the rule of that dynasty did not last long, as he was soon physically liquidated by the Iranian security forces at the personal behest of Shah Reza Pahlavi, thus turning the page of his bitter struggle and struggle.
The research was divided into an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion. The first chapter sheds light on the family in which Mr. Modarres was raised and his religious and scientific upbringing, while the second chapter sheds light on Mr. Modarres's role in the midst of the events that Iran witnessed during the period 1905-1918 AD, while the third chapter dealt with Mr. Modarres' struggle and his confrontation with foreign policy trends in Iran until his death in 1937 AD.
The research relied on many published Persian documents, including statements, letters, and reports that discussed in detail Mr. Modarres' role in very important Iranian events. The research also relied on a large group of Persian and Arabic books and references, a number of English sources, and other sources.

There is no doubt that the relationship between economics and politics is a close relationship and has a reciprocal effect in the whole world, but in the Arab countries the matter takes on broader and more influential dimensions, and they cannot be separated. If we want to achieve progress on the political level, it is necessary on the economic level, so the emphasis was on economic integration in light of economic planning. The research topic focused on addressing the importance of Arab economic integration as it is an essential means that is necessary to achieve the renaissance and development of Arab countries. Since the world is witnessing many important economic changes that are based on economic openness translated by global trade agreements that seek to achieve the best standard of living through the optimal exploitation of available resources while working to develop these natural resources, the research touched on the importance of economic integration and its stages and the experience of Arab countries in this field, and then drew an analytical vision of the Arab oil economic reality, arriving at a set of conclusions and recommendations that serve the research path, the most important of which is creating an open economy that responds to other economies and through achieving real Arab economic cooperation by establishing an Arab security system that seeks to achieve stability in the region that is a sponsor of Arab integration.

Praise be to Allah, the Vast in mercy and forgiveness, who extends His hand over all His servants. Praise be to Him, and prayers and peace be upon the most honorable of Allah's prophets, Muhammad, and upon his family and companions. Dialogue represents the civilized and sophisticated method of dealing with all cultural, artistic and religious opinions to spread peaceful coexistence and avoid the emergence of civilizational crises that would plunge humanity into a dark tunnel. The dialogue of civilizations and religions is a humanitarian mission, a methodological choice, and a realistic and legitimate requirement, including recognition of the other and his right to exist, since without it the conditions for a safe life and the conditions of civil and social peace are absent. However, the real problem facing humanity today is not represented by the difference in civilizations, cultures and religions, but rather lies in the issue of managing this difference and diversity in a rational and objective manner, far from tendencies of fanaticism, extremism and hegemony, since civilizations do not conflict with each other, but rather cross-pollinate and integrate to produce a new civilization that benefits from each other. Therefore, dialogue is humanity's salvation from the scourge of wars and ideological and religious conflicts. The West is indebted to the Muslims for the sciences they provided, which covered all aspects of life, from medicine and mathematics to astronomy and biology. The West and the Muslims are also indebted to the Orientalists who made efforts to introduce Islam to the West more than before, and who investigated, printed and published Arabic manuscripts.

This research aims to study the foundations of Iraqi totalitarianism by employing the vision of Hannah Arendt, who is one of the most prominent people who studied the totalitarian system, as what happened in Iraq during the time of the Baathist regime, especially during the period of Saddam’s rule, happened in other countries such as Germany through the role of Nazism, the Soviet Union and the role of Stalinism, and these systems were studied by Arendt, but the goal of this research is not the approach that may be clear because they belong to the family of one tyrant, but rather employing Arendt’s foundations in understanding these systems and their approach to Iraq. Through the foundations that Shapiro established after his study of Arendt, it is noted that they are identical to Iraqi totalitarianism, whether the leader, the party, or the ideology. The leader - Saddam - was deeply worshipped by the Baathists, and the party and its popular organizations were broad. As for the ideology, it was linked to the mythical, unrealistic aspect. In addition to the three foundations, two other foundations stand out in Iraq, namely the security foundation. Iraq was famous for its notorious security institutions during Saddam’s rule, and this is what Arendt refers to in her study of Nazism and Stalinism and the role of the secret police in them. She even devoted an entire chapter to studying this. In Iraq, the security institutions contributed to the consolidation of totalitarianism. As for the fifth foundation, which is the economy or the rentier state, oil wealth, instead of contributing to the renaissance of Iraq, contributed to the consolidation of the Baath regime, since any development factor undertaken by the state as a result of the rise in oil prices, especially in the seventies, the Baathists attribute it to themselves, and ordinary people help them in promoting it.

The steps taken to bring Islamic sects closer together go back centuries. They are not new or a coincidence. Rather, they came as a result of a deep-rooted feeling among religious leaders and reformist figures of the necessity of working to bring together all Islamic components due to the conflicts and clashes that the Islamic world has witnessed, which have reached the point of bloodshed for reasons that can only be described as trivial. This research, “The Role of Religious Authority in Bringing Islamic Sects Closer Together,” comes to address the issue of rapprochement and calls for Islamic unity through a historical and analytical study. The research deals with the modern and contemporary historical roots of the development of the relationship between Sunni and Shiite religious scholars and the areas through which they tried to achieve Islamic unity and the efforts made in this context and the accompanying conferences, meetings and issuance of fatwas that remove the state of division and ambiguity and present intellectual ideological proposals aimed at rejecting sedition. The research goes over the national and political commonalities that unite the general Muslims, on which all sects had a unified position as a basis for unity and rapprochement, including, for example, the “Palestinian issue” and the attacks that Arab and Islamic countries were exposed to, and the statements and fatwas issued by Muslim scholars and thinkers, and from all sects, standing united in the face of these attacks, in which reformers and thinkers found a way to achieve the desired rapprochement. The research relied on various sources, the most important of which were books of biographies, personalities and newspapers that addressed this important and dangerous topic. It came documenting historical roots in which the rapprochement movement witnessed remarkable activity that resulted in the formation of associations and links in this direction.

The term pun refers to a common rhetorical device that involves playing on words that are similar in form but different in meaning. It seems to be a universal phenomenon as it appears in the literatures of all natural languages. In Arabic, it is noted that Arab authors are at odds when writing about this device. They often disagree in defining what it represents in Arabic rhetoric to the point that they refer to completely different devices as their counterparts such as pun or jinna or sometimes both. This creates a lot of confusion and raises some questions: Is pun equal to jinna? If not, which one might represent pun in English? And what are the main reasons that often cause such confusion and mismatch? Therefore, this paper aims to investigate rhetorical devices similar in mechanism to the phenomenon of pun in English in an attempt to find out what it represents in Arabic. It also draws attention to the formal classification of this device in English to clarify the meaning of the mismatch that appeared in previous studies when referring to its counterparts in Arabic. Keywords: pun, wordplay, rhetoric, paronomasia, pun, alliteration.

It has been observed that language may gain or lose lexical items. In addition, the meaning or semantic representation of words may change, by becoming broader or narrower, or by transformation. A lexical item may undergo a change in meaning. For example, the word ‘knight’ once meant ‘young man’ but has changed to ‘riding man - arm in arm -’. Silly meant ‘happy’ in Old English. By the Middle English period, it had changed to ‘naive’, and only in Modern English does it mean ‘foolish’. The present study attempts to identify the main differences between the metaphorical and figurative transformation of meanings used in the selected examples. It is assumed that both metonymy and metaphor are figures of speech. The former operates by convergence (association) between two concepts, while the latter operates by similarity between them. The steps to be followed in this study are to explore semantic change, identify its types, investigate the metaphorical and figurative transformation of meanings, and show the differences and association used in the selected examples. The data analysis showed that metaphor and metonymy, although quite different in their mechanism, can work together seamlessly. Metaphor produces a new concept in the target domain, a concept similar to the original concept of the source domain because it contains certain elements of the source concept. Metonymy is quite different from metaphor - when speaking figuratively, the same domain remains. An element of the original concept has been borrowed, but the links to the other elements remain. Relations between general objects and the objects or aspects to which they belong are possible only within one domain. Metonymic transformations transform the word's referent from a normative referent to an essential element of the basic concept. Finally, it is important to note that metonymy and metaphor are not mutually exclusive, but complement each other. They interact in practice to achieve and enhance coherence and consistency in speech.

contextually determined and deviant acts of third party(ies) (most often non-present, but potentially present in the conversation). However, gossip is a broad topic that has been approached from different angles. Several studies have attempted to tackle gossip pragmatically. Yet, those attempts have suffered from many gaps and drawbacks, in addition to the insufficient accounts that characterize them. Accordingly, this paper is an attempt to develop a pragmatic model for the analysis of gossip. This model is based upon two relevant previous models of gossip as well as the pragmatic observations made by the researchers concerning the topic.
The validity of the developed model has been tested by means of analyzing twenty gossip situations taken form Jane Austen’s Emma. As a result, the developed model has proved its validity in pragmatically analyzing gossip on the basis of the pragmatic findings and conclusions arrived at in that novel.