Journal of Juridical and Political Science

The U.S.A presidential election is more important than any other
election in the world. Perhaps this stems form the importance of
America in days world which is characterized by unipolar and
American domination of the international political system and its
active role in many international issues and organizations The
research is an attempt to diagnose AIPAC S role in the 2020
American election by knowing the roots of Jewish presence in
America and its organization.

Recently experiments have been launched a new information network called (Meta Verse).It is a digital platform provides content based on virtual reality and augmented reality and it is deemed the future of I internet and a revolution of social media. This platform is associated with many dangers, including to enhance virtual crime and change the concept of virtual crime and which may help, with its various tools that enable access to it, for the possibility of dealing with it by its users, to commit serious crimes that occur in the outside world..Whereas the criminal law is one of the Pasic pillar of protecting societies of dangers of the crime and the criminal law don’t face crime after committing it ,but its basic role to to make a precautionary policy before Rather one of main rolls of law to study factories lead to commit crime, in order that to take measures to prevent it lawfully. So, it is necessary to take imitative to study one of the dangerous aspects of the future virtual Meta Verse platform and all criminal dangers related to it, which already started from the beginning.

The economic development is one of the significant challenges that face the developing countries. It needs capitals to fund the projects via encouraging the foreign invests as a solution of the development problems in many countries.

In spite of the advantaged that the foreign invest offers, whether for the investor or for the hosting country, but there must be a specific way to deal with so as to ensure the interest for the two parties. So the states have worked on the guarantees for the investor and the hosting state which aim at putting effective bases that protect the foreign investor and help the hosting countries to more invests.

Development is a human means to achieving promotion and stability. As one of the most significant feature, in this context, is the development in the health sector. Such development could be accomplished via continual and diligent work. So the state should be responsible for supporting the health sector including increasing fund, hiring workforce, conducting researches, offering workforce infrastructures, and protecting environment from prolusion otherwise; the authority will be responsible for. According to the above mentioned, the civil responsibility of the state will be highlighted as the state should accomplish the sustainable development in health sector.

Parliamentary immunity is an actual embodiment of the separation of powers, which assumes that each authority exercises its powers independently without the interference of other authorities, and it was legislated primarily to preserve the entity of the representative system in the state and the parliamentary mandate carried out by the representatives of the people from all obstacles.

This importance also appears from several other legal, political, and institutional angles. From a legal perspective, parliamentary immunity places the representatives of the people in a strong and excellent legal position that allows them to exercise their duties without fear of the sword of the state and its influence. From a political aspect, it guarantees the continuity of political action and its good conduct within Parliament. From an institutional standpoint, parliamentary immunity highlights the strong position of the legislative institution and its high status in the state’s constitutional system.

The legal and administrative means are the issue of giving legitimacy to the actions taken by the administration against the public employee if he violates the job duties entrusted to him. In the absence of such means, the administration is unable to take such measures. Therefore, the employee committing the violation must be supported by convincing evidence, which can only be obtained by hearing the employee and giving him an opportunity to defend himself and provide evidence proving his innocence of the charges against him. The administration must collect conclusive evidence that gives it justification for punishing him, as there is judicial oversight over the administration’s decision-making process regarding disciplinary punishment. In this research, we will review those means that consolidate the protection of the public employee by addressing the comparative aspects between the Iraqi constitution and legislation and the Egyptian and French constitutions and legislation.

Individuals belonging to minorities, regardless of their religious, ethnic, racial or national affiliations, are among the groups most vulnerable to discrimination and persecution. in spite of this difference is not considered a source of weakness of national unity among the individuals of the state. However, we are witnessing at the present time, despite the development in rights and freedoms, many forms of assault and persecution of the rights of this community. This called for the need to adopt international rules that protect the rights of minorities in particular, in addition to those that guarantee human rights and public freedoms. Perhaps the legislation of legal rules, whether international or national, would be a futile act unless it is accompanied by real guarantees that guarantee the application of these rules. Through this study, we will show the concept of minorities, the nature of international rules pertaining to their rights, and the extent of the effectiveness of international mechanisms in achieving the purpose for which these rules were established.

While legal texts still address the phenomenon of violence against children in its traditional form، the world found itself facing a new trend in all fields، which appeared under the name of the digital trend that has become imposed by information and communication technologies، to appear with new threats in which children are exposed to violence، intimidation، stalking، extortion and exploitation by people in different parts of the world، represented by the phenomenon of cyber violence. That is why appropriate legal measures are needed at the international level to establish various legal frameworks that would combat this phenomenon and reduce its negative effects.

For years, Iraq has been witnessing the growth of some serious environmental phenomena and problems, and various types of environmental deterioration, most notably the phenomenon of desertification and drought. This due to the interaction of a series of climatic and human factors. Desertification and drought can pose a threat to public order and the environmental, food, health, economic, water and social security of individuals, and this requires the intervention of the administrative control authorities and taking the necessary preventive measures and actions to maintain public order and confront this environmental danger. In fact, weak control measures taken by the competent public administration were followed by weak environmental awareness, and lack of effective national programs and plans to eliminate desertification and drought and address their impact.

Improving and facilitating commercial life is the primary goal sought by countries around the world. In order to achieve this goal, countries are working to legislate and develop all the necessary tools to facilitate commercial matters, and one of these tools is (commercial papers). Accordingly, the laws of countries have worked to stipulate and organize these papers and facilitate all matters related to them, especially those related to their commercial circulation, since this circulation came in line with commercial life, which is characterized by speed compared to other methods of trading, such as civil methods. Accordingly, legislation, especially Iraqi legislation, allowed commercial papers that lacked the status of commercial papers, that is, invalid papers, to be traded through commercial methods if they met certain conditions stipulated in the legislation. The research concluded by addressing the legal regulation of the circulation of invalid commercial papers, and the research founded some results and recommendations.

In order to carry out the administrative judiciary by its duty effectively and to guarantee the rights and freedoms of individuals, and to work on and providing more guarantee for the right to debt demanding ,it must be impartial and independent to face the authorities of another state, the judge must be impartial and impartial when considering cases and the judge does not differentiate between opponents, as each point of impartiality and independence is a great importance in maintaining the judicial system who is able to restore rights to their owners, the judge may carry out his judicial duties independently on the basis of his appreciation of the facts and in accordance with the provisions of the law without any internal influences or temptations or threats, he mustn’t be biased to the opponent against the another opponent and to stand at the same distance from the parties to the lawsuit to ensure that the balance of justice equally.

Justice is one of the most sacred and common topics in social behavior and it can take multiple forms within one society as well as between different societies. Justice in general and parallel justice in particular, which expresses the balance between a particular society in one state and the equality between them in terms of financial burdens and benefits and between another society in another state, As well as the relationship of this type of justice with financial laws and their enforcement towards classes and groups in society in those countries and their impact on the volume of public revenues that the state seeks to obtain through the legislation of those laws.

Legitimacy is an idea or belief in which the people believe that emerges at a certain time or under a specific government in which the authority can exercise its competencies with the people's acceptance of these practices or even the way they are transmitted. The idea of legitimacy is the opposite of the supreme idea in a society that is characterized by tyranny and injustice، which is embodied in the absence of law، breach of the legal system، and abuse of power. The Iraqi Constitution of 2005 stipulated that the people are the source of authority and its legitimacy، and this is also what the Iraqi Constitution in force stipulated that Islam is the official religion of the state and a source of basis for legislation.

The international principles in regulating the right to litigation are international standards which had been stated by the international text concerning human rights and considered a source of national systems in regulating the basic rights and freedom for the individuals including the right to litigation in the constitutions and laws. The principles obliged the parties to respect and protect the rights via legislative and non-legislative procedures to guarantying that all individuals have the rights with no exception.

In this research there a mention to the judge right to Iraqi effective legislation and the extent of matching between the constitutional texts and legal texts involved in the international standards concerning the regulation of the right of litigation stated by International instruments of human rights.

Iraq is one of the countries that has witnessed turbulent and violent political transformations and events since the establishment of the Iraqi state in the last century, these transformations and events had great repercussions on all aspects of economic social, social and political life, and had a great impact on human rights in Iraq, especially the rights to sustain social development ,as it is still facing enormous development challenges, the government and the people must address them, starting with widespread poverty, economic stagnation, lack of basic services, environmental degradation, continued armed violence and political instability, all of which negatively affect the life of the individual and society and destruction Infrastructure, which leads to a limitation of the possibility of enjoying rights, especially the right to sustain social development.

The legal rule is the basis of the legal security which issued by the legislative power for the citizen interest. So, the authority should, when discuss and vote on laws, give the priority to the citizen interest. The concept of the legal security has been clarified in addition to the elements of the legal security and what the authority should do during the legislation stage such as protecting the individuals. We have reached a conclusion that the constitution and the internal regulation of the parliament didn’t include a special majority to approve laws and didn’t oblige the parliament to send the laws proposals to the state council for sake of paraphrasing them.

The trade union right is one of the most important social and civil rights that the most constitutions seek to guarantee. Trade and professional unions have played a key role in protecting workers' rights by defending the rights and interests of workers who belonging to them, and trade unions have played an important role in providing a link between public authorities or administration on the one hand, and workers on the other, and trade unions' public position has been strengthened through its objectives that sought to achieve in promoting adequate guarantees for workers to exercise and enjoy their rights. It is not secret that oil unions have played an important role in protecting oil workers by attempting to communicate workers' voices in petroleum license round contracts and obtaining their rights from foreign companies working for them, as well as the oil and gas workers who work in the private sector. However, a lack of organization and coordination among them in efforts to protect oil workers has resulted in a clear weakness and fragmentation in the work of trade unions, and thus led to loss.

The international intervention to assistance is to save humanity and provide the basic needs such as medical equipment and food urgently for those who are involved in conflicts. The international assistance could turn into humanitarian intervention if the international will is represented by the agreement of the security council. So there must be an international treaty as to organize the process of assistance so as to prevent the great nations from intervening the states under the excuse of Humanitarian assistance.