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Ibn Al-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences

Volume: 37

Issue: 4

Publication Year: 2024

Publication Date: October 2024

Articles in This Issue

Pages 1-452

1

Evaluation of Some Efflux Pump Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their Relation to Antibiotic Resi

Roaa Abd Al-rahman Abdulla, Rasmiya Abd Abo-risha

Pages: 1-8 English

Issues

Abstract

In this study, all 100 samples were collected from people suffering from burns, wounds, ear infections, blood, sputum samples, and urine from both genders. The specimens were collected from medical city hospitals during the period between September 2022 and January 2023. The results of culture and biochemical tests showed that 50 isolates were P. aeruginosa. The VITEK2 compact system confirmed the identity of 35 isolates. A VITEK2 compact system tested 35 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for drug susceptibility. These strains were resistant to Cefotaxime 25 (71.43%), Ceftazidime 25 (71.43%), Cefepime 25 (71.43%), Imipenem 22 (62.86%), Meropenem 23 (65.71%), 22 (62.86%), Gentamicin 22 (62.86%), Ciprofloxacin 18 (51.43%), and Norfloxacin 21 (60%). The VITEK2 compact system used regular PCR to identify the efflux pump genes (mexT and mexF) in 35 isolates. The results indicated that mexT was positive in 20 isolates (57.1%), mexF was positive in 18 isolates (51.4%), and mexF was negative in 17 isolates (48.6%).

2

Antibacterial Activity of Some Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs against Proteus mirabilis

Ghena Jameel Ibrahim, Bahaa Abdullah Laftaah AL-Rubaii

Pages: 9-18 English

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Keywords

Antibacterial Multidrug resistance NASIDs Proteus mirabilis

Abstract

In some recent investigations, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and paracetamol demonstrated antibacterial action. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of diclofenac, piroxicam, and paracetamol against multidrug-resistant Proteus mirabilis. The sensitivity of Proteus spp. was tested for nine antibiotics representing seven different families using an agar diffusion test. The isolates with multiple antibiotic resistances were selected to test the effect of NSAIDs and paracetamol on growth using a resazurin-based microplate broth dilution assay. The findings of the agar diffusion test revealed the highest level of antibiotic resistance for Proteus isolates was recorded against ceftazidime with a percentage of (91.53%) followed by amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefixime (81.36%) and (76.27%), respectively. The isolates were resistant to azithromycin at a rate of (69.49%). Furthermore, moderate resistance was observed among the isolates to levofloxacin (66.10%), gentamicin (55.93%), and aztreonam (47.46%). While the lowest resistance was reported (18.64%) against piperacillin-tazobactam and (8.47%) against imipenem, Imipenem had the greatest antibacterial activity (88%); also, NSAIDs showed distinct antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis in (2500, 5000 μg/ml) and above concentrations for piroxicam and diclofenac, respectively. Paracetamol failed to show antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis

3

Evaluation of Salivary Interleukin 2 (IL-2) and Interleukin 12(IL-12) in Recurrent Aphthous Stomatit

Sura Farhan Saeed,, Zainab Abduljabar Aldhaher

Pages: 19-24 English

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Abstract

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common kind of excruciating mouth mucosal disease. Despite their high prevalence, etiopathogenesis remains unclear. This study was to investigate the concentration of Interleukin 2 (IL-2) and Interleukin 12 (IL-12) in the saliva of RAS. Eighty people were involved In this study (forty RAS patients and forty healthy controls), their ages ranged (from 16 - 60) years. The sandwich enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay was used to assess Interleukin 2 (IL-2) and Interleukin 12 (IL-12) concentrations in saliva in each group. The salivary concentrations of Interleukin 2 (IL-2) and Interleukin 12 (IL-12) was significantly higher in the patient group (159.06 ± 20.37), (331.32 ± 94.42) respectively in comparison to the control group at (p<0.05). These results indicate that saliva provides the perfect medium for the detection of pro-inflammatory markers of the oral cavity, Additionally, salivary Interleukin 2 (IL-2) and Interleukin 12 (IL-12) may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of this illness.

Keywords

Interleukin. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis Salivary Evaluation

4

Distribution and Composition of Soil Invertebrates in some Agricultural Fields in Al-Madaain Distric

Ghofran Wael Al-Waeely,, Maysoon Hassan Meshjel,, Jawad Bulbul Al-Zaidawi

Pages: 25-34 English

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Abstract

Soil invertebrates play an important role in the soil biota community; they are responsible for decomposing, aerating, recycling nutrients, and increasing agricultural products. This study aims to investigate the community of soil invertebrates in the fields of Al-Madaain district in south Baghdad, as well as their correlation with various soil physical and chemical properties. Each field received four randomly selected samples each month. We isolated the invertebrate samples from the soil using two methods: the direct method for large soil invertebrates and the indirect method for small invertebrates. In this study, we included the physical and chemical factors in the soil to determine them (Temperature, Salinity, pH, Organic matter, Humidity, and total calcium). The temperature ranged from 7 to 35 °C, salinity ranged from 0.10 to 6.80 ‰, pH ranged from 6.8 to 8.1, soil organic matter ranged from 0.31 to 7.39%, and total calcium ranged from 50 to 212. The number of isolated invertebrates in the study area was 8407; it belongs to 9 taxa; the most common was terrestrial isopoda (41% of total isolated invertebrates), followed by insects (24%), gastropods (17%), and nematodes (8% of total isolated invertebrates), in addition to earthworms, arachnida, chilopoda, and diplopoda. This study used biological indices such as Shannon-Wiener, uniformity, Jaccard, and richness, as well as the LSD test, to calculate significant differences.

Keywords

Agricultural Fields Biological indices Physical and chemical parameters. Soil invertebrates

5

Assessment of Interleukin 1-β, Interleukins -6 and Some Biochemical Parameters in a Sample of Iraqi

Ammar J. Mohammed,, Jabbar H. Yenzeel

Pages: 35-44 English

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Keywords

Ferritin interleukin -1β Interleukin-6 β-thalassemia major

Abstract

Sixty patients (male and female) with β-thalassemia major and thirty healthy subjects were enrolled in this study during their attendance at \"Abin AL-Baladi Hospital in Baghdad\" from September 2022 to January 2023. All patients and healthy subjects ranged in age from 15 to 30 years, and we collected the necessary data with their consent, adhering to the College of Science\'s ethics (CSEC/0922/0104 in 2022/9/28). Venous blood was collected and divided into two parts: the first part for the determination of CBC, and the second part was allowed to coagulate for serum separation to measure the level of C-reactive protein, ferritin, and pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 by using the ELISA Kit. The results showed a highly significant (p≤0.01) decrease in RBC count and hemoglobin (3.03 ±0.06 106/µL and 8.01 ±0.17 Hg/dl) respectively in β-thalassemia patients in compare with control group (4.77 ±0.07 106/µL and 14.06 ±0.24 Hg/dL) respectively, while there was a highly significant (p≤0.01) increase in the platelets count (384.59 ±21.67 10^3/µL) in patients compared with control (224.06 ±6.23 10^3/µL); furthermore, ferritin and CRP showed highly significant (p≤0.01) increase (4910.15 ±202.67 ng/ml, and 3.02 ±0.08 µg/ml) respectively in patients compared with control (284.91 ±16.78 ng/ml, and 1.178 ±0.03 µg/ml) respectively. Also, there was a highly significant (P≤0.01) increase in IL-1β and IL-6, which were 284.19 ±4.29 pg/ml and 27.92 ±0.97 pg/ml, respectively, in patients in comparison with control (142.09 ±0.70 pg/ml and 11.43 ±0.32 pg/ml), respectively. From the above findings, it can be concluded that proinflammatory cytokines have a significant impact on the progression and pathology of the disease.

6

Immunological Role of IL-3, IL-5 and Some Inflammation Markers in a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Rh

Shams A. Salman,, Rakad M. Kh. AL-Jumaily

Pages: 45-51 English

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Keywords

C-reactive protein Interleukins-3 Interleukins-5 Rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) occurs through joint inflammation and affects approximately one in 200 adults worldwide, with women affected two to three times more frequently than men. The design of this study is to examine serum levels and changes in immunological markers in Iraqi patients with RA. To evaluate the advantages of clinical biomarkers of autoimmune disorderliness as well as changes in some immunological markers and clinical outcomes associated with Iraqi rheumatoid arthritis patients. Interleukins-3 and 5 (IL-3 and IL-5) were quantified by ELISA assay kits in the serum of 60 patients with RA disease (age range 20–60 years) and 30 age-matched healthy control groups. The BMI (body mass index), C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), and complete blood count (CBC) were also measured. The results of IL-3 and IL-5 (341.56 ±12.10 and 504.28 ±25.20) levels displayed a significant increase in RA patients compared to control (154.66 ±9.24 and 117.61 ±3.73). The levels of ESR and Ant-CCP (37.60 ±2.72 and 0.637 ±0.02) increased significantly in RA patients as compared to control (8.12 ±1.14 and 0.308 ±0.01). Similar results were observed (11.98 ±1.18) with CRP levels in RA patients. The results of CBC indicated a significant reduction in hemoglobin (HB) levels (12.42 ±0.34) in RA patients, and there were no differences between other CBC parameters compared to healthy controls. These findings suggest that it is possible to use IL-3 and IL-5 as biomarkers for RA diagnosis.

7

Effect of Oily waste Water from the Dora Refinery on Some Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Radis

Malak Naeem Mohammed,, Maher Zaki Faisal

Pages: 52-61

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Abstract

The study aimed to determine how the oil refinery water affected the growth characteristics of the radish plant. The refinery\'s water treatment unit\'s main isolation basins, representing the first factor, pre-treatment water, initiate the cycle, while the final sedimentation basin provides the second factor, post-treatment water. It was used two factors and three replications, with each factor containing seven volumes: 0.00, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3 Ml/kg. After soil preparation, wastewater was added. It was sowed radish seeds and, after 55 days, doubled the quantity of oil waste water to irrigate the plants. It was harvested the plants during the flowering stage, 129 days after sowing and measured the plant\'s height, number of leaves, leaf area, total chlorophyll content, root length and diameter, and fresh weight and dry weight. The pre-treatment water had a positive effect on the total chlorophyll content, the length of the roots, and the fresh weight of the root part. These two factors went up by the most, by 12.37%, 26.7%, and 17.05%, respectively. The effect of the pre-treatment water ranged from a decrease to an increase in the average number of leaves, root diameter, fresh weight of the vegetative part, and dry weight of the vegetative and root parts. While its effect was negative for all volumes in the characteristics of plant height and leaf area, it gave the lowest rate of decrease by 20.2% and 26.63% compared to untreated plants. The post-treatment water had a positive impact on the plant height, number of leaves, total chlorophyll content, and fresh weight of the root part. However, it recorded the highest average increases of 61.26%, 36.12%, 6.71%, and 141.71%. While its effect varied according to the amount of water in terms of leaf area, root length, root diameter, and dry weight of the root part, it gave a negative effect in all treatments in terms of the fresh and dry weight of the vegetative part.

Keywords

oil residue radish waste water

8

Histological Structure of the Kidney in the Iraqi Pin-tailed Sandgrouse Pterocles Alchata (Linnaeus,

Wafaa Barghash Obaid,, Nahla A. Al-Bakri

Pages: 62-74 English

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Keywords

cortex glomerulus Kidney medulla Pterocles alchata.

Abstract

The current study was conducted on six adult males of the Iraqi pin-tailed sandgrouse, Pterocles alchata, to determine the histological structure of the kidneys. The results showed that each kidney consists of three lobes: cranial, middle, and caudal. Histological results showed that the kidneys consist of the cortex and the medullary, and the cortex forms the majority of the kidney, which consists of large and small renal corpuscles. Each renal corpuscle consists of the Bowman capsule, glomerulus, the proximal convoluted tubule, which is lined with simple cuboidal epithelium tissue with a brush border, the distal convoluted tubules, and the collecting tubules, which are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium tissue. The medullary area contains thin and thick segments of the Henle loop, arranged around the medullary cones, and a simple cuboidal epithelium-lined collecting duct from the middle part of the cone.

9

Taxonomic Morphological Study of the Stink Bug Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera: Pentat

Ahmed Waleed Hamid,, Ahmed Jameel Sabr

Pages: 75-85 English

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Abstract

We conducted a taxonomic and phenotypic study on Bagrada hilaris, collected from various regions in central Iraq such as Baghdad, Diyala, and Babel governorates, between the end of May and October 2022. The study showed that the third segment of the antennae is the longest of all segments, and the head contains a pair of simple brown eyes. The rostrum extends to the end of the hind leg coxa, and each abdominal ring contains a pair of spiracles. The tarsus consists of three segments and bears a pair of claws. The phallus and paramere, representing male genitalia, consist of two parts: a medium-thick basal part known as the stem and a broad apical part known as the blade. The blade consists of two protrusions of unequal length. The genitalia of the female are attached to the eighth and ninth abdominal rings. The dorsal tergates of these rings are folded ventrally on each side to make the ventral part of the side of the dorsal plates

Keywords

Antennae Bagrada Prothorax Rostrum. Scutellum

10

Attenuation Acute Effects of Passive Smoking on Pulmonary Tissues in Rats by Bee Honey

Eda M.A. Alshailabi,, Nura I. Al-Zail,, Afaf A. Alsalhin

Pages: 86-96 English

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Abstract

The recent study\'s goal was to use honey to reduce the acute effects of passive smoking on rats\' pulmonary tissues. A total of 28 adult male rats were categorized into four groups: (1) control group; (2) rats were given honey (100 mg/kg BW/30 days); (3) rats were exposed to the cigarette smoke for 30 days; and (4) rats were given honey (100 mg/kg BW/14 days); previously, the rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for 30 days. The mean Wet/Dry values were significantly higher in the KAR group than in the NC rats. While the PTV rats showed a notable decline in comparison to the KAR rats, the PTV rats showed no change with the NC rats. Also, after 30 days of exposure to KAR, we observed numerous changes in the rats\' gross lung lesions and more histological alterations as compared to all other rats\' lungs. Furthermore, the lung tissue of the PTV rats had some histological changes and a moderate improvement in tissue structure when compared to KAR rats. In conclusion, the study demonstrated the beneficial effects of honey in lowering lung tissue damage. It is also a better treatment choice, which may lead to better results in terms of tissue damage caused by CS.

Keywords

Histological; Cigarettes. Honey Lung tissues

11

Hepcidin and CRP Levels in a Sample of Iraqi Hypothyroid Patients Treated with Levothyroxine

Haider D. Abdullah,, Suha Abdul-Khaliq Al-Jowari

Pages: 97-108 English

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Abstract

Study of hypothyroidism and its relationship to the levels of the hormone hepcidin and C-reactive protein in people treated with levothyroxine. This study was carried out between November 2022 and March 2023. The study had a total of 90 male and female participants with an average age of 25 to 50 years old. All samples were obtained from both hospitals in Baghdad and the Medical Lab. The diagnosis of hypothyroidism based on symptoms and the hypothyroidism control test score led to the collection of 30 samples from healthy individuals, 30 from those with untreated hypothyroidism, and 30 additional samples. From people with hypothyroidism who were treated with levothyroxine, where the necessary tests were conducted for the three groups, Blood samples were collected in a gel tube, and serum was separated for use in their respective measurements of (TSH, T3, T4, CRP, and hepcidin. According to the results, there were no significant differences in the mean patient’s age (p=0.419) or gender distribution (p=0.638) between the three studied groups. When thyroid function tests were done on the groups that were studied, the hypothyroid patients had significantly lower levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and higher levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) before treating them (p< 0.001). And the highest serum hepcidin and CRP levels (11.77 ± 0.98 and 14.61 ± 2.49 respectively) were found in group 1 patients. On the contrary, the lowest levels (7.61 ± 1.56 and 3.19 ± 0.29, respectively) were present in group 2 patients. In healthy subjects, the hepcidin and CRP levels were 8.45 ± 0.53 and 3.51 ± 0.91, respectively.Accordingly, there was a significant difference in hepcidin and CRP levels between the three studied groups, and the results showed a decrease in hepcidin and C-reactive protein after treatment.

Keywords

C-reactive protein hepcidin Hypothyroidism levothyroxine thyroid-stimulating hormone thyroxine. triiodothyronine

12

Histological Structures of the Pseudobranch in Adult Mosquito Fish (Gambusia holbrooki Girard 1859)

Khloud Adnan AL-Lehaibe,, Entekhab Hameed Abed AL-Shuwaili

Pages: 109-118

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Keywords

Histological mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki). Pseudobranch

Abstract

This paper deals with the histological structure of the pseudobranch of mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki), which lives in an Iraqi environment. The laboratory placed the adult fish, both male and female, in a fishbowl. The head is fixed in solution Bouin′s aqueous; using the routine method that is colored with H&E stains. The microscopic slide observations show the pseudobranch in the adult is located in the cranial region on both sides of the head, It is a submerged type. The fish features some oval parts that are connected to each other by a thick connective tissue, forming a triangular cavity in the middle, and also features an irregular dashed line of melanophore. It bears resemblance to the respiratory gills, but differs from them by losing the gill arches and their appendices, as well as by the arrangement of their components and function. This difference explains their connection to the ocular placenta and its oxygenated blood supply.

13

The Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Against UTI

Mohammed R. Gheni,, Nisreen H. Odaa

Pages: 119-128 English

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Abstract

Nowadays, there is an increase in interest in creating and researching silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) because of their numerous applications in many fields, especially medical fields such as burn, wound healing, dental and bone implants, antibacterial, viral, fungal, and arthropodal activities. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from burn patient identification tests by using various methods (cultural characteristics, biochemical tests, and the vitek2 system) and used to produce silver nanoparticles according to biological methods. Physical and morphological characterization was used to identify silver nanoparticles, and analysis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the presence of 15 bands. Atomic force microscopy had an average diameter of 46.15 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy shows particles are aggregated into spherical to hexagonal shapes; the X-ray diffraction method results in peaks of the organic compounds in the extract that reduce the amount of silver ions and stabilize; and UV-visible spectroscopy analysis reveals a peak with maximum absorbance at 454 nm. The results showed that silver nanoparticles have antimicrobial activity against UTI pathogenic microorganisms.

Keywords

antimicrobial activity characterization silver nanoparticles fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. P. aeruginosa

14

Effect of Iraqi Apricot Seed Extract on Some Physiological Parameters in Male Rats

Noor Sabar Khalaf Mohammad,, Alia Hussein Ali,, Firas Subhi Salah

Pages: 129-145 English

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Abstract

Amygdalin specifically represents the apricot (Prunus armeniaca) seed in the Rosacea family of plants. Except for cyanogenic glycoside, the seeds include a variety of substances, including trace minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates, organic acids, esters, phenols, and terpenoids. It is well known that bioregulators have the ability to control the activity of certain hormones and enzymes. The current study examined the effect of Iraqi apricot seed extract on physiological parameters in male rats, including blood parameters, hormone parameters, and antioxidant parameters, as well as histological studies of the spleen and testes. The study comprised four groups, each consisting of six animals. The animals in the control group received distilled water as their treatment. G1 received an extract (10 mg b.w.), G2 received an extract (20 mg b.w.), and G3 received an extract (40 mg b.w) orally every day for 30 days. The results showed a significant increase in WBC and blood platelets (P≤0.05), as well as T3 and T4. When compared with the control, TSH shows a significant decrease (P≤0.01) in the three groups. While FSH, LH, and testosterone hormone showed a significant decrease (P≤0.01) in the G1 and G2 groups, MPO, MDA, GPX, SOD, vitamin C, and E showed a significant decrease (P≤0.01) when compared with the control group. Finally, the histological examination showed that the spleen and testis in all groups showed a normal appearance after 30 days.

Keywords

antioxidant Hormones Iraqi apricot Seed extract Spleen and testes

15

The Effect of Annealing Process on Surface Plasmon Resonances in Tungsten Trioxide Films

Mohammed H. Mustafa,, Aliyah A. Shihab

Pages: 146-153 English

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Abstract

In this study, after pyrolyzing the prepared solution, we made films from transitional tungsten oxide metal doped with gold nanoparticles and deposited them using a spray deposition technique on glass substrates at a substrate temperature of 320°C. We then annealed the prepared films at various temperatures (673,773 K) for one hour, in which we detected the band of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in gold-doped tungsten oxide films around the wavelength of 595 nm, and thermal treatment increased its intensity to near the wavelength of 580 nm. The produced and annealed thin films also demonstrated an indirect energy gap smaller than (2.86-2.61) eV in the UV-visible spectrum. The structural characteristics of the manufactured and annealed thin films reveal an amorphous structure at the substrate temperature of 320°C, but a polycrystalline structure at the annealing temperature, where researchers discovered monoclinic tungsten trioxide structures. (AFM), which achieved the maximum particle size of 75.93 nm after it was 47.85 nm, allowing researchers to see that the thin film of all the samples has a nanostructure.

Keywords

Optical Properties structural surface plasmon resonances WO3 thin films.

16

Using Thomas-Fermi Formula of Level Density Parameter to Find New Single Particle Level Density Form

Hadeer K. Mohammed,, Ali D. Salloum

Pages: 154-161 English

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Abstract

The level density is a parameter that has great importance in the theoretical nuclear calculation, and it is considered a key of many theoretical studies, therefore, the level density in pre-equilibrium reaction or what is the so-called accurate partial level density PLD has been studied. The partial level density PLD used in pre-equilibrium reactions is dependent on the parameter called single particle level density which can be calculated by two methods either using the equidistant spacing model (ESM) or non-equidistant spacing model (non-ESM) In this study, the parameter is estimated by using the relation between the level density parameter and based on Ericson and Williams\'s formulas ( ) is substituted from the Thomas-Fermi formula and the new was substituted one-component Ericson\'s formula, two-components Ericson\'s formula, Williams\'s formula, spin formula, and surface formula. The results show that the PLD estimated from one-component Ericson\'s formula gives the best agreement with the experimental data between 4 MeV to 5 MeV.

Keywords

Induced nuclear reaction Keywords: Exaction model Level density Pre-compound nucleus Pre-equilibrium reactions.

17

Theoretical Study of Energy Loss of Proton in Human Tissues

Musaab I. Mohammed

Pages: 162-173 English

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Abstract

In this paper, a theoretical study was carried out to calculate the proton energy loss in human tissues (Adipose tissue, Blood, Bone (Compact), Bone (Cortical), Brain, Eye lens, Lung, Skin, and Testicles) within the energy range of 1 MeV to 1000 MeV. We calculated the total stopping power for each tissue element separately using the Bethe-Bloch equation, and then used Bragg\'s rule for compounds to determine the tissue\'s total stopping power. The total stopping power is directly proportional to the atomic number divided by the target material\'s atomic mass (Z/A) and target material density (ρ), and inversely proportional to the target material\'s mean excitation energy (I) and proton energy (E). The results indicate that the stopping power was highest in the adipose tissue, and the lowest value was in the bone (cortical) at the same proton energy. We performed all calculations using the MATLAB program. We found a good match between the obtained results and the value of the P-Star code

Keywords

Bethe-Bloch equation Bragg’s rule Human tissue P-Star Proton energy loss Total stopping power of protons

18

Chitosan Reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol and Nanoparticles Treatment to Promote Skin Wound Healing in D

Huda R. Kttafah, Hanaa S. Mahmood, i, Hussein N. Olew

Pages: 174-183 English

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Abstract

A group of mice were captured. We divided the 3-month-old mice into groups. We limited each group to a specific type of treatment, using different components of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) in various proportions. The control group was left untreated. We stimulated her diabetes with injections of the substance alloxan, which led to the development of her condition. It was left for three days after the injection of this substance, and then the diabetes was checked with a diabetes testing device until all the required mice were infected with diabetes. Next, they removed the hair from the mouse\'s top and used a special tool, a ring with a diameter of 8 mm, to cut the skin. During the work, they used two types of anesthetics: ketamine and xylazine. The ketamine relaxes her muscles and causes her death, so she abandoned the xylazine and relied solely on the first type. The percentage of the anesthetic substance injected depends on its weight. Therefore, we created an incision on the mouse. Then I began treating the wounds: the first group with 100% AgNPs, the second group with 100% AuNPs, and the third group with samples of a mixture of AgNPs and AuNPs at a ratio of 50% each. The fourth and final group remained without treatment. With a weekly checkup for diabetes. The treatment entailed applying the sample to the wound and adhering it with a medical adhesive, periodically replacing it. After the second week of treatment, some of the wounds began to heal. By the end of the fourth week, it had completely healed. The group that was treated with the mixed samples had the best and fastest recovery and wound healing among the rest of the samples, followed by the mixture samples.

Keywords

Chitosan/PVA diabetes. nanoparticles skin healing

19

The Impact of Cold atmospheric plasma and PLGA/ Xylitol Nanoparticles on Dental Enamel (in vitro stu

Ghada A. Ibrahim,, Eaman A. Al-Rubaee

Pages: 184-196 English

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Abstract

Plasma and nanotechnology are potentially effective preventive measures against dental caries. This study aims to determine the impact of cold atmospheric plasma and PLGA/Xylitol nanoparticles on dental enamel microhardness and morphological changes in dental enamel ultrastructure. Methodology: In this study, 56 maxillary first premolars were divided into five groups: one control group, four study groups, each with 11 teeth; 10 teeth were examined for microhardness; and one tooth was examined using SEM. A circular window was placed on the buccal surface of each tooth. Following a PH cycling technique to activate caries lesions on the tooth enamel, cold plasma was performed using predetermined parameters. The PLGA/Xylitol nanoparticle concentration was adjusted to 5%. The microhardness and morphological change were measured using micro vickers and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) respectively, at three stages: sound, demineralization, and treatment. Result: Enamel microhardness values decreased highly significantly after the demineralization stage compared to the sound stage for all groups. After application of various agents, the microhardness values of all treated groups, excluding the control, increased highly significantly in comparison to the demineralization stage. The nanoparticles+ plasma group showed the highest microhardness recovery values. An SEM showed that the application of nanoparticles, nanoparticles + plasma, and plasma + nanoparticles caused the majority of surface defects to be repaired. Conclusion: The enamel surface treated with cold atmospheric plasma and PLGA/Xylitol nanoparticles yielded favourable results in terms of microhardness and SEM analysis, suggesting that this therapy could be recommended as a means of preventing dental caries.

Keywords

Cold atmospheric plasma dental enamel PLGA/ Xylitol Nanoparticles

20

Effect of Adding Al2O3 on Some Physical Properties of the Ceramic Compound

Shatha Hashim Mahdi,, Saad.K.A ,, Ulvi Kanbur

Pages: 197-206 English

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Abstract

Zerlokh bentonite is the main material for preparing ceramic specimens with Al2O3 additions. X-ray diffraction analyses were carried out on the raw material at room temperature. The specimens of additions that could stand up to 1250 ºC are stable. That is shown by analyzing the X-ray diffraction pattern after heat treatment of the specimens. The growth of new phases like cordierite, anorthite, and cristobalite has the highest percentage ratio of cordierite (76.43%) and mullite (40.28%). So the presence of refractory materials in the obtained samples strongly supports the possibility of using bentonite with additions in the ceramics industry for high temperatures. Therefore, it gave distinct physical and thermal structural properties to the new product. The apparent porosity (A.P.) presented decreases with increasing ratios, and the lowest value for the ratio at 1.5% equals 1%. In studying the thermal conductivity coefficient, the thermal conductivity coefficient increased due to a decrease in ratios. The best values for the thermal conductivity coefficient at 1.5% were (0.045 W/m. °C).

Keywords

Mineral montmorillonite sedimentation and octahedral shape Zerlokh Bentonite

21

Enhanced Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness of Lightweight Polymethyl Methacrylate

Nadia A. Ali,, Badiaa I. Alawi

Pages: 207-225 English

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Abstract

The growth of using electronic devices has led to the development of a new pollution type that has been referred to as noise, radio frequency interference, or electromagnetic radiation (EM). The identification of lightweight PMMA/Gr/Ag nanocomposites has led to the discovery of a new hybrid polymer composite. Electrical conductivity, High Electromagnetic (EM) Shielding Effectiveness (SE) in a frequency range of 8.20-12.40GHz (x-band), dielectric characteristics, and differential thermal analysis were used to examine PMMA/Gr/Ag. Using the solvent casting process, a hybrid PMMA/Gr/Ag nanocomposite was created. The hybrid composite\'s electrical conductivity demonstrates that D.C conductivity is around 1.6×10-6 S/ cm as concentration is attained at 0.5% for Ag and 0.5% for Graphene, and that σac (ω) is frequency increases with increases in frequency. All PMMA/Gr/Ag nanocomposites exhibit decreasing dielectric properties (ɛ´, ɛ´´, tan δ) with increasing frequency. It was discovered that SE is highly dependent on Graphene and Ag, with the maximum SE attenuation recorded at 0.5wt% of Graphene and Ag being 11 dB at 12 GHz. Test of DTA shows that exothermic reactions with the dominating weight take place at (200–300)°C. PMMA matrix of PMMA/Gr/Ag nanocomposites displayed unique dispersion of the silver & graphene particles, according to FESEM results.

Keywords

dielectric constant properties. electrical conductivity Electromagnetic interference shielding

22

Noise Level in Kirkuk University Library

Rabab Shakor Ali

Pages: 226-235 English

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Abstract

The study was conducted at Kirkuk University Library to investigate the noise levels. The researchers collected noise level readings at specific time points throughout the day, including morning, mid-day, and afternoon. The purpose of the study was to analyze the variations in noise levels and assess their impact. The findings of the study indicate that the average noise levels measured during the three-time points consistently exceeded the guideline limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The study provides valuable insights into the noise levels at Kirkuk University Library and emphasizes the need for interventions to address excessive noise. Implementing measures to reduce noise disturbances and promote a quieter environment can significantly enhance the library experience for users, allowing for improved concentration, better learning outcomes, and overall satisfaction. Taking proactive measures to address excessive noise levels in the Kirkuk University Library is crucial for creating an optimal learning environment. Reducing noise disturbances not only improves students\' ability to understand and absorb information but also reduces stress levels and promotes calmness in the library.

Keywords

environment Kirkuk library measurements measures noise readings University WHO

23

The Effect of Palm Fronds Waste Ash Particulate on the Mechanical, Thermal and Acoustic Insulation F

Zainab Ahmed, ,, Adil I. Kadim, Mahbubur M. Rahman

Pages: 236-246 English

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Abstract

We have used Palm frond base Ash Waste Particles as a natural, safe, and non-toxic reinforcing material to enhance and improve the characteristics of the epoxy polymer matrix. We utilized Palm frond base Ash Waste Particles as a natural, safe, and non-toxic reinforcing material to enhance the characteristics of the epoxy matrix. Ash Waste Particles were used in weight fractions of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%. The outcomes showed that the process of reinforcing with Ash Waste Particles increased the tensile strength from 8.782 MPa to 23.253 MPa. Additionally, the hardness value increased from 58.875 (Shore D.) to 74 (Shore D.). For the pure sample, the thermal conductivity has decreased to 0.135 Wm-1 0C-1 from 0.158 Wm-1 0C-1 . The transferred acoustic energy from side to side of the specimens (Acoustic Insulation Character) has reduced from 103.3 to 94.7 W⁄ m2 s. Finally, at the 10% weight fraction, the specimen\'s density value decreased from 1.557 to 1.208 g/cm3.

Keywords

acoustic insulation Mechanical characteristics palm frond waste. thermal conductivity

24

Study the Effect of COVID-19 Disease on Thyroid Hormones (T3, T4, TSH) and the Lipid Profile in Reco

Zainab Zouher Salman,, Sanad Baqer Mohammed,, Samer Abdulhasan Muhi

Pages: 247-254 English

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Abstract

The present pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes a multitude of lasting impacts on the human body. It has immediate and extensive effects on the human body, particularly the thyroid gland. A rise in adenylyl cyclase 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRESS2) makes it easier for viruses to get into human cells. COVID-19 triggers a hyperactive immune response that produces interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. This hyperactive immune response leads to severe thyroid malfunction. The current study aimed to research the relationship between the recovering Iraqi subjects of COVID-19 and thyroid hormones and lipid profiles. This study aims to evaluate triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and lipid profile including cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). A total of 70 recovering subjects with COVID-19 were collected, and 50 were used as a control group. Thyroid hormones showed significant differences, an increase in serum TSH, and a decrease in the levels of T3 and T4 between the two groups (p= 0.001). The lipid profile revealed notable variations, as well as an increase in cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL. There was a notable drop in HDL levels between the two groups, as indicated through p-values of 0.001. Body mass index (BMI) and age did not show any significant differences. This research concludes that recovered people from COVID-19 had problems with their thyroid hormones and lipid profiles

Keywords

Lipid profile Recovered Covid-19 SARS-CoV-2 Thyroid Hormones

25

The Study of Prolidase Level and Some Biochemical Variables in Iraqi Patients with Acromegaly

Sara A. Kashash,, Areej Sh. Hameed

Pages: 255-262 English

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Abstract

Acromegaly is a condition that results from excessive growth hormone production by the anterior pituitary gland. Prolidase (PLD) is the only known human enzyme that can hydrolyze dipeptides with an amino acid at their C terminus. Reports indicate that PLD activity serves as a marker for oxidative stress in numerous disorders such as diabetes, diabetic neuropathy, chronic liver diseases, and osteoporosis. The current study aims to estimate the values of PLD, its correlation with the rest of the parameters, and ROC in acromegaly patients. A group of 61 patients with confirmed acromegaly were collected from the National Diabetic Center, Mustansyrriah University, and 60 control groups were analyzed in the same place for the parameters of the biochemical study. Acromegalic patients had changes in the levels of biochemical markers like PLD, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and fasting blood glucose. There was a high difference (p < 0.001) between the patient group and the healthy control group. The current study shows that PLD levels are higher in patients with acromegaly than in the healthy control group. The sensitivity and specificity for PLD were high in the patient group versus the healthy control. The PLD may be a novel biomarker of acromegaly activity, and there may be an increase in fasting blood glucose, growth hormone, and IGF-1 in acromegaly patients.

Keywords

Acromegaly growth hormone hyperglycemia insulin like growth factor-1 prolidase

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Assessment of Cartilage Acidic Protein 1 and other Biomarkers in Pre- and Post-Menopausal Iraqi Wome

Noor Basil Ghanim,, Bushra Faris Hasan

Pages: 263-272 English

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Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease that causes pain in humans\' joints during movement, especially in the elderly and many women. Since cartilage plays a major destructive role during OA incidence, its chemical components can serve as a sensitive biomarker for diagnosing the onset and severity of OA disease. Cartilage acidic protein 1 (CRTAC1) is a critical component of the cartilage\'s extracellular matrix. We have aimed to test the sensitivity of CRTAC1 to the prognosis of OA disease in pre-and post-menopausal women with OA disease. The results showed that the levels of CRTAC1 in the serum of pre-and postmenopausal women with OA disease were significantly higher than those in control groups of the same age. C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were also higher in these patients. Nonetheless, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormones (LH), and testosterone were non-significantly changed in OA patients and the corresponding control group at both pre-and post-menopausal age. Pearson’s correlation was non-significant between CRTAC1 and the rest of the biomarkers. Finally, using CRTAC1 as a biomarker to predict when OA will start and how bad it will get has shown that it works well as a very sensitive and specific biomarker for the disease in women before and after menopause.

Keywords

Cartilage acidic protein 1 follicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormones menopause Osteoarthritis

27

Synthesis and Investigation The Biological Activity of Some New Alkenes Based on Thiazoldin-4-one Co

Israa Abd Al Hassan Hamdan,, J. H. Tomma

Pages: 273-285 English

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Abstract

This work has been done to prepare a series of new alkene compounds derived from 4-thiozolidinones by substituting different aldehydes, P-acetamido-phenol, and 2-mercapto-benzoimidazole, which were used as starting materials to form ester [I]a,b and then make hydrazides [II]a,b, which were used to prepare 1, 3, and 4-oxadiazoles [III]a,b, which were then used for prepared Schiff bases [IV]a-f, The next step was the synthesis of 4-thiazoldinone derivatives [V]a-f from Schiff bases. The final step was the synthesis of alkenes [VII]a-f, the prepared derivatives were identified with spectral methods (FT-IR, 1H-NMR, mass, and CHNS). The antibacterial activity of the prepared derivatives was evaluated against four types of bacteria, positive gram (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis.) and negative gram (E. coli and Pseudomonas aerugionsa). The final compounds gave high to moderate efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria, molecular modeling study against one of the SARS human coronavirus proteins was tested for synthesis compounds. Compound [VII]c had a high bonding strength with the target protein, wherever it was -8.08 Kcal/mole followed by the compound [VII]a. in the bonding strength energy, which was -7.65Kcal/mole.

Keywords

Alkenes Antibacterial Activity Molecular Docking Schiff bases thiazoldin-4-ones

28

Study of Collagenase-3 Levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mell

Nadia Abdul-Kareem Abdul-Zahra,, Zainab M. Al-Rubaei

Pages: 286-296 English

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Abstract

This research sought early signs of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. The current research\'s objectives are to identify collagenase-3 (CL-3) in RA patients with and without T2DM as a disease complication, compare these findings to those of a control group, and ascertain whether or not CL-3 correlates with all of the parameters that were examined in each group. In the present research, (150) participants all between the ages of 30 and 50 were divided into three groups: (G1) control (N=50), (G2) RA (N=50), and (G3) RA with T2DM (N=50). Collagenase-3, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), erythrocyte sedimentaion (ESR), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), and rheumatoid factor (RF) were all measured in this experiment. Data revealed that (G2) and (G3) had considerably greater RF, anti-CCP, and ESR levels than (G1) in comparison. Compared to G2, there was a very obvious increase in G3. The results of the HbA1c test showed that (G2) increased non-significantly compared to (G1), but (G3) was much more than (G2) and (G1). The levels of CL-3 in (G2) and (G3) were found to be significantly higher than in controls (G1) in these groups. A well-related biomarker with these patients was shown by CL-3, demonstrating a strong positive or negative association with all metrics for all groups. This suggests that the best medicine and therapy will be available for these patients. These results suggest that CL-3 might be a biochemical diagnostic for RA patients\' early diagnosis of diabetes.

Keywords

Collagenase-3 Rheumatoid arthritis rheumatoid factor type 2 diabetes mellitus

29

DFT Calculation and Docking Affinity Evaluation of Novel Quinoline Derivatives as an Antibacterial A

Aya Ali Mohammed,, Ahlam Mohammed Farhan

Pages: 297-311 English

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Abstract

The frightening growth of bacterial infections and their resistance to most first-line antibiotic drugs have made antibacterial therapy challenging. High accuracy, reduced time and effort, high cost, and a theoretical chemical study to find alternative treatments are preferable considerations. Chemical programs designed 150 fluoroquinolones in a theoretical study, and determined the top five based on their optimal binding affinity. The binding affinity (G) was calculated in Swiss Dock; a more negative G indicates a more suitable binding between the compound and the protein. This study selected the top five fluoroquinolones against each protein. The ΔG calculations indicate compound B has the highest inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ΔG= -7.562 kcal/mol). Compound C has the strongest inhibitory activity against E. coli (ΔG= -8.562 kcal/mol) because it interacts with the Gyrase B protein. Compound A has the strongest inhibitory activity against Streptococcus pyogenes (ΔG= -6.762 kcal/mol) because it interacts with the cysteine protease Spe B. Compound D has the strongest inhibitory activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae (ΔG= -7.524 kcal/mol) because it interacts with the NDM-1 protein (ΔG= -6.999 kcal/mol) through their interaction with the azobenzene reductase protein. The HOMO-LUMO energy gaps of compounds (A-E) were theoretically estimated at B3LYP in conjunction with the base 6-311G (d, p) using DFT-based structural optimization. Compound E (∆E Gap= 0.130 eV) is the one with the lowest energy gap. Compound C (∆E Gap= 0.1609 eV) is the one that has the largest energy gap

Keywords

Antibacterial functional theory HOMO-LUMO energy gaps Molecular Docking quinoline.

30

Synthesis, Characterization and Study of the Effect of Nanoparticles on the Biological Activity of N

Basma J. Ahmed,, Thikra A. Naif

Pages: 312-322 English

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Abstract

A new class of silicone polymers was synthesized based on dichlorodi(methyl)silane (DCDMS) with some organic compounds [M1-M6] containing terminal hydroxyl groups previously synthesized by different chemical reactions, and their nanocomposites were synthesized using silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). All polymers were synthesized using condensation polymerization and characterized by FTIR and 1HNMR spectra. The biological activity of silicone polymer P5 was evaluated using different weights of silver nanoparticles (1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive). The results showed that the higher the percentage of silver nanoparticles, up to 7%, the higher the biological activity, and accordingly, this percentage of silver nanoparticles was used to synthesize and measure the biological activity of nanocomposites P1-P5 and P6 against the same two types of bacteria. The nanocomposites showed antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) better than silicon polymers without silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). The results also showed that P6 was more antibacterial when pure than the other polymers. The polymer P\'4 with silver nanoparticles (7%) was 20 times more antibacterial against Escherichia coli and 25 times more antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus. This means that P\'4 has more antibacterial activity against the same two types of bacteria than other nanocomposites.

Keywords

Antibacterial Activity nanocomposite silicone polymer Silver nanoparticles.

31

A Brief Review of Phenolic Antioxidant and their Biological Activity

Raied Mustafa Shakir,, Husam Salman Jasim,, Shaimaa Abed Saoud

Pages: 323-333 English

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Abstract

Antioxidant compounds are considered essential materials because they prevent or reduce free radical side chain reactions, which cause much damage. It is widely acknowledged that these damages are a major contributing factor to numerous diseases. Phenolic antioxidants are considered one of the most important antioxidant species. There is ample evidence that the antioxidant substances found in fruits and vegetables can prevent various diseases such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and cataracts. The food and pharmaceutical industries also make extensive use of it. Additionally, quite several phenolic medicinal compounds for anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-necrotic, hepato-protective, and neuroprotective purposes possess antioxidant abilities. The synthetic phenolic compounds exhibited remarkable antioxidant capacity in addition to various biological activities. These facts prompted the researchers to focus on newly synthesized phenolic compound derivatives and explore their biological activities, particularly those containing heterocyclics in their molecular structures. The biological activities of heterocyclic compounds are widely recognized.

Keywords

antioxidant biological activity heterocyclic phenolic compounds Reactive Oxygen Species synthetic compounds

32

Synthesis and Antioxidant Characteristics of Novel Heterocyclic Derivatives from 2-Thiol-5-Phenyl-1,

Sumaya J. Abed,, Mohammed R. Ahmad

Pages: 334-349 English

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Abstract

The 1,3,4-Oxadiazole-bearing compounds are among the most attractive classes for researchers because of their biological processes. The study used a current show of quinazoline-4-one and oxazine-4-one derivatives (8-13) were synthesized. Firstly; the reaction of benzyl salicylate was reacted with hydrazine hydrate (99%) to give 2-hydroxybenzohydrazide (1) then the produced was reacted with carbon disulfide dissolved in absolute ethanol and potassium hydroxide to make 2-(5-mercapto-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (2). After that, compound (2) was treated with ethyl chloroacetate to give ethyl 2-((5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio)acetate (3). Hydrazine hydrate and compound (3) interacted to create 2-((5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio) acetohydrazide (4) next combined with a different aromatic aldehyde substitution in absolute ethanol to produce derivatives of Schiff\'s bases (5-7). Lastly, preparations were made for the target compounds (8–13) by interacting chemicals (5-7) with anthranilic and salicylic acid. Using [FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR] and measuring their physical properties, the newly synthesized compounds were recognized. We also examined the potential anti-oxidant properties of produced compounds. According to the obtained data, the synthesized compounds showed different inhibition activities against free radicals. Moreover, compounds (10 and 13) were found to be most effective against DPPH radicals, and higher than that of BHT. It has been concluded that the synthesized compounds have therapeutic potential for diseases mediated by oxidative stress

Keywords

Antioxidant activities heterocyclic oxadiazole Schiff bases

33

Spin Characters\' Decomposition Matrices of S27, S28modulo, p=13

Ahmed H. Jassim,, Saeed A. Taban

Pages: 350-369 English

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Abstract

In this study, when the field characteristic is 13, we calculate decomposition matrices for the spin characters and which are broken down into blocks, where the decomposition matrices are connected between irreducible spin characters and irreducible modular spin characters. The technique used in this study is -inducing, which produces projective characters for symmetric group by projecting \'s character, and symmetric group by projecting \'s character. We can find it by fixing all bar divisions, finding all irreducible spin characters for ( ), , and all irreducible modular spin characters for ( ), . In order to explore irreducible modular spin characteristics, general correlations and theorems will be discovered as a result of this research.

Keywords

Decomposition Matrix Irreducible Modular Spin Character projective character.

34

Stability and Bifurcation Analysis of the Impact of Refuge on the Dissolved Oxygen-Plankton Interact

Ahmed Ali,, Shireen Jawad,, Fengde Chen

Pages: 370-380 English

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Abstract

Abstract
The suggested mathematical model for studying the effect of refuge on the dissolved oxygen in the plankton ecosystem is based on measurements of dissolved oxygen, phytoplankton, and zooplankton populations. The aim of this work is to find out the potential equilibrium and to investigate their behaviour. The study shows that there are three points of equilibrium. The feasibility requirements and stability conditions for all steady states are determined. Using the consumption of oxygen by zooplankton as a bifurcation parameter, we test for the presence of Hopf- bifurcation for the interior equilibrium. It is shown what conditions must be met for stable limit cycles. Finally, a numerical simulation is conducted to back up the analytical findings. It shows when the stability criteria are met, the solution of the proposed system constantly oscillates around the positive stable state. In addition, the solution exhibits limit cycle behaviour for small changes in certain parameters.

Keywords

Bifurcation Dissolved oxygen model. Plankton interaction Stability analysis

35

Analysis of Loaded Beam, Cantilever, and Elongated Vertical Column via Integral Rohit Transform

Rohit Gupta Rotu, Shivam Sharma,, Anikait Gupta

Pages: 381-391

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Abstract

Structural analysis is a branch of solid mechanics which utilizes straight forward models for solids. The main objective of Structural analysis is to find out the effect of loads on the physical structures and their components. A beam is a structure with a constant cross-section and is described by its significant length in comparison to its thickness and width. A cantilever, on the other hand, is a slender beam with a uniform cross-sectional shape that is fixed horizontally at one end and subjected to a load at the other end. Columns, which serve as vertical compression members in building frames, are susceptible to buckling and failure when subjected to relatively small axial loads. The analysis of loaded beams, cantilevers, and elongated vertical columns is typically carried out using the principles of calculus. However, this paper introduces the integral Rohit transform for the analysis of loaded beam supported at ends, cantilever, and elongated columns with low buckling axial loads. It is found that the depression grows as the cantilever and beam lengths that are loaded in the middle and supported at both ends rise. An attempt has been made to analyze the elongated column with low axial buckling loads and derive the Euler\'s formula for buckling load. The obtained solutions are graphically represented, and the results demonstrate accuracy, capability and effectiveness of the integral Rohit transform technique when compared to existing methods in the literature. The Rohit transform involves simple formulation and less computational work compared to other methods available in the literature.

Keywords

Cantilever Elongated Columns Integral Rohit Transform Loaded Beam

36

A Modified Multivariate Bayesian Logistic Model with Application to Health Datasets

Azza Mustafa Abd Al Kader Al Kusaem

Pages: 392-400 English

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Abstract

The application of Bayesian strategies for binary logistic estimation is demonstrated in this article. A modified method of the Bayesian logistic model using the Metropolis-Hasting algorithm is derived and applied to three simulation data sets. We compared the new model with existing classification methods: support vector machine, artificial neural network and regular logistic model. The modified model was used to classify the heart disease dataset. The data came from a database intended for UCI Data Science (https://www.kaggle.com). The clarification accuracy and the time required are checked and compared with other standard methods. It has been shown that the presented model has the best accuracy and efficiency compared to the different classification methods. All calculations were performed with the program R version 4.2.2.

Keywords

Bayesian classification heart disease logistic regression posterior distribution.

37

Analysing the Result Involution Graph of the Group J3

Ali Abd Aubad, Ahmed Arkan Meteab

Pages: 401-407 English

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Abstract

Assume that G be a finite group and let I(G) be the set of the involution elements in G. The result involution graph denoted by , , is an undirected simple graph having the elements of G as a vertex set. Moreover, two vertices in are connected by an edge if they are distinct and their product belong to I(G). The objective of this work is to investigate the result involution graph for the Janko group J3. In this paper we compute different result involution graph features, such as the radius, the diameter, the clique number, and the girth. Furthermore, the connectedness of the result involution graph is determined. All of the steps needed for analyzing the result involution graph were carried out using the computational technique along with theoretical support.

Keywords

Connectedness Girth Janko Groups Result Involution Graph

38

A Comparison of some non-parametric kernel estimators using simulations

Rabab Abdulrida Saleh,, Iqbal Mahmood Alwan

Pages: 408-422 English

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Abstract

In this research, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of various kernel functions employed in the estimation of nonparametric regression functions. In particular, we investigated the Nadaraya-Watson method and local polynomial regression techniques involving linear, quadratic and cubic forms. These methods were evaluated using five different kernel functions: Gaussian, Epanechnikov, uniform, triangular and quartic, collectively referred to as GEUTQ.

The main objective of the work was to determine the best estimators for non-parametric kernel functions. To achieve this, we performed a rigorous comparison with simulation methods, different regression models and different sample sizes. The evaluation of the performance of the estimators was based on the mean absolute percentage error (AMAPE) assuming a standard normal distribution with a mean of zero and a variance of one.

Our simulation results and plots clearly show that the quadratic estimator (LP2) using the kernel function (G, E) consistently has the lowest (AMAPE) across all sample sizes and two models. Similarly, the local linear estimator (LP1) in the functions (U, T, Q) has the lowest (AMAPE) for all sample sizes and two models. As for the optimal functions, function (Q) is identified as the most effective kernel function among the options considered, leading to the lowest average values.

Furthermore, it is observed that as the sample size increases, the average values for the following methods decrease: Nadaraya, the linear method and the quadratic method. Conversely, the LP3 estimators, especially the linear cubic regression, turn out to be the least favorable and have relatively high values compared to the other estimators. These results provide valuable insights into the performance of different estimators and kernel functions in nonparametric regression models and thus contribute to future research and decision-making processes.

Keywords

kernel functions local polynomial estimator Nadaraya-Watson estimator nonparametric regression Quadratic

39

Mobility Prediction Based on Deep Learning Approach Using GPS Phone Data

Suhad Faisal Behadil, Nabaa Kareem Mhalhal

Pages: 423-438 English

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Abstract

Accurate prediction of activity location is a crucial component in various mobility applications and is particularly vital for the creation of customized, environmentally friendly transport systems. Next-location prediction, which entails predicting a user\'s forthcoming place by analyzing their previous movement patterns, has substantial ramifications in diverse fields, such as urban planning, geo-marketing, disease transmission, wireless network performance, recommender systems, and numerous other sectors. Recently, researchers have proposed a variety of predictors, including cutting-edge ones that utilize advanced deep learning methods, to tackle this problem. This study introduces robust models for predicting a user\'s future location based on their previous location. It proposes a Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) prediction scheme and a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), which are well-suited for learning from sequential data. Additionally, the clustering technique Density-Based Clustering (DBSCAN) is implemented to extract the stay points. Furthermore, the suggested method is more accurate at predicting the future than the current method, showing improvements in loss mean square error of up to 0.0005 in the RNN model and 0.01 in the GUR model. So, the models that were used led to a decrease in loss MSE, which was shown in the real-world dataset (Geolife) in this paper. The results are also consistent with other similar works that look at the same issue, showing how well the models can predict mobility.

Keywords

deep learning Density-Based Clustering (DBSCAN) Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) Next Location Path Recurrent Neural Network RNNs

40

The Intelligent Data Analysis Techniques and its Significant Impact on Managing Renewable Energy Res

Ghada S. Mohammed,, , Ahmed Basil Ghazi ,, Salahuddin I. Abdrabba, ,Osama Basil Ghazi

Pages: 439-452 English

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Abstract

Accelerated technological development has a significant role in highly increasing energy demand, which enhances the interest of companies and governments in adopting renewable energy sources and finding new technologies that enable the effective use of these sources, such as techniques for predicting the amounts of generated and consumed energy, technologies of energy storage, and others. The high complexity of energy networks also necessitates intelligent systems to manage energy production and distribution with high efficiency, which is based on intelligent data analysis techniques. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the critical impact of intelligent data analysis techniques (Deep Learning and Machine Learning) in the management of renewable energy systems. Machine learning uses previous data to forecast and optimize energy production and consumption. While deep learning excels at dealing with complex connections and non-linear patterns, The analysis showed that using and developing these technologies in renewable energy applications improves decision-making processes by providing more accurate predictions, highly efficient resource usage, minimizing complexity in the computations and time of system implementation, and creating robust renewable energy systems with minimum cost. As the renewable energy sector grows, combining Deep Learning (DL) and Machine Learning (ML) will be critical to encouraging efficient investment and intelligent management practices in renewable energy and sustainability applications.

Keywords

deep learning Green Energy Intelligent Data Analysis machine learning renewable energy