Journal of University of Babylon

The aim of this research is to shed light on the problem of benefiting from the gains of Chomsky’s transformational generative theory in teaching Arabic grammar, by identifying aspects of similarities and differences between the transformational generative theory, how to benefit from it in teaching the Arabic language, and how to employ it in teaching Arabic grammar, and the research between the historical stages. which the theory went through, and ideas that help teachers and curriculum developers to employ them in educational curricula in general and Arabic grammar in particular. The research followed the descriptive approach. The research concluded that transformational generative theory is not an educational theory, but it can be used by educators, teachers, and curriculum designers in the field of teaching, by including it in educational programs. In addition, there are many points of convergence between Arabic grammar and transformational generative theory, the use of transformational rules. In teaching grammar, it helps increase students’ understanding of grammatical rules, and we can say that employing the generative-transformational theory contributes to increasing students’ understanding of grammatical rules, and using generative rules increases students’ ability to formulate sentences, which contributes to their ability to control the grammatical rule and memorize it. The research also reached several recommendations, the most important of which are: employing generative and transformational rules. In grammar courses for university students, because it increases their understanding of the subject at hand, and is used as a teaching method in subjects in general, and thus the student is the focus of the educational process.

A positive environment of respect and cooperation encourages individuals to communicate effectively and create fruitful discussions, which is what the use of politeness principle contributes to. Using this principle in the educational environment has positive results in improving the quality of communication, especially between students themselves, as using polite language contributes to building healthy social relationships. However, the extent of commitment to using this principle of politeness may differ due to the influence of some factors. Based on Leech’s maxims of politeness, this study investigates the use of politeness principles among university students, specifically first and fourth-year students, considering sex differences. It aims to examine whether sex and age impact students’ use of the politeness principle and whether there is a development or change in the use of these principles by fourth-year students compared to first years. A quantitative approach was employed, with data collected by distributing questionnaires to the first and fourth-year students from both sexes. The data were analyzed statistically by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) by looking at frequencies and means of use, and applying T-Test and P-Values for validity. The findings showed a significant difference in the use of politeness principles, as the analysis of the first year’s interaction showed that females use these principles more than males. In contrast, for the fourth year, the results showed that males use these principles more than females. In addition, the analysis of comparisons showed a development in the use of these principles by fourth-year students of both sexes.

This study derives its value from focusing on one of the stylistic phenomena in the Holy Quran, through analyzing the construction of sentences and the arrangement of words with each other, according to the purposes in different contexts. This study seeks to reveal the rhetoric of the sequence and condensation of the conditional style in a single position. The study revealed a diversity of contexts and multiple forms of its use, in addition to the frequency of this phenomenon, which reached 400 positions. The phenomenon of the density of conditional sentences in many positions also emerged, constituting nearly a quarter of the evidence. This raised a number of questions about the implications of this density, and its places in the Holy Quran, and consequently, this research aims to answer the question: What is the secret behind the density of the conditional style in some positions and not others? And is it related to specific topics or surahs? I seek to do this by studying the positions of condensation after presenting their statistics. The study led to many results, the most important of which are:
1. The ability of conditional condensation to accommodate diverse contexts united by the complexity of their subject and the abundance of their details.
2. The density of the sequential conditional style in seven surahs, in order from most to least: (Al-Baqarah, An-Nisa, Al-Imran, At-Tawbah, Al-Ahzab, Fussilat, Hud), due to the topics addressed in these surahs.
3. The condensation of sequential conditional sentences contributed to the performance of several different meanings, such as encouraging obedience to the command, warning believers against befriending the disbelievers, exposing the hypocrites and lamenting the deniers of the resurrection and threatening them with punishment.

The aim of the current research is to design a scale for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and to verify its psychometric properties. The researcher presented the scale in its initial form to a number of arbitrators, and after making the appropriate adjustments in the light of the arbitrators’ opinions, the scale was applied to an available sample of children who were randomly selected to calculate the psychometric characteristics. Among the most important search results:
1- Confirming the significance of the validity of the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Scale in two ways (logical validity, internal consistency validity).
2- Confirming the reliability of the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Scale by two methods (Cronbach's alpha and segmentation halves).

This research is reflected in the first research intended by the love of the Prophet and the God. In the second research, the verdict of this love is highlighted, and it is explained in the third research why we love Muhammad Allah's peace and blessings. The fourth research shows the signs of this love and its benefits. The research also aims to further deepen the knowledge of aspects of the Prophet's character, God's Allah, God and his dignified morals. Towards deepening his love in souls, raising awareness of the value of managing his fragrant prophetic year and the importance of establishing his words, actions and morals and principles and values, and the strengthening of faith, to illustrate this was based on the investigative and analytical methodologies through the collection and analysis of texts on the subject, The research concluded, inter alia, that he loved peace with sincerity and purity. and sincerity and serenity, manifest in words and actions, behaviour and ethics, and fruit comfort and happiness obedience and follow, foundations and emulation, clarification and altruism, and that the love of the Prophet bears peace is a duty The Prophet, God's Prophet and God, want to follow His year. And it establishes in the souls his love, with its tragedy the proof of his love, and the recommendation to continue managing his year, And see his biography, to learn about his prophetic gift to all people to have a lifestyle.

This research aimed to construct a scale to measure the level of cyber-war awareness among youth in the Syrian Arab Republic and identify differences based on gender and educational qualifications. It also evaluated the validity and reliability of the scale. The researcher used a questionnaire that included several dimensions, such as knowledge of cyber risks, personal protection strategies, understanding security responsibilities, awareness of security tools and technologies, and response to cyber emergencies. The study sample consisted of 176 students from Aleppo University, categorized by demographic variables such as gender and specialization.
The results indicated a high overall awareness of cyber war and its dimensions, with a relative weight of 80.04%. The highest-scoring items included statements such as: "I am aware of the types of digital attacks, such as phishing and DDoS," "I can recognize signs of digital breaches on my personal accounts," "I use two-factor authentication when possible,""I regularly update security and protection programs," "I am aware of my rights and responsibilities as an internet user," "I see the importance of a clear digital security policy," "I follow developments in cybersecurity technologies," "I regularly use security tools to protect my data," "I feel capable of handling cyber incidents," "I know how to act if my personal accounts are attacked," "I know how to manage stress caused by digital threats," and "I am concerned about digital threats in my daily life."
Statistically significant differences in cyber war awareness and its dimensions were found based on gender, with males scoring higher in all but the social impacts dimension, which showed no significant difference. Additionally, no statistically significant differences were found across most dimensions of cyber war awareness, except for knowledge of cyber risks and the overall awareness score, which favored students in applied sciences.
The researcher recommends enhancing cognitive awareness and developing preventive behaviors to address the previously mentioned weaknesses in cyber war awareness through educational and training programs for university students.

The research aims to Comparing the Effectiveness of Tucker and Levine Equation Methods by Using Anchor Item between Two Forms of an Attainment Test in Mathematics for the fourth grade of primary school, and to verify the accuracy of equating the scores of the two test forms when the number of paragraphs of the internal Anchor Item is (1, 4, 7, 10) using the Tucker and Levine equation methods. A mathematics test for fourth-grade primary school students, designed by a researcher, was used in a previous study. This test was applied to a sample of fourth-grade primary school students from Damascus Governorate schools for the academic year 2023/2024. the number of sample members reached (1725) students. I also used statistical software (PIE) to find the resulting equivalent values according to the two equation methods.
The most important findings of the research:
• There were statistically significant differences at the significance level (=0.05 α) in the averages of the equivalent values with the Tucker and Levine equation methods when the number of common trunk vertebrae was (4, 7, 10) in favor of the Levine equation method, but the differences were not significant when the common trunk was a vertebra. one.
• There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (=0.05 α) for the number of Anchor Item vertebrae in the values of the raw scores equivalent between two forms of a test in mathematics when using the Tucker and Levine equation methods.

The research aimed to identify the level of visual perception among patients with schizophrenia in Aleppo Governorate, according to (its accuracy and richness, the duration of time, and the pattern that the patients follow in treatment). The researchers used Ray’s complex form test prepared by Andre Ray (1942), and the research sample consisted of (51) A schizophrenic patient whose ages ranged between (21-60) years. The researchers used the descriptive analytical method, and the results showed that the accuracy and richness of visual production in schizophrenic patients is similar to the age stage (7 years) of normal children, and the average production time in patients reached (7 minutes), which is similar to the production time (7 years) of normal children, and the production pattern of schizophrenic patients is (4), which is similar to the pattern of the 10-year-old group of normal children.

This study assumes that the Doha Historical Dictionary plays a very important role in the scientific formation of Arab students - at the university level -; Especially specialists in Arabic language sciences; It is a basic reference for teaching it and understanding the integration existing between its branches. Therefore, this research paper sought to explain this importance, especially in the absence of research that dealt with this aspect - in light of the sources and references we have at hand - adopting the descriptive, analytical and statistical approach, and relying on the electronic portal of the Doha Historical Dictionary as a basic support on the one hand, and the results Field study with university students on the other hand. This research has concluded with a number of results, recommendations and proposals, which enhance the areas of employment of this dictionary and the prospects for investing in teaching the Arabic language to its speakers, which lead us to the validity of the hypothesis from which we started, and confirm that the Doha Historical Dictionary is a basic reference for understanding the integration of Arabic language sciences and their interaction.

This article research aims to study Vehicle manufacturing in ancient Iraq in light of a cuneiform text and attamp to try to know the extent of the development of the industrial activity of vehicles in ancient Iraq. The article research included three axes. The first axis devoted a brief introduction with a statement of the research problem, the research objectives, and the methodology adopted in the study. The research problem came to state the developmental stages and to identify the materials used in its manufacture. As for the research objective, it is to identify this industry since the dawn of ancient Iraqi civilization. The second axis dealt with the materials used in its manufacture and the parts of the vehicle.
As for the third axis, it is a study of an unpublished cuneiform text which convicated by from sources from the Iraq Museum, reading, analyzing, and translating the text, then coming up with conclusions and sources.