Journal of Business Economics for Applied Research

The research aims to measure and analyze the impact of some environmental factors on the rate of carbon dioxide emissions, which indicates their role in the goals of sustainable development. To achieve the research goal, a sample of Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador and El Salvador) was selected. For a period of time (32) years spanning from (1990-2021), the ready-made statistical software Eviews 12 was used to analyze the data. One of the most prominent results was the existence of an inverse and significant relationship in the long run between the index of renewable energy sources and per capita carbon dioxide emissions. In light of the conclusions, the research presented some proposals, the most important of which is the need to work on the use of renewable energies in a way that reflects positive effects on the economic and social aspects of human life.

The research aims at the role of changes in the structure of public debt on the public budget in the Iraqi economy for the period (2005-2020), in addition to analyzing the structure of public debt (internal and external) in the Iraqi economy during the period (2005-2020), as well as studying and analyzing the paragraphs of the general budget. In the Iraqi economy during the period (2005-2020).
The results of the theoretical side showed that the period (2005-2020) represents the contribution of the external debt to the total public debt at very high rates compared to the contribution of the internal debt, and this means the high degree of exposure of the Iraqi economy to financial crises because the external debt is denominated in foreign currency, as well as the accumulation of benefits resulting from it, This makes Iraq burdened with financial obligations towards the creditor countries, and that the increase in the contribution of internal debt to the total public debt for the years (2014-2017) indicates the government’s orientation towards sources of internal debt in financing the budget deficit, after the shock of the fall in oil prices and the increase in military spending

The aim of the Research is to test a Model for Measuring Strategic Clarity, as the Dimensions of Strategic Clarity were Selected based on the Knowledge Contribution Provided by (Ritchie & Puente,2008), which is Represented by five Dimensions (Clarity of Objectives, Clarity of Resource Use, Clarity of Activities and Procedures, Clarity of The Organizational Structure, Clarity of The Role of Employees), and The Focus was on Testing The Underlying Global Structure of Strategic Clarity, and Used The Descriptive Analytical Approach to Collect The Data was Analyzed by The Questionnaire, Which is The Main Research Tool, and a Number of Iraqi Private Colleges and Universities were Selected, Represented by (Al-Turath University, Dijla University College, Al-Noor University College, Al-Hadba University College), and the Research community is represented by a group of (786) teachers in these colleges and Universities. A Teaching Sample was Selected from Them (Intentionally) with (349) Teachers and with Various Scientific Titles (Professor, Assistant professor, Teacher, Assistant teacher). In light of the Model, a Hypothesis was Tested Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and the Research Reached a set of Conclusions, Including that the Chosen Factor Structure Represents the Dimensions of Strategic Clarity in the Colleges and Universities Surveyed, which Undoubtedly Indicates the Availability of Dimensions of Strategic Clarity in the Surveyed Universities, and Based on these Results. The Research Put Forward a Number of Proposals, the Most Important of which was the Need for the University Administration to pay Attention to the Dimensions of Strategic Clarity because of its Importance in Drawing a Clear Strategic path far from Ambiguity and in or

The research aims to explain the role that exchange rate changes play in analyzing the monetary policy variables pursued by the Central Bank of Iraq, especially after 2003. The Central Bank on its independence, which affected the exchange rate for the Iraqi dinar against the US dollar in the foreign exchange market. In addition, the research presented a number of recommendations that are in the interest of the country if they are taken or some of them are taken because they deal with what happens to the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar against the dollar It was necessary to limit the powers related to the exchange rate in the hands of the Central Bank of Iraq and not to interfere with its work by other parties.

The research aims to analyze the indicators of the Iraqi market for securities (trading volume, market value of shares, the general index of the market (isx60) for the period 2004-2020) in addition to identifying the concept of financial markets and their functions. The study concluded that the financial markets are the system through which savings are collected One of the surplus units that wish to invest and redistribute them to units with a financial deficit that need funds for the purpose of investment. The Iraqi Stock Exchange is one of the important institutions that collect and manage wealth and direct it towards investment fields that support the national economy, which increases the welfare of society, as well as showing The security and political situation in Iraq is closely linked to one way or the other, and this was proved by the circumstances it went through Iraq during the years 2014-2015 and the following, and recommended the need to achieve security and political stability in Iraq, because it will be an attractive factor for capital owners to invest in Iraq in the Iraqi market for securities and other things, which will revive Iraq’s economic and financial situation. Experienced and specialized in the field of work in the financial markets.

The current research aims to indicate the influence relationships of strategic intelligence through its dimensions represented by (foresight, systems thinking, strategic vision, partnership, motivating employees) in the future directions of business organizations represented by (the motivation component, the cognitive component, the behavioral component).
The research problem started from a question about its content: Does the strategic intelligence of the leaders of the researched organizations contribute to determining their future directions?
The Northern Technical University and its formations were chosen as a field of study based on the importance of the research topic and the importance of the research sample in the researched university. And heads and directors of departments) numbered (131) respondents, (131) questionnaires were distributed to the respondents, of which (111) were retrieved forms valid for statistical analysis, that is, the percentage of forms valid for analysis (84.7%) of the total distributed questionnaires, and that the percentage of sample representation in the community It reached (84.7%) depending on the questionnaire that included (40) items. The researchers relied on the statistical analysis tools in the (SPSS.V.25) program to test the research hypotheses.
The research adopted a hypothesis represented by (the absence of a statistically significant effect of strategic intelligence on future trends at the macro and micro levels of the organizations surveyed), and in light of the statistical results, a set of conclusions was reached that confirm the existence of an impact relationship of strategic intelligence on future trends at the macro and micro levels. For the surveyed organizations, and this explains to the researcher the role of strategic intelligence in activating the components of future trends, and the research recommended the need to invest the influence relationship of strategic intelligence in future trends and in a way that contributes to enhancing their performance, survival and continuity by enhancing their strategic intelligence

The research aims to study and know the role of the activity-based costing system in activating the target costing technology. The information of this system to activate the target cost technique, which enhances the processes of improving quality, reducing costs and improving profitability in the company in question. The (ABC) system to increase the effectiveness of (TC) by providing information on the costs of activities and the causes of their costs during the product design stage, and the research recommended the need to work on developing the unified accounting system applied in the General Company for the Pharmaceutical Industry for Medical Supplies in Samarra, to fit with the accounting developments and modern techniques and methods for management accounting, in addition to the need for the General Company for the Pharmaceutical Industry and Medical Appliances in Samarra to adopt both the (TC) technology and the (ABC) system for the information it provides. A fact about the products helps the company to improve its profitability under the conditions of competition.

The subject of the study of utopia represents a fertile economic subject and is of great importance in economic thought, because it highlights the relationship of man with the system that governs his society, and from here the problem of research in the possibility of achieving utopia in reality by making imagination possible, and the study aims to track utopia as an alternative system to the systems that She ruled these countries; which was characterized by oppression and tyranny, it was an attempt to find a new system based on imaginary ideal principles, and in order to identify the nature of utopia and the ideas of romantic economists and to form a comprehensive view of it; To be a title for economic researchers, the research relied on the inductive method or the study of the part to reach the whole, by observing a phenomenon; To come up with a proven theory about this phenomenon.
We conclude from this study that utopia throughout its history has manifested itself in many forms; It took the religious character at times and the philosophical character at other times, and was formulated in literary forms sometimes and in scientific forms in the name of science fiction novels at other times, but the common denominator among all these utopias is that they are characterized by a pattern of social organization without private ownership, and they oppose the system of exploitation and oppression. The study also found that the romantic ideas of economists are a lifeline from the injustice, tyranny and oppression experienced by their societies; Despite its idealism and the impossibility of its application in reality, it remains humanity's pursuit of perfection and the realization of the earthly paradise.

The aim of the research is to clarify the role of management by roaming represented by (discovering facts, improving communication, motivation, creativity and development, and feedback) by achieving organizational prosperity in private banks with its dimensions (innovation, intellectual capital, organizational agility). The research followed the descriptive analytical approach, and to achieve the objectives of the research And to answer his questions and test his hypotheses, the questionnaire was distributed to the research sample represented by (140) individuals working in private banks in Baghdad, and for the purpose of analyzing the data, the statistical program (SPSS) was used, and the research reached a number of results, the most important of which are: the existence of a significant correlation between management The independent variable roaming and the dependent variable organizational prosperity, and the research recommended several recommendations, the most important of which are: Adopting senior management in private banks to strengthen the management practice by roaming in order to identify deviations and work to address them simultaneously.

The research aims to analyze unemployment rates in Iraq, and to explain the reasons that led to the lack of a role for business incubators in reducing or minimizing the unemployment problem, and then presenting a strategic proposal to activate the role of business incubators in Iraq. The research reached an important conclusion, which is the lack of the role of business incubators in reducing or reducing unemployment rates, despite the presence of a large number of business incubators in a number of government ministries and universities. The reason for this is attributed to many obstacles, foremost of which are financial obstacles. The research recommended the importance of adopting a remedial strategy to activate the work of business incubators in Iraq to take its role in reducing unemployment rates.

the aim of the current study was to identify the impact of the dimensions of information technology Ambidexterity (exploitation, exploration) on the Internal processes to achieve this, a lot of contemporary literature was reviewed and explored that supports the relationship between the variables of the study, as a result of which a theoretical briefing was provided for the dimensions of information technology Ambidexterity and Internal processes. Is there a correlation between information technology Ambidexterity and Internal processes? In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a hypothetical scheme was proposed for the study to measure and test the impact and correlation relationships between its variables, and as a result, a number of main hypotheses were formulated to know the impact of information technology Ambidexterity on Internal processes. Korek Telecom Company, which was chosen as a field for the study, the questionnaire was distributed electronically, and 98 valid questionnaires were retrievedو The data were analyzed using the ready-made statistical software SPSS v23. A significant impact of information technology Ambidexterity on Internal processes, Based on the results, the study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a gap in the application of information technology Ambidexterity in the researched organization, and as a result, a number of proposals were presented, the most important of which is seeking to eliminate the gap between what has actually been applied in terms of information technology Ambidexterity

The current study aimed to reveal the priorities of the administrative leadership at the level of the organization in question. The problem of the study started from the question: Does the administrative leadership at the level of the organization in question have the possibility to set a set of priorities that indicate its interests and reveal its current and future directions in the field of work? The study has adopted a hypothetical scheme The hypothesis of the study, which was to determine the priorities of the administrative leadership at the level of the organization in question, indicates the answers of the respondents to the paragraphs translated for these priorities. The researchers used a number of statistical tools (percentages, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation) and the researchers reached a number of conclusions, most notably the availability of dimensions of administrative leadership priorities at the level of the organization in question.

The research aims to determine the role of the dimensions of ethical leadership represented by (personal qualities, administrative qualities, human relations, teamwork) as an independent variable in the mechanisms of reducing functional hypocrisy represented by (limiting flattery, confronting contradictions, avoiding appearance, diagnosing and containing formal courtship) followed by an approved variable, and the descriptive analytical approach was adopted in processing the collected data through a questionnaire distributed to a sample of (70) respondents representing the senior and middle administrative leaders in the General Directorate of Education in Nineveh Governorate (SPSS), and the research reached several results that confirmed the existence of correlation and impact relationships between its variables (ethical leadership and mechanisms to reduce job hypocrisy) in terms of their dimensions at the macro and micro levels In addition to the above, the research idea came to address a research problem that is "Does moral leadership contribute to the mechanisms of reducing job hypocrisy in the General Directorate of Education in Nineveh Governorate".

The current study aimed to reveal the role of the ethical behavior of administrative leadership in the application of green practices for human resources management at the Northern Technical University and its formations in Nineveh Governorate. Human resources as an approved variable represented by (green employment, green training, green performance evaluation and green incentives and rewards), In an attempt to address a research problem that is, “Do administrative leaders adopt ethical behavior in the organization in question to apply green practices for human resource management in terms of its aforementioned dimensions, and the current study adopted a questionnaire form as a method for collecting data and information that was distributed to a sample of (115) respondents from senior and middle administrative leaders In the organization under study, the data was analyzed based on descriptive and analytical statistical methods within the statistical program (SPSS, Ver24), The study reached several conclusions that confirmed that the leaders of the organization in question had a clear perception and understanding of the dimensions that express both the ethical behavior of administrative leadership and green practices of human resource management, in addition to the contribution of ethical behavior of administrative leadership to green practices of human resource management, The study concluded its endeavor with a number of proposals, the most important of which is the need to work to enhance the possession of the leaders of the organization in question of the dimensions that express the ethical behavior of administrative leadership, represented by (integrity, justice, clarifying roles and power-sharing) and working to encourage and develop the leaders of the organization in question to apply green practices for human resource management represented by (employment Green, Green Training, Green Performance Appraisal, Green Incentives and Rewards.

The research aims to measure and analyze the impact of oil revenues and their shocks on government spending and economic growth in the OPEC countries for the period (2003-2021) and also aims to test the causal relationship between the research variables. Panel data was used for thirteen OPEC countries, and SURs, which is an acronym for Seemingly Unrelated Regression Models, were used to verify the long-term relationship after the (Fisher_PP2) test of the unit root. Root), which was stable at (I0), and (Granger Test) was used to test the causality between the variables. Data were obtained from the official publications of the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, as well as from Transparency International. The research found a positive effect of oil revenues on both government spending and economic growth, and the effect on government spending was large, while the impact of oil revenue shocks was negative in both explanatory variables, and the impact of these shocks on economic growth was greater. The causality tests showed that there is a one-way relationship from oil revenues to government spending and a one-way relationship from government revenues to economic growth.

Activating the role of internal audit in the field of sustainable development of the important roles that reflect the shift in the concept of internal audit by focusing on several areas that did not exist before, in order to meet the evolving needs of the users of their outputs, which were generated as a result of the constant changes in the contemporary business environment that reflect the capacity of institutions and government units to survive and continue. This research aims to highlight the advisory role of the internal audit statement and the possibility of its contribution to the implementation of the Sustainable Development in government units, it has been used the questionnaire to collect primary data related to the subject of the search and processing of this data by using the statistical program SPSS and analyzed using a range of statistical methods. The results of the research accept the alternative hypothesis H1 which reflect the existence of a significant relationship between the advisory role of internal audit and the implementation of sustainable development in governmental units and rejected the hypothesis nihilism H0, which reflects no statistically significant a relationship between the main dimensions of the research. Among the recommendations recommended by the research is the need to develop internal audit activities in accordance with the developments in the contemporary business environments such as sustainable development and the necessity of activating the role of modern internal audit to contribute to improving the performance of government units.

The search for an assessment of the financial performance of Iraqi commercial banks. It was a great deal of money, prices, prices, money, money, money, money, money, money, money, money, money, money, money and reputation. Well and create a sustainable community environment, the research follows the deductive approach for the theoretical side and the inductive approach for the side. The research sample consists of three private Iraqi banks to know the extent of the standards. The Gulf was the largest disclosure rate amounting to (88.896%) among the other two banks, according to what was measured from the indicators of each subject, then the Bank of Baghdad, which amounted to (83.34%), and finally the Bank across Iraq (77.784%) was the percentage.

The research studies OPEC's role in influencing oil prices during the period 2016-2021. The importance of the research is evident in its study of international oil price developments, and the role of OPEC in influencing them, due to the importance of oil prices in influencing international economic variables. The research problem focused on the instability of oil prices in a relatively large way during the research period. The research aims to analyze the role of OPEC in influencing oil prices during the research period, in addition to studying the developments of oil production quantities and prices in international markets, as well as studying the theoretical framework of OPEC. The research relied on a hypothesis confirming that the relationship between oil production volume and its prices is inverse. The research relied on descriptive and analytical approaches, where the statistical data of oil prices and international production quantities were analyzed according to their chronological sequence. The research reached a number of results, most notably the drop in oil prices significantly during 2020, as they decreased from an average of (64) dollars per barrel in 2019 to an average of (41) dollars per barrel in 2020, with a decrease of -34 percent, as a result of the procedures The closure witnessed by international markets due to the spread of the Coronavirus, and the results of the research also showed the growing role of OPEC in influencing oil prices, by influencing the equation of oil supply and demand, as it contributed (59.6%) of the quantities of decline in international oil production during 2020. And with a reduction amounting to (3.7) million barrels per day, which helped absorb the increase in the surplus in oil supply and contributed to the improvement in prices. The results of the research also showed the contribution of OPEC+ countries by (20.3%) of the quantities of the decrease in international oil production, With a quantity of (1.258) million barrels per day, which helped improve oil prices, as prices rose during 2021 to an annual average of (69) dollars per barrel, with an increase of (31%), and finally, the results of the research showed an inverse relationship between the quantities produced. Of oil and its prices at the international level, as reducing the quantities of oil product during 2020, led to an increase in prices in 2021.

The current research aims at elucidating the impact of interactive marketing on the client’s trust because of its importance in expanding the work of the organization and increasing its market share by keeping its existing clients as well as seeking to gain new ones. This is thus reflected in its profitability, where the analytical-descriptive approach was adopted by selecting a random sample of 40 employees from different departments of the organization. A number of results have been reached by the research, the most important of which is that there is a significant relationship and effect between interactive marketing and the client’s trust. The study suggested a number of recommendations, the most important of which is to enhance the dimensions of interactive marketing in the organization under research because of its importance in enhancing the clients’ trust through improving the quality of the offered products and following the client’s satisfaction about them.

The research aims to show the role of creative behavior in the development of the smart organization (Tikrit University) and the extent to which that university adopts the concept of creative behavior of workers and measure the extent to which the impact and association of creative behavior of workers on the smart organization, and the research problem lies in the extent of the university's interest in the creative behavior of its employees and the extent of the university's interest in the dimensions of the smart organization (adaptation, sustainability, formation and understanding of the environment, dexterity). The research sample of (253) was selected as a teacher at the university (University of Tikrit). The researchers also used statistical methods, including the descriptive approach in analyzing data and extracting results using the statistical program SPSS V26, and the researchers reached a set of results, the most important of which is that there is a correlation and a statistically significant effect between the independent variable creative behavior of workers and the dependent variable Smart Organization, and the researchers also reached a set of recommendations, the most important of which was the need to enhance the creative behavior of workers and then make possible efforts to activate the dimensions emanating from it, namely (fluency, originality, flexibility, sense of the problem, risk and risk spirit), as it is considered one of the most important basic aspects that ensure continuity, stability and growth in the business.

The study aims to measure the effect of some information quality characteristics represented by (accuracy, completeness, timeliness, reliability, objectivity) in enhancing servant leadership and its dimensions (empowerment, interest in working individuals, commitment to community development, humility, emotional processing, vision), due to these characteristics It is important for university leaders to enhance the leadership style that they practice in performing their current and future tasks, so two variables were addressed in this study, and the independent variable is the characteristics of the quality of information represented by (accuracy, completeness, timeliness, reliability, objectivity). Servant leadership and its dimensions (empowerment, concern for working individuals, commitment to community development, humility, emotional processing, vision), and to achieve the objective of the study, the analytical descriptive approach was relied on and applied to a sample of university leaders in the faculties of the University of Mosul represented by (deans and their assistants, Heads of departments and scientific centers), and by adopting the questionnaire form in collecting field data and information, which distributed lots In terms of (202) questionnaires on the study sample, the data was analyzed using statistical programs (AMOS) and the main hypothesis was tested, which is (there is no significant effect of information quality characteristics in enhancing servant leadership), and the study concluded that there is an effect of information quality characteristics in promoting servant leadership A number of proposals were presented, most notably increasing attention to the quality of information, especially information obtained by university leaders to make decisions that determine the fate or future of individuals working and students at the university.

The study aims to diagnose the levels of total costs borne by the Diyala State Company, then estimate and analyze the quantitative relationship between the different items of these costs, in addition to the impact of the productive activity on them. This was done by choosing the different variables affecting the costs and their different items for the company under study, and relying on the data issued by the company during the period (2002-2021), based on a methodology that combines the descriptive and econometric methods in order to estimate and analyze the cost function in the concerned company.
According to the estimated function of the costs of the company under study, the study concluded that the value of production affects the total costs by 56.7%, salaries and wages by 58.1%, commodity requirements by 40.5%, 12.4% for the impact of service requirements on costs, and a rate of 1.4% for interests and land rents. With the exclusion of a number of items for the financial costs incurred by the company as a result of not exceeding the statistical, standard and economic tests. Also, the results of the time parameter T, which expresses the level of technological change within the Diyala State Company, proved its suffering from the obsolescence of machines and machines. The results of the dummy variable parameter DV showed the negative impact of unstable conditions on the cost levels of the company under study.

The researchers seek through their research to explain the effect of green human resource management (GHRM) in achieving outstanding performance .As the current trend is towards a green or sustainable environment in all areas of business, including (GHRM), which identifies the importance of the human resource and the work it performs in order to achieve outstanding performance in the field of work, some of which appeared in green universities, A group of formations of the Northern Technical University in Mosul was selected as an applied research field to verify the main research hypotheses, As it shows that there is a mutual relationship through data collected through the statistical program SPSS v.25, To study the effect of (GHRM) on the outstanding performance of the organization in question through the electronic questionnaire. Therefore, he concluded that the term (GHRM) works to organize workers and their work within the organization in order to adapt to changes and maintain work environments and thus achieve outstanding performance. In addition to the most important proposals submitted by them indicates that the researched organization pays attention (GHRM) and in a way that led us to present some proposals, including the need to work on strengthening the strengths of the organization and developing them through employees characterized by green behaviors by conducting many special courses (GHRM) to achieve outstanding performance in them.

This study aims to determine the role and importance of strategic leadership on (customer satisfaction) by improving the quality level of services provided to customers in Iraqi banks within the government sector. The study sample was represented by (6 banks within the banks of the study community), as a survey form was designed to collect the opinions of the sample. The “random sample” sampling method was used due to the large size of the community. The survey form was distributed to everyone working in leadership and supervisory positions in those banks, where (125) forms have been distributed, of which (100) have been recovered, of which (90) are only valid forms, for statistical analysis, i.e. (79%) of the total number of distributed forms. The research relied on the "descriptive-analytical" approach, in addition to the "field study" method to obtain the necessary data to complete it. The "Statistical Program" (SPSS) was used in the process of analyzing the research data, and testing its hypothesis. The use of "descriptive statistics" to present the research questions. The tests of the normal distribution and simple regression analysis were also used to choose its hypotheses, and this research reached several results, the most important of which are: the application of electronic governance systems and smart systems in Iraqi banks to reach quality leadership in their banking services, and the qualification and preparation of bank leaders. The subject of the study is to raise their levels of strategic leadership skills, and for banks to adopt strategic dimensions and to be adopted in developing their strategic plans.

The research aimed to identify and diagnose the dimensions of strategic management maturity in one of the important Iraqi educational institutions, and a number of formations of the Northern Technical University were selected as a research field, and the research community reached (300) people, and the sample consisted of a number of affiliates (teachers and employees) In this educational institution, as the number of respondents reached (158) people, and one of the important results diagnosed was that the senior management in the researched organization does not have all the dimensions of maturity through which it can be described as a mature strategic management, and one of the most prominent suggestions was that management must The higher education in the researched organization is aware that adopting the concept and approach of strategic management has become an option and an urgent strategic necessity for its survival and its openness to local and global environmental developments.