Journal of University of Babylon

The architecture of the holy shrines of the two Imams in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad, is considered as a heritage and an important building that includes astronomical phenomena, the most important of which is the continuity of daylight. The research problem of the present study revolves around the daily and sustainable lighting in the room of the two shrines, according to the observation, which leads to the determining of the extent of that daylight in the room of the shrine. The study investigated in its route the sunlight and its direction fluctuation during the days of the year to create a sustainable lighting environment. The present study aims at detecting this phenomenon and proving it in a practical way. The present study adopts an experimental and analytical method, represented in collecting geometrical and architectural data and then establishing a theoretical basis for analyzing the related framework. The practical part of the study provides a comprehensive survey of the six windows located at the base of the two domes, showing the extent of the penetration of sunlight into the room of the holy shrine and illuminating it properly. The study found that the daylight direction along the years was fitted with the openings along the shrine to cover all the zones from the Summer Solstice to the Winter Solstice.

In this study, number of face masks were prepared with two different base materials ; polyvinyl alcohol( PVA) polymer and gelatin polymer masks as a base materials .Arabic gum and activated charcoal were used seperatly by (0.2 ,0.4 ,0.6 and,0.8) wt % to enhance the skincare and removing blackheads. The physical properties like spread ability, drying time, irritation test, homogeneity test and PH test evaluated .Results showed that The prepared samples have good spread ability ( 3-7) cm therefore the polyvinyl and gelatin based mask distribute evenly on the skin, and perfect drying time and with no redness and without inflammation and no swelling in the skin. The mask is suitable for all kinds of skin due to its natural components and odorless which whitening the skin and make it soft, clean and shine. Gelatin based mask suitable to remove black heads because it have good adhesion with the skin. polyvinyl based mask removed easily more than gelatin based mask due less adhesion to skin than gelatin mask.

Multilevel inverters have gained increasing popularity in the field of medium voltage and high-power applications. Among the three most favored configurations of multilevel inverters, cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter has been considered as the most suitable topology to integrate photovoltaic system with the utility grid. However, transformer-less PV system suffers from leakage current problem. This paper investigates the adoption of hybrid switching frequency approaches in carrier based PWM for leakage current suppression. To evaluate the effectiveness of using this strategy in minimization of this current, a comparative study between all standard and proposed hybrid carrier-based pulse width modulation methods is carried out using MATLAB/ Simulink environment for single-phase five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter. Both standard and hybrid level shifted and phase shifted are compared. The results demonstrate the ability of the proposed hybrid CB-PWM to minimize the leakage current and comply effectively with the VDE-0126-1-1 (German standard) in term of both rms and peak values of leakage current. The results are also show that the best leakage current rms value of (3.129 mA) is achieved when applying the hybrid phase and level shifted pulse width modulation (HPALS-PWM) approach, while the best leakage current peak value of (4.952 mA) is obtained when using hybrid phase shift pulse width modulation (HPS-PWM) approach. Therefore, the hybrid approach can be considered an appropriate PWM strategy for grid connection of transformer-less multilevel inverters for PV applications.

Sustainability is of utmost importance in order to confront the threat of global climate change and water scarcity in most countries. For this reason, it has become necessary to treat and reuse gray water (water generated from sinks, kitchens, and washing machines), as it constitutes the largest portion of wastewater about 75% from wastewater[1] and is less polluted, to reduce consumption water.This study set out to understand the scientific underpinnings of gray water as well as the global advancements in the field of gray water treatment. To this end, it compiled a list of all the top journals and researchers worldwide, as well as the actual number of research papers published worldwide and the annual growth rate for the previous ten years.
The literature and research on gray water treatment during the last 10 years was studied from (2014 to 2023) and reviewed, and the data was collected and downloaded in Excel format with a total of more than 891 research papers through the Dimension website, which lists the details of authors and researchers in all universities and countries, while monitoring joint cooperation and comprehensive scientific citations and displaying them with images and data through the program. Viewer VOS and with the help of the term (grey water treatment). The rate of rise in research over the past ten years has been roughly 82.2%. This indicates a significant increase in the importance of sustainability in general and gray water treatment in particular.

Ampicillin (AMP) is extensively used as an antibiotic in hospitals and veterinary clinics worldwide to combat bacterial infections. As a result, residues of this antibiotic are commonly identified in the wastewater released by these facilities. This study introduces an advanced oxidation process for efficiently removing ampicillin from wastewater using a double-layer-cathode trickle-bed electrochemical reactor (TBER). This system electro produces environmentally friendly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through oxygen reduction, which is then used to oxidize ampicillin in wastewater. The TBER features a high-porosity electrode (C-PTFE-SSM) with optimized operating parameters. The effectiveness of this electrochemical process was evaluated within a TBER measuring 120 mm wide, 110 mm high, and 40 mm deep. equipped with a stainless steel anode and a gas diffusion cathode made of carbon black polytetrafluoroethylene The evaluation focused on the removal of antibiotics, specifically ampicillin (AMP), using applied voltages ranging from 1 to 3 volts, electrolyte concentrations 0.5 M, electrolyte flow rates 25 to 250 mL/min, oxygen flow rates 2 to10 L/min, and ampicillin concentrations 100 ppm. The reaction temperature maintained constant at15°C and duration necessary for achieving maximum removal by electrochemical process within the TBER. The results indicate that the in-situ oxidation process conducted in the customized reactor holds significant potential for improving ampicillin elimination. Under optimal conditions, including a potential of 1 V, an Electrolyte concentration 0.5M H2SO4, electrolyte flow 200ml/min, oxygen flow 9L/min, ampicillin concentration 100ppm, reaction temperature 15°C, and a reaction time of 40 minutes, the highest achieved ampicillin removal rate was an impressive 93.6%. Under the ideal conditions.

In this research, poly acrylate-acrylamide (P-AM) was incorporated into an iron (Fe3O4@SiO2) ‎nanocomposite to develop a Fe3O4@SiO2/P-AM adsorption material for Cu (II) ion adsorption. First, Fe3O4 was ‎synthesised, then coated with Silica, and ultimately, Fe3O4@SiO2/P-AM was produced using the co-precipitation ‎method. Meanwhile, The aqueous phase dispensability of the Poly acrylate-acrylamide (P-AM) material increases ‎inclusion adsorption efficacy and the adsorption process. The polymer's structural and morphological characteristics ‎were cautiously studied utilising advanced techniques such as XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, TEM, AFM, FTIR, and BET ‎surface area characterization. Pleasantly, the Fe3O4@SiO2/P-AM nanocomposite displayed substantially higher ‎adsorption effectiveness than its component elements, resulting in a remarkable removal rate of about 89.3% during ‎‎360 minutes. The adsorption process was fully examined, with four independent factors taken into account: periods ‎of time ranging from 5 to 360 minutes, solution’s pH is ranging from 3 to 12, adsorbent dosage ranging from 1 to 3 ‎g/L, and Cu (II) concentration ranging from 25 to 125 mg/L. The best parameters for removing copper metal by ‎adsorption utilising Fe3O4@SiO2/P-AM as adsorbent material were pH 7, 3 g/L dosage of adsorbent, contact time ‎‎360 min, and starting Cu (II) ion concentration of 25 mg/L, according to the experimental results. Furthermore, the ‎Langmuir Isotherm was used to analyse and characterise the adsorption process, with regression (R2) of 0.99 ‎indicating the best match to the equilibrium data. According to this definition, the process is mono‏-‏layer adsorption ‎on a homogenous adsorbent surface with no contact between the adsorbed molecules. In comparison to other models, ‎the Kinetic analysis reveals that the experimental data matches pseudo-second-order model (R2 =0.99). Furthermore, ‎because it is magnetic and stable, it is extremely likely to be employed in practise‏.‏

‎ This is a pure and Scandium (Sc+3), Manganese (Mn+3) were added to ZnO in different ‎controlled percentages Zn‏)‏‎1-x‏(‏‎ ScxO, Zn‏)‏‎1-x‏(‏‎ MnxO. Synthesized using a co-precipitation ‎technique. Particularly, it was demonstrated that several novel and intriguing physical ‎properties. These were created by means of a combination of morphological-structural and ‎optical research. X-ray diffraction research explained that the ZnO hexagonal wurtzite ‎structure was preserved alongside the (002) preferred crystallized plane for ZnO with (Sc,‎Mn)ions added .The particles were examined using field emission scanning electron ‎microscopy shows the hemispherical shape and shows the increase in amount of manganese, ‎as well the higher agglomeration. A distinct magnetization was indicated by the vibrating ‎sample magnetometer test, which was utilized to obtain the hysteresis loops. ZnO-NPs ‎showing at room temperature ferromagnetic (RTFM) characteristic.‎

hhhhhFloods rank high among recurring natural disasters, causing widespread global economic losses and endangering human lives. Therefore, predicting floods is crucial. Shatt AlHillah is vital for water supplies, including industrial, agricultural, and domestic uses, in three Iraqi provinces: Babylon, Diwaniya, and Muthanna, sourced from the Euphrates River. This study aims to assess the discharge capacity of shatt alhillah under current conditions and predict potential flood causing discharges.
A one-dimensional model, version 6.0.1Hec_ras, was developed to simulate possible flood scenarios. The model was calibrated, revealing a Manning's roughness coefficient of n=0.023. HEC-RAS Validation of simulated flood outcomes was done by Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) Equation Between simulated and observed data, where the coefficient of RMSE for calibrating shatt alhillah was 0.058 in an appropriate range. The maximum current capacity of shatt Al-Hillah is 205m3/s that cannot accommodate the design discharge 303m3/s. However, using several scenarios with discharges greater than 205m3/s, it was found that some sections experience flooding when the discharge increases. Areas prone to flooding increase with higher river discharges, with a discharge of 450m3/s causing flooding in the greatest number of sections.

In recent years, there has been a notable uptick in the exploration of underwater optical wireless communications (UOWC) as a viable alternative for efficient high-speed data transmission beneath the sea. This technology employs optical wavelengths in dedicated point-to-point connections, sharing similarities with free space optical (FSO) communications and laser satellite links. By harnessing specific wavelengths, UOWC achieves impressive data transfer rates, as demonstrated in recent research showcasing broadband communications over substantial distances. This technology holds promise in various applications such as environmental protection, seawater exploration, military operations, and emergency alarms. However, the underwater environment poses challenges due to scattering and severe absorption, making the channel a complex medium to navigate. Additionally, accurate localization presents a significant challenge, leading to improperly adjusted connections that adversely affect signal propagation quality. This work provides an overview emphasizing the significance of optical wireless communications underwater and its role in contemporary applications. It delves into the crucial factors influencing optical signals and explores the types of connections and configurations used in transmitting and receiving channels..

Engineered cementitious composite (ECC) as one of the most promising types of strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) has received worldwide attention. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibres have been proven as one of the more successful chopped reinforcement to achieve desired properties of ECC. Locally, this types of fibre is not available and still uneconomic choice to use. Research in this field, in Iraq, is still new although this composite has been under investigation in the last ten years in some countries such as the United States. This study points out the use of available discrete carbon fibre to reinforce cementitious matrix as an attempt to present ECC with locally available and economical components as composites with desirable strain-hardening performance that could help retrofitting and repairing existed deteriorating structures. Seven groups with volume fraction of carbon fibres ranging from 0% to 3% were considered to produce thin beams tested under bending conditions. The results showed an overwhelming performance of carbon fibres to add ductility to the cementitious composites with varied efficiency. Specimens with 2% volume fraction of fibres overcame the other groups when presented flexural strength 8 times more that of the control specimens and 8 mm mid-span deflection (vertical deflection), which represents notable ductility if compared with the control specimens that presents about 1mm. These results open up the opportunity to investigate and bring the research interests of future studies, locally, on this field.

River sediment movement is a crucial and intricate process. Knowing the types and quantities of sediment delivered by rivers is crucial for effective water management. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the analysis the sediment distribution in the region (upstream and downstream Kufa barrage), verify the numerical model results (Such as HEC-RAS, SSIIM, Mike and another models) via the measurement data (field and laboratory data) from river. Advantages, disadvantages, the river morphology (Examine the fluctuations produced by the existence of the dam) the reproduction of model processes and practical applications were discussed. Most of sediment studies did not fully cover sediment transport problems because of the complex character of sediment transport and its different conditions.

The highways built on gypseous soil, often experience pavement cracking and early ‎serviceability loss due to volume shifts caused by moisture content changes and traffic loads. ‎This study aims to improve the geotechnical properties of gypseous soil using Halloysite ‎nanotubes. The soil sample obtained from Ayn Al-Tamr in Karbala in southwest Iraq, has an ‎average gypsum content of 30%. This soil is classified as SP according to [4] USCS and A-3 ‎according to AASHTO. The laboratory experiment was done to evaluate the properties of ‎untreated and treated samples using CBR test. The proportions (1.5, 2.5, 5, 7.5)% of Halloysite ‎were added to the soil, and then these samples were subjected to testing. The laboratory data ‎were analyzed using the Kenpave programme. The findings indicated that using Halloysite is a ‎good and effective alternative to treatment the characteristics of gypseous soil by preventing ‎gypsum from dissolving when it comes in contact with water and by enhancing the soil strength ‎by increasing CBR values. The 2.5% Halloysite is the ideal percentage for enhancing the physical ‎properties by filling voids between soil particles. An analytical method were used to study the ‎behavior of gypseous soil that had been treated with 2.5% Halloysite. The data of the soil ‎samples were fed into the Kenpave program. The analysis results used in the program indicate a ‎decrease in strains. The fatigue and rutting of modified soil were low compared with natural soil ‎because Resilient Modulus increased which leads to increasing fatigue and rutting life.‎

Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging technology recently used collaboratively with ‎machine learning approaches. It has been the key to an effective solution to the major global ‎problem of protecting sensitive data. The data is trained locally within the clients, the server ‎collects the models trained from the clients and the global model is generated. They have been ‎used in many applications, particularly in applications that require data protection, such as ‎medical applications whose data is legally protected. This paper discusses standardized learning ‎applications that are still in their infancy due to the many challenges facing researchers. The latest ‎developments in Federated Learning and open fields are outlined for researchers to develop this ‎technology. It has been concluded that the most critical area researchers seek to develop is ‎improving the global model. The main causes and challenges affecting the quality of global ‎models were clarified. Finally, some proposals are presented to improve the Federated Learning ‎technology‏.‏