Al-iraqia University The college of law and political science journal

According to the definition of the law, a person is every being who has the ability to acquire rights and assume duties. Accordingly, the concept of person or personality applies to a human being, and this is certainly the natural and legal person, or to a group composed of individuals or funds who possess legal personality, and this is what is called the legal or legal person. The legal nature and in the face of the current legal description of the legal nature of the robot, we need to actually focus on the provisions of civil liability for damage to the robot, starting with addressing the definition of the legal nature of these advanced systems and determining in terms of whether they are things or persons or of a unique, special nature. This is because defining the basis Liability and the consequent establishment of civil liability, such as elements and compensation, require us to first understand the nature of those systems The legal controversy arose between the traditional theory and the modern theory in explaining the legal nature of the robot, and this is what we will explain in this study.

The emerging Corona pandemic has constituted an unprecedented global health crisis, and the effects of this pandemic and the precautionary measures to confront it have extended to the process of implementing contracts in general and the process of implementing civil contracts in particular, and the law constitutes the first and most capable weapon to confront these effects, by applying the theory of force majeure when the implementation of the contract becomes impossible, or by applying the theory of emergency circumstances when the implementation of the contract becomes burdensome for the contracting party, and therefore we have researched and clarified the importance of accurate and correct legal adaptation of this pandemic and its effects, whether as Force Majeure.

Artificial intelligence techniques are one of the most prominent science in the era of digital technology and even one of the most beautiful, because of its important features and characteristics that made it the focus of the attention of the whole world because of the important applications that were invented that facilitate the daily life of citizens and countries, as in the robot industry and digital and electronic platforms that sometimes work automatically as a result of programming, manufacturing, the ability to machine learning and high prediction, for example, smart applications on phones, Electronic payment operations , traffic and drone organization , face recognition applications , And many other technologies adopted by even government institutions to facilitate work

Thus, it has become a challenge for countries in the field of enacting laws at various levels to protect citizens, protect the state and prevent abuse in the use of artificial intelligence techniques so as to pollute or desecrate the rights and freedoms contained in the constitutions in general and the Iraqi constitution in particular. The legal weakness to meet the challenges increases doubts about the ability to protect the data and personal freedoms of the citizen, in addition to determining the legal responsibility for the harmful acts of artificial intelligence applications and techniques who is responsible for them, and that this rivalry and divergence between artificial intelligence and the law and its weakness on its part arranges the wheel of technical development in the field of artificial intelligence. With the technological development, the need has emerged to exist and create a new legal framework to regulate technical life and requires keeping pace with legal legislation worldwide, as there is no legal legislative system in Iraq to protect

The user of artificial intelligence techniques or the victim of artificial intelligence techniques and ways to compensate him.

Developing a legal system that regulates and activates all aspects of economic practice and protects economic actors from abuse of power or attempts to deviate from natural processes, such as protecting property rights, respecting contracts and charters, competition law, and setting prices according to the market.

The mechanisms (supply and demand) that protect producers and consumers It was, and still is, a cornerstone.

Considering the market performance and effectiveness from the perspective of a market economy, which is one of the country's priorities, the bears will act as market regulators after withdrawing from economic activity. Therefore, through this research paper, we are trying to emphasize the importance and role of law in controlling markets and economic activities and to emphasize the direction of institutional thought towards market effectiveness.

This research addresses the issue of legislative policy, which is considered the pivot of the legislative process because it represents an interactive legal process that takes place between legislative decision makers in light of the requirements and needs of the people, so that those interests and needs are poured into textual legal templates in a strict legal style characterized by ingenuity and mastery in formulating ideas in a concise manner within Legal frameworks that can be applied if they govern the emerging political, economic and social facts and events in society, and then control and define the ideas on which the law is based within a specific philosophy and vision for the authorities responsible for preparing it within a specific time perspective to ensure the stability of the state’s legal system and not to be confused or conflicted and to achieve the interests of the people.

Seas and oceans were and still the most effective tool for communication of peoples through commercial and cultural exchanges between civilizations, but since the early years of transportation and shipping through ships, the term marine piracy appeared to the world, and this term means that a pirate responsible for a group of pirates looted and plundered the contents of ships and sometimes they hijack the whole ship with the passengers. This crime is one of the most important challenges facing the international community. Maritime piracy incidents has increased recently as a result of many bad political conditions for many countries that overlook important strategic marine sites such as Somalia. This crime has numerous legal, political and economic dimensions that i will discuss in detail through this research paper.

Informing about the crime and its perpetrators is a national and moral duty imposed by laws and moral principles, and it has a noble goal, which is the individual’s cooperation with the authority in combating the crime, uncovering its cover, identifying its perpetrators, or limiting its spread at the very least.

The subject of the news has sparked a wide legislative and jurisprudential controversy in criminal law, due to conflicting legal rulings and differences in jurisprudential opinions, regarding it as one of the reasons for permissibility. Therefore, we will try to analyze the legal texts and refer to jurisprudential opinions by making use of these jurisprudential opinions and stating the most correct opinion among them.

The need for advisory management and determining effective mechanisms for satisfying it is of importance in light of the continuous technical and scientific development in our contemporary time. Therefore, Iraqi law has dealt with these mechanisms, which begin with a tender and its forms, leading to the method of direct invitation and the method of direct agreement, which the law has written in two forms, the first under the term offer. The only one and the other is represented by the direct contracting method, and finally what is known as procurement committees. Each method has its own terms and conditions of approval that the administration must adhere to in satisfying its consulting needs. The effectiveness of each method varies according to the nature of the required consulting service, its cost, and the circumstances of the need for it. We concluded with this research a number of Effective conclusions and recommendations that specifically address the provisions of the governing law.

Public money is of great importance because it has a direct role in the country's economic development. With the emergence of political quotas, a new type of public corruption crime emerged known as "organized corruption". This type of corruption is characterized by the participation of a group of essential officials and their exploitation of the administrative function of the institution they work for in order to drain the country's resources for their interests, causing severe effects on the stability of the state from all aspects: political, economic, and social.

We have focused on preventing financial and administrative corruption crimes by adopting a proactive approach. The competent authorities have taken various measures, such as promoting transparency in work and developing internal control systems in all institutions. Additionally, employees and public service personnel are encouraged to inform the competent authorities of any suspicious activities related to financial or administrative corruption in their institutions. By adopting these preventive measures, we can exclude individuals whose resumes or criminal records indicate a potential danger to the facility they desire to manage, which can prevent them from achieving their criminal goals.

Explores the concept of appropriation as one of the ways to gain ownership over something that is not owned by anyone at the time of appropriation. The act of appropriation involves a person physically taking possession of an item with the intention of making it their own. However, there are certain things that cannot be subjects of appropriation. These items were not abandoned by their owners with the intention of discarding them; instead, the owners intentionally concealed them from public view. A prominent example of such items is a treasure, which typically consists of valuable and precious objects of various kinds

In iraqi law and jurisprudence, opinions differ regarding the regulations surrounding the ownership of treasures. Some argue that the criterion of dependency should be used as a basis for ownership. According to this view, the ownership of the treasure follows the ownership of the property in which it was found, regardless of who the property owner is. On the other hand, others advocate for the criterion of preference or eligibility. Under this perspective, if a treasure is found, the original property owner is given preference over others in claiming ownership. This preference arises from the fact that the owner of the property was the first to possess the treasure, making their claim stronger than that of others.

The issue of treasure ownership in Iraqi law and jurisprudence remains a subject of debate and varies depending on the different perspectives and interpretations taken by legal experts.

Electronic arbitration is considered one of the significant topics at present due to its characteristics and advantages, which instill confidence in disputing parties and substitute traditional litigation in resolving many commercial disputes. Electronic arbitration is deemed more suitable than traditional arbitration, especially in dealing with electronic documents, their extraction, and exchange at any time. Additionally, the use of audiovisual means in conducting electronic arbitration sessions explains why many traders' resorts to arbitration as a means to resolve their disputes.

Since electronic arbitration, like other contracts, must fulfill certain requirements to be valid in form and substance, its conclusion involves the presence of these elements from its initiation until the issuance of the judicial ruling through electronic platforms. These platforms store data, documents, and other relevant records of the dispute. Furthermore, the determination of the applicable law holds great importance in the field of electronic arbitration to reach a law satisfactory to the parties, especially in international trade contracts.

Since the establishment of the modern Iraqi state, women have not received attention commensurate with their role and size in society for several political, economic, cultural and value reasons, as well as many other reasons, but the situation changed somewhat after 2003, as the text of the Iraqi constitution on the quota for women in one of its articles contributed to the entry of women into the political arena with all its weight, and despite the pressures and restrictions by society and political parties, some women were able to impose their presence and succeeded. In proving their presence, whether in legislative, executive and judicial positions.

Resolution 1325 on women, security and peace came as an official and legal document issued by the highest global organization, the United Nations Security Council in 2000, which calls for increasing the percentage of women's representation in peace processes and political institutions to support women's efforts to recognize their rights and enhance their participation and role. This area, as women who are good at dealing with organizations and know political work are better than women who ascend to office through quotas or to implement a certain agenda, and international organizations have been able to change and affect women's participation through grants and material, moral and institutional support, and thus dozens of activities per year, which is one of the steps of international organizations to support women

In 2011, Algeria witnessed protests due to poor living conditions, difficult conditions and fragility of official institutions. As well as, the incompleteness of the institutional structure of the Algerian state, the failure to face problems and challenges such as the selection of employees, politicians, and administrators. According to the criterion of loyalty instead of competence, which affected the performance of institutions, which contradicts the rule of law.

After the constitutional amendment of 2011, Algeria facing an opportunity and a choice in the possibility of achieving transition such as, democratic transformation, building a new legal legitimacy through holding fair legislative elections. In addition, reducing restrictions imposed on the establishment of parties, freedoms associations, freedom of media, press and expression of opinion, and granting the government broad powers.

In the wake of the protests of 2019, the constitutional amendments, most notably, abolition of the election of the President of the Republic for more than two terms. As well as, submitting the constitution to a referendum in November 2020, then, holding legislative elections on June 12, 2021. Conspicuously, the political system in Algeria is heading towards democratic transformation with correct steps that work to strengthen legitimacy. Then, constitutionalism the Algerian political system.

The research is based on an idea based on understanding the basic motives and principles that made high policies and those responsible for high policy in the influence of Iraq after 2003 on the application of good governance and the extent of the absence of opponents, both its Yemeni and parliamentary sides, on an application that seeks this rule, on whose success the application of political governance depends. Good governance harbors the mother of a state of law and justice. The state of commercial peace was established and it achieved prosperity that cannot be achieved under the rule of law. So where is Iraq in that regard, specifically after the year (2003), when it had the opportunity to achieve this, after taking the first step in this, by establishing a political constitutional system, and not removing political actions and decisions from Seniors and politicians, whether in power or outside it, have continued to call for loyalty to Iraq and to be welcomed by those promising happiness and the establishment of a state of law. From this standpoint, the importance of the study emerges.

The study aims to reconsider a topic currently occupying the international arena، which is the BRICS group. Especially after the invitation was extended to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to join it، if the Kingdom accepts this invitation، the BRICS group will have achieved a significant economic and political gain on the international scene.

The study also presented the concept of BRICS and its nature، in addition to detailing its objectives and the most important challenges it faces on the international scene. The study also showed the group's different characteristics among its assembled members. It also showed the elements that can be gained if it remains within its defined path and overcomes many of the challenges it faces.

The study concluded that the BRICS group is an emerging economic phenomenon that seeks to achieve a new global economic balance، by unifying the efforts of this group and working to complement the existing elements within each of the group’s countries. If this international gathering achieves its economic goals، it will lead to a kind of new economic balance on the international scene in the coming period.

This research concentrate on the impact of digital media in electoral Behavior, digital media considered as a group of modern media resources such as the internet, social media, etc. whose transmit through the digital media and reaches to the largest possible audience base, given that world today depends on these resources much more than the traditional ones such as Tv, Radio, etc. Which goes back into these modern recourses as an extension of the traditional media, whereas these have not eliminated the role of the traditional ones as much as they contributed on increasing their influence; because of it’s characteristics which shortened the factors of time and place. The required impact here is the genuine reflection of media message content and it’s impact -which are hired by different political groups- on the individuals Behavior; there reaction towards the (triggered issue) at first, then the influence of this matter on their political Behavior (in elections). the researcher takes Poland case after the Democratic transition, furthermore, Poland known today by dominant of the far right-wing (populism) in almost last two decades, after a plenty of time when the left-wing parties was the ones who hold the power. The researcher tries to investigate how the governments use the digital media (on the immigration issue) and whether it actually effects the individuals behaviour in general and their electoral behavior in particular.

Henry A. Kissinger and Graham Allison wrote an article on October 13, 2023 in Foreign Affairs magazine, talking about the importance of artificial intelligence and its development in international relations, and the need to limit the spread of this type of smart weapons outside the control of superpowers, especially the United States and China

The legislator sets the legal base to represent a general system for society, the legal rule is a rule of social behavior that includes a mandate for people to follow a certain path, and in this it precedes in its existence that behavioral model that it develops, and since the legal rule is set in advance, it cannot predict what is presented in the future of assumptions and possibilities, and since the spread of order in society and stability in it requires the introduction of the common majority of what is happening in social life and its organization, the assignment contained in the law is only a mandate A year for those addressed by it, a year in addressing people in their capacities, not themselves, and abstract from the facts and partial details, and this dual characteristic of the law, namely generality and abstraction, are the ones that give the law the status of permanence, so it applies to the current facts as it extends to the future, which makes the legal base continuous not exhausted by time, but continues to apply, which gives it with continued application an understanding and awareness of its content that makes it easy to follow and apply it easy for the judiciary, if the years and decades rolled on this application, you will not find Who misunderstands or misinterprets the legal rule.

The above book is written by Prof. Dr. Jassim Younis Al-Hariri, Professor of Political Science and International Relations, and an accredited international expert in Gulf affairs, and a lecturer in the Department of Political Science at Sadr College Iraq Ahlia University. He researched and studied an important stage of the political life of the Sultanate of Oman before and after Sultan Qaboos, Sultan Oman The author says ((I was attracted by some opinions that say that the Sultanate of Oman is the Switzerland of the East, but some of them resemble the Omani capital Muscat in Geneva, and these opinions confirm that the reason for This analogy is not because the Sultanate owns Oman international banks, balances, or reserves in billions, but because it has a neutral position that followed the path of Sultan Qaboos since he took power in 1970.It seems that this (Omani neutrality) made it set itself a factor of approximation within the Gulf house, and between the Gulf countries and their neighbors, and has given a distinct position to the Sultanate Oman its distinguished relationship with Iran, and these positions may contradict some of the positions of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Arabic which is characterized by On the neutrality of the Sultanate of Oman from the Yemeni-Saudi war and its impact on the Omani political scene, the author says ((When the so-called (Decisive Storm) began on March 26, 2015 under the leadership of Saudi Arabia against the Houthis in Yemen, the Sultanate did not participate in that alliance. The important thing is that the Sultanate of Oman succeeded in building an internal experience, based on the balance between its ethnic and sectarian components, in parallel with the regional powers that have extensions within the Sultanate. Indeed, its foreign policy did not move throughout that period according to sectarian considerations, but according to political, economic, and geopolitical considerations.