Mustansiriyah Journal of Arts

The study focuses on the night in Ibn Hamdis al-Sikli's poetry, who died in 527 AH. Night is one of the aspects of peaceful nature in which a person might worship, meditate, or be alone with oneself. The night has been utilized extensively in Arab poetry; it is the center of life; it is a sign of serenity and, at times, calmness; it may be a source of dread, anguish, happiness, and gloom. This study focuses on night-related expressions in Ibn Hamdis al-Saqili's poetry in terms of connotations and meanings in which the night was an aspect of meaning formation.
Night, manifestations, Ibn Hamdis, image, paradox.

Abstract
It is inescapable to say that Diaa Khudair presented the works of the poets Saadi Youssef and Hamid Saeed to an audience of Arab readers. Despite the fame of these two poets, the two books of Diaa Khudair have formed another window through which their poetry runs out.
He formed a book, Diaa Khudair, as an applied criticism, through textual analysis of the poems of the two poets, in which the author selected different poems from the production of the two Iraqi poets. This is due to the strength of friendship that binds them.
The most prominent characteristic of Dia Khudair's criticism is that it employs comparisons in its attempts to analyze the poetic selections from the texts of the poets, and what Dia Khudair accomplished in Dohat Chestnut is no different from his analytical attempts in the Baghdadi Mu'allaqa.

This research deals with the retrieval technique in the novels of Nizar Abdel Sattar, as it is one of the most prominent novelistic techniques used by the novelist in particular, because it is one of the important and new issues in the Arab critical and narrative environment at the same time, and since the novel is the epic of the modern era and its historical record, and the novel through the novelist, the intellectual, social, political, psychological, and economic issues of modern human society are written down, hence the importance of the novel, and hence the narrative techniques are part of this novel, and the retrieval technique is one of them. As each novelist has his own technique that he uses in narrating the events of his novels, it must be noted that this research is based on narrative levels, on the first theoretical level defining the technique, defining the temporal paradox and the retrieval technique according to the narrative term, and on the second level procedurally analyzing texts from Novels of Nizar Abdel Sattar according to the methods of analyzing literary texts

When delving into any field of research or cognitive study, it is necessary to define the concept of the term; because it removes illusion and clarifies the path along which the terms move, clarifying their meanings from which the meaning of the text can be understood. The term text, whose definition is still under debate, has been subject to the intended meaning, despite the fact that in all Arab heritage studies, no mention of this term was found.
Arab scholars relied on the theories and sayings of Western scholars, in order to read and interrogate the heritage, which led to the difficulty of capturing the features of this term, to the point where contemporary Arab thought began to attract with the West its terms that came to us, and because it is a linguistic activity completed in a specific space-time, carrying individual and collective characteristics that reflect the environment. In which it was created, its concept formed a pole for contemporary studies related to it under many names, including: textual science, textual linguistics, and textual grammar. It witnessed widespread interest in Arab and Western studies until it began to devote a science to it itself, which was called (textual science).
The text is considered the basic unit of analysis and description among linguists, as it is what the meaning appears through, and it means what can only be interpreted with one meaning. It was said that what cannot be interpreted, and it was said what increases clarity over the apparent meaning of the speaker. Perhaps the science of theology, rhetoric, and jurisprudence are among the sciences that contributed. In developing its meaning, due to the effort to understand the structure of the Qur’anic text, its clarification and understanding, because the Qur’anic text is characterized by its perfection, it is indistinguishable from other texts, and that “it can only bear one meaning

The arena formed the space in which the roots of important and influential political, social and economic changes began, from demonstrations that turned into protests, clashes that turned into a massive revolution that removed obstacles and forced the authority to submit to its demands or change the political form of authority and bring in something else. History shows that participation in these revolutionary movements was not limited to In individual urban centers, the spirit of protest and rebellion has in many cases extended spectacularly across urban networks; The revolutionary movement in 1848 may have begun in Paris, but the spirit of rebellion spread to Vienna, Berlin, Milan, Budapest, Frankfurt, and many other European cities, and the characteristic of revolutionary spread appears in the arena, extending beyond the geographical area it occupies to move its counterparts in the rest of the countries, because the square represents that free, unrestricted space in which individuals feel their freedom and liberation from the restrictions of authority. If a square in a country revolts and news of these movements is reported through the media, we will feel the response of other squares in various cities and countries, which were waiting for the ember that Its move to rise up against the authority that oppresses it. Freedom is a language of understanding that free peoples are fluent in and through which they communicate.
The world witnessed significant political and ideological changes, according to which many of the ruling dictatorial political regimes were removed and replaced by ruling regimes with an external democratic appearance and a subservient ideological content molded according to the other’s vision of his or her interests in this or that country.

Remediation is the focus of attention of ancient and modern grammarians and linguists. Being a revealer of the imperfection that the scholar overlooks, redress means correcting a mistake, expanding a concept, completing a deficiency, or clarifying an opinion whose understanding is closed. This research deals with Al-Fishi's correction of Ibn Hisham in his two commentaries (Explanation of Golden Seeds, and Explanation of Qatar Al-Nada), As Ibn Hisham used to shorten some of the places where the explanation should be prolonged. In order for the reader to understand that it is an educational book, and does not mention examples of its clarification of certain issues. Since Ibn Hisham mentioned four places of omitting the subject, Al-Fishi corrected him by mentioning the rest of the places in which the subject is omitted (and the research came: from an introduction, a preface to the topic, and the issues that Al-Fishi corrected on Ibn Hisham, a conclusion, and a list of sources.

Résumé
Patrick Modiano, lauréat du prix Nobel, est souvent décrit comme étant un écrivain obsédé par Paris. Dans ses romans, il reconstruit un Paris bouleversé par les hommes et le Buthina Saadoon Ghanem temps. Les parcours des personnages dans la ville sont un sujet incontournable de son œuvre. Malgré leur déambulation permanente, les personnages ont besoin de repères, de points fixes, d'ancrage. Les hôtels, cafés et librairies sont leurs refuges. Modiano a vécu à une époque de grandes transformations urbaines de Paris, où la ville était en métamorphose. Les personnages sont souvent envahis d'un sentiment d'inquiétante étrangeté face aux modifications du paysage. Modiano a réussi à construire une véritable cartographie de la ville, partagée entre rive gauche et rive droite. Il a même inventé des lieux qui ne correspondent pas au Paris réel, de la sorte qu’un Paris onirique se construit par la narration, se dessine nettement dans un paysage urbain qui n’exclut pas l’ancrage dans la vie réelle. A travers cette vision de Paris comme ville en perpétuel mouvement et transitoire, Modiano explore les thèmes de la mémoire, de l'identité et de la perte, qui sont au cœur de son œuvre. Ses personnages cherchent constamment à s'accrocher à des éléments stables et durables dans un environnement volatile et évanescent.

Le XVIIIe siècle est considéré comme une réaction contre tous les thèmes du théâtre classique, parmi ses écrivains, c'est Pierre-Augustin Caron Beaumarchais qui renouvelle les thèmes de son théâtre afin de s'éloigner de tous les thèmes traditionnels; comme la mort et la vengeance, afin de sortir du cadre traditionnel, en écrivant une scène théâtrale plus joyeuse et plus comique qu'avant. L'innovation est bien incarnée sur scène.
Le théâtre du XVIIIe siècle abandonne toutes les coutumes et les mœurs préexistées, au XVIIe siècle. Le théâtre beaumarchien accorde aux femmes une importance considérable, le conflit des femmes contre les hommes est dû à ses ambitions pour obtenir leurs droits.
Beaumarchais nous présente la création théâtrale de différents thèmes tels que la misogynie féminine et la suprématie masculine. Le dramaturge veut montrer le rôle précieux de la femme pour montrer ses visions à cette époque, précisément au XVIIIe siècle. Également, il incarne sur scène l'injustice et l'oppression contre la femme par la société française en général et par l'homme en particulier. Le dramaturge nous présente les personnages qui sont en conflit dans les deux pièces mises en étude, un conflit entre l'homme et la femme, une lutte entre la misogynie et la ruse féminine, car le dramaturge nous présente des figures féminines passionnées et sentimentales, au un même temps, il nous présente des figures masculines tyranniques et plus supérieurs que la femme. En conséquence, Beaumarchais veut critiquer les lois, les vices à l'époque et il veut inciter ses spectateurs à rire à travers son théâtre comico- satirique.

The latest technological advances associated with virtual reality can support and accelerate daily life tasks especially in the field of online interpretation. Heavy processes associated with interpretation make interpreters resort to tools and methods in order to ease the translating process. The study investigates the effectiveness of the two variables; collaborative translation use in English-Arabic interpretation of final debate conference held for the current Australian presidency, and the usability of Zoom as an interpretation tool. The study aims at:
1. Investigating the concept of collaborative translation, its usability in maintaining a good quality of translations concerning meaning consistency and accuracy, saving time and effort of the translators.
2. Inspecting the consequences of the technological development and the employment of internet on the use of the collaborative translation around the world, which is the usability of Zoom in interpretation.
3. Examining the effect of collaborators\' (translators) interdisciplinary competence in translating a text or a speech by using the collaborative translation. The data analysis of this study shows that the performance of interpreters and the quality of the translated text was successful based on House’s model for assessing translation and according to the opinions of a group of professional interpreters. The study finds that using the aforementioned two variables facilitate the translating process. However, Zoom as an interpretation tool lacks an important feature, which is handover, and that resulted in overlapping translators\' voices on some occasions. VII This can be a motive for this app developers to upgrade it in order to construct the perfect virtual environment for interpretation. The study provides those who are interested in the field of translation with some guidelines for the use of the concept of \"collaboration\" in translation. It shows translators the benefits of working as a team in translating a discourse, and the team working skills they need to acquire to meet the market expectations.

: (Religion) is an important tributary of poetry and literature, and it has been in all ages, and all nations have an important source of poetic and prose inspiration, and the matter is no longer limited to Arabic literature only, but world literature is full of many literary works whose focus is personality, or a religious topic, or those affected by religious heritage. In Europe (the Bible) was a reference for European poets, who drew from it many literary personalities and models. Victor Hugo, as (the Bible) was the main source from which European writers derived their literary works.
Our desire in this research is to know the intellectual, linguistic and literary level that Ibn Al-Abar enjoyed, and to demonstrate his ability to employ references in his poetry and literature. Writers and poets benefit from heritage as motivated by several considerations and factors, including artistic, cultural, political, social, psychological and national factors. The issue of linking to heritage is ancient and extends over the ages. It was clearly known and popularized under various formulas.

The objective of this research is to examine the discrepancy in identifying the grammatical factor that affects the verbal masculine noun when adhering to the syntactic instructions outlined in al-Qaisi's book "The problem of parsing the Qur'an." By doing so, this study aims to establish a position regarding the significance of the factor and its influence on the variety of grammatical functions associated with the given name. To achieve this, selected samples of Quranic texts are presented for analysis. Our follow-up is confined to texts in which there are numerous features of the inflection of the accusative noun according to the difference of the factor, which was distributed between being a complete verb - which is the majority - or an incomplete or a derived noun, specified or omitted. In order to know the functions occupied by the accusative noun.

It is impossible to consider a literary text as an environmental text unless it fulfills the conditions of environmental literary premises. Therefore, it is impossible for the writer of a literary text to include the environment in his/her text unless s/he is a writer with an environmental concern whose texts refuse to be anything but an open impact that embraces ideas that elevate the status and importance of the environment, provided that the artistic and interactive value of the text does not diminish, since the evaluative outcomes resulting from the act of intentional production depend on this value. Within this approach, the constructive interpretation emerges to produce the meaning within the orbit of interactive contexts monitoring the panoramic scenes which are full of the dominances of viewpoints. It also produces the implicit systems that equate the textual meanings with an expression that legislates the signifier entrusted with the tasks of producing the intents of the language, whose most of its various manifestations focus on the morphological interdependence between the text functions. In fact, the process of investigating all these aspects is not adopted by a single approach, and the method of enriching the text with different approaches - this matter was justified by many critics, particularly Yaws - would assume the responsibility of presenting a plausible reading in which the strength of the artistic structure and the semantic bends of visions and ideas are embodied. Therefore, more than one approach will be combined in this study as deemed suitable to the textual structure transfers in order to monitor the channels of discourse and initiate a contextual reading in which all dimensions become homogeneous. This approach was applied on the novel (Old Dreams of the Sea) by Shua’a’ Khalifa. The study is based on a theoretical account in which the roots of the concept of ecocriticism are presented, then the discussion focuses on its beginnings, characteristics and conditions. Then, the procedural account comes to reveal the textual tactics that the writer employed at the contextual level, as well as the indulgence of reader in eliciting the intent of the text

The work raises its author to the ranks of exaltation and honor, and the book Al-Kafiyya fi Grammar by Ibn Al-Hajib (d. 646 AH) is one of the grammatical books that were written in the seventh century AH, and which received the attention of scholars, who dealt with it with explanation and clarification, and put abbreviations and arrangements on it, and one of his explanations was Sharh Al-Kafiyah by Shihab al-Din al-Dawlatabadi. Al-Hindi Al-Zawali (d. 849 AH), who received attention from scholars, so they placed footnotes and report on it, including the Hashiya of Mir Ghiyath Al-Din Mansur bin Muhammad bin Ibrahim Al-Tashtaki Al-Shirazi (d. 948 AH), which are like comments that the author places in the margin.to explain and clarify what is obscure and difficult to understand.
The study revolves around revealing the personality of a scholar who lived in the first half of the tenth century AH. I wanted to shed light with a brief translation of Al-Mahshi due to the paucity and scarcity of what has been translated for this venerable scholar, while clarifying the nature of Al-Hashiya, its importance, and its sections, with a focus on the sources from which he derived his scientific material in Al-Hashiya, including the proper names and books, they were diverse and many of them were in language, grammar, morphology, rhetoric, interpretation, theology, logic, and others. Some of them were attributed to their authors and some were not attributed, as well as transmission from scholars, whether it was literal transmission, by conduct, or through an intermediary. It is an educational book that studies in the Arabic language the science of Arabic grammar. This undoubtedly reflects for us the extent of the author’s interest in the Arabic language, as Arabic was not his language; Rather, it was Persian.

This research seeks to study antagonism and its aesthetics in the book Najwa Al-Ghoroub by Mikhail Naimy, as this phenomenon is one of the distinctive stylistic images in his book, which made us say that Najwa Al-Ghoroub is a form of antagonism.
This study aims to demonstrate the aesthetics of antagonism, in his book, which came neither in prose nor in poetry, the study also aims to show the semantic importance of this phenomenon and the role it plays in embodying the vision of the writer towards his society and his life in general.
This study also shows the philosophy that Mikhail possesses, as well as the ability of the recipient to analyze

The study is based on analyzing the Blessed Surah of Rahman from a rhetorical perspective, highlighting the methods of semantics, the research included an introduction and a brief overview of the Surah, then standing at the sentence systems (expert and constructional) in the section of submission and delay, definition and disguise, mention and deletion, and indicating what these sections added to the sentence at the level of significance and beauty, the research also explored the constructional sentence in detail. The results of the research have been summarized in the conclusion.

The term monologue (individual) with one voice dominates in Zahrat Al Dhaheri’s stories (Sinful Appointments); Dialogue is the form of exchanged speech between two or more characters, and it occurs silently between the self and in this case it is inaudible and is not seen by the interacting characters in the story. Rather, it goes directly towards the reader to learn about what is going on within the same character without the mediation of the narrator. It disappears completely and dissolves, making room for the only listening reader.
The monologue in stories of sinful dates is divided into several types:
First: A unilateral dialogue in the form of a question regarding the initiation technique.
Second: monologue dialogue in monologue.
Third: A truncated monologue between two alternating narratives

This study aims at revealing the aesthetic value of the metaphor and its stylistic specificity in semantic generation, which is left by research in the forms of meaning most influential in activating the memory of the recipient and his thought and perception of acceptance and interpretation. As it is a feature of the artistic and influential speech achieved in various forms, such as the object in which the mental involved the recipient in the process of revealing the intents of beauty and imagination in the creative text; being away from the truth and the purpose of graphically embodied in making speech deceive the other (the recipient) that metaphor is true and that is the property of rhetoric Aesthetics.

The spatial physical connection arises within two relationships: a dialectical relationship and a reciprocal relationship. The dialectical relationship is because the body represents a place for some, and therefore the body as a place will overlap with another place. While the reciprocal relationship appears through the interaction between the maca and the body in a noticeable exchange during interaction with the place; The place represents the existence of man, and man creates events in the place that indicate his ontology, and thus he is closely linked to the place, revealing the secret of his relationship with it.
The research is divided into:
First: the identification of the body with the imagined place
Second: the association of the body with the abyssal place
Third: mixing spatial description technology with the body
Fourth: Harmony of the body with the overlapping place
Fifth: The connection of the body with the holy place.

The requesting styles dominated the collection of (Ka’b bin Malik Al-Ansari) and were distributed according to the functional characteristics of each of them: the command style, the interrogative style, the prohibition style, and the appeal style. In addition, it embodied the poet's ability to organize ideas and express them with appropriate words, especially since the poet (Ka'b bin Malik) did not earn money for his poetry, and he did not take poetry as an industry or a carrier, but rather his poetry was an honest record of his life and his struggle in supporting the religion of God and the support of the Messenger of God. The prophet Mohammed (PBUH); and accordingly, the research was keen in its study to monitor the poetic evidences that contain the requesting methods and clarify their impact on the concerned, using the the analytical approach to reveal the purposes that the poetic evidences aspire to; and the study was divided into: a preliminary and four demands, the first: The command style, the second the interrogative style, the third: the prohibition style, the fourth: the appeal style, and finally the conclusion.

Following the issuance of the 1960 Constitution, the gold mining industry in Ghana witnessed a decline in production, as a result of the political reactions shown by Britain, by withdrawing its investments, as well as the Ghanaian government’s efforts to make it a national industry and liberate it from colonial dependency. Therefore, this industry suffered from a severe shortage of manpower, especially unskilled ones, which made the Ghanaian government move towards bringing the workers from abroad, especially Nigerian workers who were working for lower wages than national workers. These workers were exposed to problems and harsh, dangerous working conditions, and were surrounded by many social and economic conditions.
The study reached a number of results and conclusions, including: The decision to bring Nigerian workers was a sovereign decision, and a first step towards liberating the Ghanaian gold mining industry from colonial dependency. In addition, the Ghanaian government was able, by bringing in Nigerian workers, to revitalize the gold mining industry, which achieved profits under difficult circumstances, including Britain’s fight against this industry, by withdrawing its unskilled cadres, in order to return it to the colonial embrace.

This study examines the Spanish colonial period in El Salvador since its discovery by Spanish explorers in 1524. During this time, El Salvador was subject to Spanish rule, becoming part of the Spanish Empire and governed by a Spanish viceroy. Due to its strategic location and natural resources, El Salvador became a target of colonial ambitions. As a result of these colonial ambitions, the country's indigenous peoples, especially the indigenous people of the Americas, were subjected to a variety of abuses, including violence, neglect, displacement, and murder by Spanish conquistadors. However, the Salvadoran people were able to achieve independence in 1821 after several revolutions and uprisings.

In the different Sudanese historical eras, the regions of Sudan were closely linked to each other, forming as a result a diverse ethnic, religious, and national entity, which combined Arab origins with multiple African ones, and linked their ethnic relations formed over time with each other, by human contact, however, this interdependence was greatly affected by the impact of the extension of British colonial influence to Sudan, which made it a raging spark of a racial-civilized conflict, between the two parts of the Arab-Islamic north of Sudan on the one hand, and its south with a black African majority on the other hand, which was clearly demonstrated by the British colonial policy, especially in the period between 1922-1930 AD, as this malicious policy became a direct cause of sowing racism and apartheid between the people of the same country, feeding discrimination and stirring up racist strife and hatred between the groups of Sudanese society in its northern and southern parts, through a set of procedures and laws and the application of the decentralization system, with the aim of consolidating racism in it, in preparation for the subsequent separation of the south from Sudan, which was achieved in 2011. This research attempts to address this through an introduction and two chapters: the first topic: the features of British policy in Sudan, the second topic: the British measures devoted to apartheid between the north and the south.

The research aims to study the exposure of Iraqi society to talk shows presented by satellite channels represented by Al-Iraqiya Channel, because these programs represent great importance in shaping the public’s knowledge in general, especially with the opinions and ideas they present regarding various issues of concern to public opinion. Talk shows are also among the most contemporary media programs which are widespread and successful in conveying the media message to listeners and viewers. Talk shows, whether entertainment, political, social, educational, religious or social, also have a fundamental impact in shaping the trends of public opinion, as the nature of television imposes in conveying the message between the sender and the receiver, was at the forefront of its objectives to go beyond the backward political message conveyed by the Arab media via satellite channels to a new media reality that is purposeful, convincing, and entertaining at the same time.