Journal of University of Babylon

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles merged with chitosan biopolymer as coatings were deposited on 316L SS substrate via pulsed-cathodic electrophoretic deposition mode (PCEPD) technique with different duty cycle and deposition time to enhance implant surface and electrochemical performance of biomedical implant in ringer solution. A homogeneous distribution of the Titania nanoparticles in coatings with crack free were obtained for utilizing in medical field. Surface, morphological and structural characterization of the composite coatings were investigated by using Field Emission Scan Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-RAY diffraction technique. The corrosion behavior of the coated substrate was evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization technique (PDP) in Ringer's solution at 37 ºC. The results showed that the chitosan-TiO2 coated 316L SS substrate exhibited better corrosion resistance compared to the uncoated one.

Background:
The fifth generation (5G) technology is one of the modernist technologies in the wireless communications field. The design of antenna considers a vital role in 5G technology. In this paper, a proposed antenna is presented and investigated for 5G frequency band (28GHz).
Materials and Methods:
In this paper, a hexagon patch antenna, single and array patch antenna configuration at 28GHz are presented. The proposed antenna design is implemented on substrate (dielectric material ) of Rogers RT5880 with size of 8x8 mm2. Also, 1x2 antenna array sized of 10x16 mm2 and 1x4 antenna array sized of 13x32mm2 are constructed based on the proposed hexagon patch element.
Results:
Three configuration are implemented and simulated using the CST software. They are investigated in terms of the performance metrics represented by the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), gain, bandwidth, angular width, and total efficiency. The first configuration of a single hexagon antenna provides a gain of 7 dBi with excellent impedance matching (VSWR=1.259), an efficiency of 81%, an angular width of 165.6 degrees, and a bandwidth of 0.637 GHz. The second configuration of 1x2 hexagon antenna array achieves a gain of 8.9 dBi with excellent impedance matching (VSWR=1.9), an efficiency of 80%, an angular width of 48.2 degrees, and a bandwidth of 0.554 GHz. The third configuration of 1x4 hexagon antenna array demonstrates a gain of 12 dBi with excellent impedance matching (VSWR=1.45), an efficiency of 82%, an angular width of 18.8 degrees, and a bandwidth of 0.45 GHz. .
Conclusion:
The results highlight the impact of array geometry on gain, impedance matching, efficiency, angular coverage, and bandwidth. By elucidating these parameters, this research contributes to the advancement of millimeter-wave communication technologies, facilitating the design of high-performance antennas for various wireless communication applications in the 28 GHz frequency band.

Hospital design has a major impact on the environment and on the health and well-being of patients. Hospitals for endemic diseases have a great impact and connection with the environment. Therefore, principles and foundations must be followed that enhance environmental protection and provide a good internal environment in this type of hospital, because here epidemics that are transmitted in different ways are dealt with. Therefore, there are principles followed in the design of these hospitals that take into account the locations of the internal departments. The hospital and its functional relationships with each other and their locations relative to the external environment and how to achieve environmental comfort in the hospital and achieve protection from the external environment and protect the external environment from the transmission of epidemics from the hospital to the outside. This depends on the way in which the spaces of the hospital’s epidemiological departments are designed and the extent of the application of planning principles and controls. Designed to achieve the

Distributed generation (DG) is used to describe a small-scale production of electrical power through integrating different energy technologies. In fact, integration of DG into distribution systems might result in various technical, operational, and economic impacts on distribution systems that can contribute to the enhancement of the security and reliability of the grid. These benefits include decreasing the operation cost, improving the voltage profile and the voltage stability, reducing the losses in the lines as well as eliminating the upgrades of the existing electric networks. In fact, DG units that located close to loads can significantly reduce energy losses in distribution systems. However, DG units need to be allocated correctly and optimally in order to avoid negative effects on electric networks in terms of power losses and voltage profile for the whole network. This paper presents an overview regarding distributed generation effects of electrical networks in terms of technical, environmental and economic benefits.

This study aims to calculate the Risk of organochlorine pesticides on the environment residues in the surface waters of Al- Diwaniyah River. Three organochlorine pesticides were targeted (4,4′-DDT, heptachlor, and endosulfan). Ten samples were taken during the pesticide application period from the beginning, middle, and end of the river in the October, the air temperature was 40 degrees Celsius, and the samples were analyzed using Gas chromatography device and the concentration of 4,4′-DDT was from (0.02-0.06 µg/L), heptachlor was from (0.34-0.59 µg/L) and endosulfan was from (0.002-0.03 µg/L). Using the risk quotient method, the ecological risk of these pesticides was calculated, 4,4′-DDT was classified as low risk 0.01≤RQ<0.1. the RQ value was (1.707-3.414 %), for endosulfan was (0.001-0.0327%) and this classified as very low risk RQ <0.01, for heptachlor was (45.977-61.56%), and this classified as moderate risk 0.1≤RQ<1. The study's findings show that agricultural practices contribute to increasing the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in river water, thus increasing the ecological risks of these substances and their impact on the public health of living organisms.

The process of construction semi-flexible pavement involves using a combination of a porous asphalt mixture and certain grouting material. This pavement has favourable mechanical characteristics and able to withstand heavy traffic load without premature failure. Grouting materials are crucial in constructing of semi-flexible pavement as they are responsible for filling and reinforcing the asphalt mixture, resulting in gaining high-performance pavement. Prior research has shown its versatility in many applications, including roads, motorways, bridge deck pavement, tunnels, and industrial zones with heavy industrial equipment traffic, airport aprons, and stations. This study aims to identify and collect the most important research papers utilizing the Web of Science (WOS), then analyze the data using the VOS viewer program to identify the importance and extent of researchers’ interest in this topic, as well as identify most of the countries and journals that have published about the design, construction, and installation of semi-flexible pavements. As well as the authors and their collaboration, in addition to knowing the keywords that help researchers and authors in researching this topic. It is essential to use these studies to obtain a deeper understanding of the factors that affect the performance of mixtures and semi-flexible mortars, such as material gradation, porous asphalt mixtures, and components of grout materials.

Diabetes is a dangerous illness. It is indicated by blood sugar levels and/or glucose levels. Diabetes is a chronic illness that can lead to global health crisis, but there are things that can done to help control these crises. The primary energy source that get from the food on a daily basis in people with diabetes is blood sugar, or glucose. The insulin hormone created by the pancreas, assisting in the uptake of glucose from the blood into the cells so that it can be utilized as an energy source for daily tasks. Glucose remains in the blood when the body produces insufficient amounts of insulin, which can cause a number of health issues like heart attacks and strokes. There are numerous forms of diabetes, the most prevalent being type1 and type2. Type1 is typically diagnosed in children and young adults, whereas type 2 is typically found in middle age or older population. The objective of the project is to develop a system that can accurately classify patients as either diabetic or not by combining the results of various machine learning techniques with algorithms like Support Vector Machine and Random Forest. Machine learning is a scientific field where machine learning is derived from human experience. The model that best predicts diabetes is the one whose accuracy as a percentage is determined by calculating the accuracy of the model using each method. According to the experimental findings, RF and SVM have accuracy of 100% and 89% respectively and the precision of 100% and 91% respectively. Also, the recall (sensitivity) of RF and SVM are 100% and 95%, respectively.

The environmental effects of building a new road are numerous and include significant material and energy use. Additionally, there has been a notable increase in the price of crude oil, the primary source of bituminous binder, in recent years (most notably in 2001–2008). The cost of asphalt mixtures as a whole has gone up as a result. Measures with strong sustainability credentials must be extensively implemented in order to fight price increases and encourage sustainable activities. The asphalt pavement business may become more sustainable and cost-efficient by creating new materials and technologies that include trash, recycled resources, and greener components into the asphalt mixture production cycle.
Sustainable asphalt mixtures demonstrate improved durability and longer service life, reducing the need for frequent maintenance and rehabilitation. This leads to cost savings and reduced disruption to traffic. The purpose of this study is to determine which nations and institutions have published the greatest number of articles on the topic of sustainable asphalt mixtures, as well as to identify and aggregate the most noteworthy research papers using "Dimensions" and analyze the data using the VOS viewer software. Additionally, it was done to find out more about the writers' collaboration

Road safety can be substantially improved by the deployment of wireless communication technologies for vehicular networks, which enables new services and further facilitates communication among moving vehicles. In this paper, we study the performance of vehicular communication systems under various conditions by using MATLAB simulation. Then we improved the performance of the system by employing LMS equalization, which reduced the error and obtained higher data transfer rates. A multipath time-varying channel model with a 100 ns delay spread is used in the simulation. The OFDM system is applied in this paper according to the IEEE 802.11p standard. BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM modulation schemes are used. Which is then combined with a time interleaver and a convolutional encoder. An LMS decision feedback equalizer is used to reduce the impact of inter symbol interference. The decoder utilizes the Viterbi algorithm in order to decode the received signal. A comparison between IEEE802.11p and IEEE802.11a standards has been created to investigate which is more suitable for vehicular communication systems. The performance of different modulation schemes and coding rates for SNR in the range of (0-16) dB was investigated. Then the simulation model has been improved by using LMS equalization and comparing the results of the model with and without the LMS equalizer for different frame sizes and different vehicle velocities. Throughput measurement was used to study system performance in the range of SNR (0-16) dB for unpunctured QPSK over time variant channel with different velocities and different frame sizes. A compression of previous work was executed to show the enhancement that is obtained in this work. The best BER obtained at 50 km/h vehicle speed is 4.3*10-4 at a SNR of 16 dB by using an unpunctured QPSK modulation scheme and an LMS algorithm with (0.01) and 10 frame size.

The present study examines the susceptibility of both bentonite clay and kaolin as coagulant aids with alum to the removal of lead metal from synthetic contaminated water two levels of lead(II) contamination were taken (10,20 )mg/l by using lead nitrate .Use the Jar test to represent coagulation and flocculation after determining the optimum dose and medium for all coagulants different proportions of both clays were taken with alum the results were the best removal to lead (II) with 20 mg/l (75% bentonite : 25% alum ) 94.1%, (40% kaolin : 60% alum ) 91.2% and the best removal to lead (II) with 10 mg/l( 40% bentonite : 60% alum) 92.02 % , (75% kaolin : 25% alum ) 90% . After the treatment , the sludge for the best removal was taken and divided into three sections once used directly and again for regeneration using a base solution once and an acid solution for different periods. The best lead(II) removal was achieved when using the sludge directly, which does not deny that the regeneration of the sludge was also a good removal. The best removals were (85, 85.9, 84, 86)

High-performance electric Motors are in high demand due to the increasing need for production in all sectors. The brushless direct current motor is a promising future in most dynamic applications, such as the automotive, drone, rolling industries, and home appliances. The objective of this study was to design and manufacture a lightweight, high-thrust brushless DC motor that can reach high speeds suitable for drones and perform the necessary electrical analysis. The structure of the motor was designed using Solid Works software. Then, the designed motor was manufactured and tested. During the test, the current drawn by the motor was tested without load and using a three-blade propeller 18 x 8 inches. The number of revolutions per minute (RPM)was tested compared to the current drawn. It has been observed that the RPM increases rapidly with increasing motor current. As the motor's performance testing continued, the motor's thrust was checked based on the current drawn. As expected, the thrust increases gradually with the increase in the current drawn. Tests have been completed and the results have confirmed that the manufactured motor possesses all the expected features.

Beams that crack are thought to be strengthened faster by using strengthening materials. The purpose of this study is to investigate how Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (R-UHPC), Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP), and Near Surface Mounted Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer bar (NSM-GFRP) behave in simply supported strengthened concrete. To complete this study, four beams had to be prepared, cast, and tested. Where one of the beams was adopted as a control beam, and the remaining three beams were strengthened with three different types of strengthen that will be explained later. One of the study's variables is the strengthening shape or type. To test the specimens, the specific technique applied a two-point load. By talking about the ultimate load, method of failure, cracking development, and load-deflection response, the structural behavior of the specimens was studied. The results of the study illustrated that, in comparison to the control and strengthened specimens, the specimen strengthened with R-UHPC given great increase in ultimate load. Where, the ultimate load is improved by 143% in R-UHPC specimens, 32.5% in BFRP specimens, and 91.01% in NSM-GFRP specimens when strengthening is present. Additionally, strengthened specimens were able to absorb more energy than unstrengthen specimens. Additionally, a numerical analysis using ABAQUS was carried out on the anticipated model that replicated the experimentally tested beams. The load-deflection response and mechanism of failure show that the F.E. model's results and the laboratory test agreed well.

This study delves into the structural, optical and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based coatings incorporated with CdS and ZnS nanoparticles at different weight percentage (0 ,4 ,12 and 16) wt%, specifically designed for their infrared (IR) radiation-blocking capabilities. In today's context of increasing demand for effective IR radiation management in applications such as energy-efficient building coatings and thermal control systems, the investigation of these composite coatings is of paramount importance. Accordingly, conducted a systematic study using advanced techniques such as mechanical ,optical and characterization properties.
From the XRD results, pure PVA appears randomly, with no peaks, but when nanoparticles are added, the crystallinity increases clearly. The results of the adhesion strength of the polyvinyl chloride coating without any additives also showed weak adhesion resistance. When grafted with NPs (CdS or ZnS), the resistance gradually increases. .Micro hardness results display ZnS would likely have higher micro hardness
compared to CdS. This is because ZnS has smaller particle size compared to CdS and results of scratch show addition of NPs to PVA can enhanced scratch hardness under 0.5 kg load as a compare with pure PVA. The scratch hardness of the prepared samples also increases with the addition of ZnS and CdS to PVA, which leads to enhanced scratch hardness under a load of 0.5 kg compared to pure PVA. Two PVA/NPs composites, 4% PVA/ZnS and 4% PVA/CdS, were investigated for radiation shielding in the study; the latter demonstrated greater shielding than the former. The PVA/CdS composite has the potential to filter infrared radiation more effectively because of the semiconductor material's ability to absorb and reflect infrared radiation, increasing its overall infrared blocking capacity. Both composites effectively shielded radiation when compared to the atmospheric value.

The outdoor uses of visible light communications (VLC) technology have received less attention than their interior counterparts. This is because the level of interference and noise in outdoor VLC is significantly higher; many other communication technologies are available for use that, due to their unique characteristics, adapt better to the outdoor environment when compared to VLC technology; and the dual use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) is not always practicable in the outdoor VLC environment. There are numerous obstacles in the way of implementing these communication networks. The majority of them are associated with environmental elements like sunlight, fog, rain, dust, snow, and atmospheric disturbances.
The impact of fog and rain on visible light communication (VLC) has been the subject of several studies. These environmental conditions can significantly affect the performance of VLC systems. Fog and rain can cause attenuation and scattering of the light signal, leading to an increase in the bit error rate (BER) and a reduction in the communication range. The semi-conductor laser chaos generation is now being utilized to improve data security and protect data from theft during its transmission from transmitter to receivers

Different upstream and downstream slopes of trapezoidal gabion were studied in open laboratory flume. The upstream flow depth and the discharge were investigated through laboratory experiments. Twelves models were tested in a laboratory flume. The experiment tests included three regimes of flow (Through flow, Transition Flow, and Overflow) under free flow conditions. The trapezoidal slopes were changed three times (1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2). For each trapezoidal slope, gravel coarseness differed four degrees (1.13, 1.58, 2.19, and 2.27 cm). The analysis of experimental results showed that as material coarseness increased, the discharge pass through trapezoidal gabion weir increased from 17.5%. to 35.8%. All models showed that discharge (Q) is related to the ratios of upstream height of water to length of weir (H/L) and the percentage of discharge is increase from 16% to 50% due to change side slopes from 1:1 to 1:2.The discharge coefficient is related to the (H/L , H/p and dm/H).The discharge coefficient increased with the increase in gravel coarseness (porosity) and increase the side slops from (1:1 to 1:2) also cause the coefficient of discharge increase. Two mathematical models for the water flow depth and the coefficient of discharge predicted for the three flow regimes are presented. The estimated and computed values showed a high degree of correlation.

Modern, promising and environmentally friendly nanomaterials was used as adsorbent material, [AL2O3 Nanoparticles, loaded Aloe vera Gum]. It is a natural material that is secreted from the (Aloe vera plant) based nanocomposites using sol-gel method to increase the surface area to Phosphate removal.
Selectors within a range are dose of (Al2O3/AG) nanoparticles (20-100 mg), initial ion concentration (Ci) 3.7-10.7 mg/L. pH for solution 3,4,5,7, and 9, contact time 5-100 minutes, wavelength of light (yellow, white, red, green, blue, and sunlight), and magnetic field (MF) 300-500 mTesla. Batch experiments were conducted using The Hanna Phosphate High-Range Checker.
Results showed the best dose 60 mg, pH 5, wavelength red, contact time 100 min and Ci of PO4-3 at 7.6 mg/L. It is found that the Langmuir adsorption model fairly fits the experimental data; while the pseudo-second-order kinetic model fits the adsorption. The adsorption capacity is increased with the decrease of initial concentration of the pollutant (phosphate) and is directly proportional to the dose of Al2O3/AG nanocomposites adsorbent.
The best conditions obtained using Al2O3/AG is compared with fly ash and Al2O3 NPs. The surface area of Al2O3/AG nanocomposites was recorded as 124.255 m2. g-1. The best operating condition that gives the highest removal was used to test AL2O3 NPs and fly ash. It is proved that AL2O3/AG gives higher removal than that of AL2O3 NPs and fly ash.