ANBAR JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

This study was carried out at the farms of Field Crops department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok during the growing season 2021/2022 season. Three bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); Ceyhan-99, Adana-99 and Tamuz-2 varieties were used sown under four levels (Control, Low, recommended and high) of soil and foliar fertilization. The experiment was designed as Split Plots and arranged in Randomized Complete Block Designs (RCBD) with four replications. Wheat cultivars considered the main plots, fertilization methods the sub-plots and the fertilizer concentrations the sub-sub-plots.
The results of this study revealed significant differences of the wheat cultivars in most of the spike characteristics and mainly spike length and spike biomass; Ceyhan-99 and Tamuz-2 cultivars were superior and produced highest spike biomass; 10.82 and 10.68 g.spike-1 respectively compared to the inferior cultivar in this trait (Adana-99). On the other hand, the effect of foliar fertilization was non-significant on most of spike characters. The application of soil fertilization surpassed foliar fertilization for producing higher number of tillers per unit area; 399 spikes compared to 375 tillers per square meter respectively. The effect of fertilization method and their concentrations were significant on final biomass per unit area; soil fertilizer recorded highest biomass yield than foliar fertilizer and each produced 5.70 t.ha-1 and 5.01 t.ha-1 respectively. Also, both recommended (5.36 t.ha-1) and high concentrations of fertilization (5.63 t.ha-1) recorded higher yield of biomass compared to control (4.74 t.ha-1) and low concentrations (4.78 t.ha-1) of fertilization. Ceyhan-99 cultivar in soil fertilization recorded highest final grain yield (1.69 t.ha-1) compared to Tamuz-2 in soil fertilizer which recorded lowest final grain yield (1.15 t.ha-1). Based on the obtained results in this study, the cultivar Ceyhan-99 and soil form of fertilization is recommended under similar conditions of this study and further study under different rainfall or irrigation regimes are suggested to have more convenient results for foliar fertilization.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different inter and intra-row spacing on the growth analysis and some yield components of sweet corn (Zea mays L.). The experiment was conducted under field conditions at Qushtapa zones of northern Iraq in the main cropping season of 2020-21. Three different inter and intra-row spacing treatments 45, 60 and 75 cm and 10 and 15 cm were applied in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, making a total of six plots, each plot on the field was measured 2m width by 3m length 6 m2. The study assessed various growth parameters and yield attributes. The results indicated that inter-row spacing significantly influenced ear length (cm) number of kernels per ear, net assimilation rate (NAR) and light transmission ratio (LTR) which significantly possessed higher mean value at 75cm inter-row spacing. In contrast, interaction treatments of inter-row spacing ×intra-row spacing recorder highest mean values of ear length (cm), number of kernels per ear and light transmission ratio (LTR) at interaction treatments of (inter 75cm × intra 15cm) respectively. As for net assimilation rate (NAR) this trait postulate higher mean at treatment interaction of (inter 75cm × intra 10cm). These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing inter and intra-row spacing for hybrid maize cultivation to enhance productivity.

The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplemented with sage leaf powder on growth performance, feed utilization, carcass composition, blood parameters and stress hormones in common carp Cyprinus carpio reared in cages in Grdarasha station, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University- Erbil, Kurdistan Region -Iraq. A total of 54 common carp (25.5±0.5g fish─1) were randomly distributed into 9 cylindrical cages 0.2 m³ (Radius=25cm, Height=100cm). After two weeks of adaptation, eight weeks feeding trial was conducted from 17 September to 12 November 2022. There were four groups of fish fed control diet (T1) and fish fed diets supplemented with 0.5 (T2), 1 (T3), 1.5(T4) of sage powder. The results showed a significant increase in growth parameters and feed utilization with addition of sage powder. The level of LYM, MON, Hb, MCHC, RBC and Hct were significantly elevated by the addition of sage to experimental fish. In contrast, dietary supplementation of sage (T2, T3, T4) to common carp diet result in significant reduction in the level of WBC, GRA and MCV. The level of TG, total protein, ALP, albumin, lipase, HDL and globulin contents was increased using sage (Salvia officinalis) supplemented diet. However, level of AST, ALT cholesterol, LDL and glucose was significantly decreased with the addition of sage to the diets. The present results showed that dietary supplementation of sage led to a significant decrease in cortisol, T3, and T4 and significant increase acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In conclusion, sage can be used as feed additives enhanced growth, feed efficacy, blood indices and reduce stress.

Australia produces celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) for both home and international markets. Celery can be exported to other countries after postharvest treatment, which terminates springtail infestation. In the field, celery bunches act as a home for the springtail (Hypogastrura vernalis) (Collembola: Hypogastruridae), a native of Australia. Springtails are insects that dwell inside celery bunches but do not destroy the produce. However, springtails, which are regarded as a quarantine pest and have significantly affected exports of celery, are a concern. This experiment tested the effects of essential oils and cold treatments on springtail mortality in fresh celery. Eucalyptus and rosemary and their mixture at the concentration of 5% as well as four different cold treatment treatments 3, 5, 10, and 15ºC were used over four treatment periods 3, 5, 7, and 14 days. Springtail mortality in rosemary essential oil was 21.66, followed by 18.66 in the mixture of eucalyptus and rosemary compared with eucalyptus essential oil and was 15.33 mortality. The mortality of springtail was not affected by the 3, 5, 10, and 15ºC treatments for the treatment periods of 3, 5, 7 and 14 days. Phytotoxicity on celery bunches was absent with the use of essential oils. However, cold treatment damage was observed most noticeably on celery in the 3 and 5ºC treatments.

Globally agricultural production systems generate large amounts of solid wastes. One of major causes of environmental pollution is agri-plant waste, which is not properly disposed. As a result, pollution problems and its impact on human health increase. Hence, there is a need to get rid of them through chemistry intervention and convert them into energy in an environmentally friendly way. Therefore this study aimed to shed light on this vital topic in an attempt to analyze agri-waste, and identify their environmental impacts. Analytical chemistry is key to achieving this goal. Detailed elemental analyses Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Sr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Se, Zn, As, Pb, Hg, and Cd, moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, and calculated fixed were performed. Rapid analytical methodologies such as microwave digestion, and ICP-MS were used. The findings of this investigation showed that the levels of elements in the plants under study were higher than the lower limit allowed by the FAO. In addition to the level of moisture, ash, and volatile matter, as well as the level of elements were in parallel allowing them to act as catalysts Ca, and K when converting waste to energy through thermochemical. In addition to the level of toxic element as with the present Ni release compound, it is suggested that the study results are more environmentally friendly.

Sesame is an oil seed crop and is cultivated in many areas of the world, in Iraq, it is being grown especially in the Kurdistan region, including Erbil province. Campylomma verbasci is a piercing and sucking insect found on sesame plants in Erbil city during the summer season cultivation– in 2022. An investigation was carried out in the Grdarasha location within the sesame crop field to collect the above mentioned insect by using an aerial net and aspirator aimed to describe some morphological characters and identify the insect based on molecular techniques to determine genus and species. A set of specified primers were utilized to amplify the mitochondrial gene (COI) barcoding sequence. PCR products successfully resulted in 435bp of target DNA, and the sequence was sent to be sequenced, then the BLAST was performed in NCBI. The homogeneity of the query and subject sequence was very high. The BLAST showed that the sample was C. verbasci and it was the first time (in Iraq) to register these insect sequences in NCBI data reference.

Performance of local breed, Iranian chickens, and Ross 308 were compared in this study. A total of 300 one-day old chicks were assigned to fifteen pens. The results showed that local breed had a body weight (BW) at 7 weeks of 0.180 kg, while Iranian chicken and Ross had BWs of 0.291, 2.763 kg respectively. The average weekly weight gain of local breed was 21 grams, compared to 36 and 338 grams for Iranian and Ross chickens, respectively. Ross 0.704 and Iranian chickens 0.199 both had higher average feed intake (FI) than local breed 0.132. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of local breed was relatively high 6.327 compared to Ross 1.834 and Iranian chickens 5.327, respectively. As for mortality, Iranian chicken recorded a high rate 10% compared to local breed 9% and Ross chickens 6%. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the weights of the primary, secondary carcass parts and edible internal organs between local breed and Iranian chickens under the same conditions.

White mustard seeds (Sinapis alba) have been extracted by hydroextraction since 2004 and stored in the refrigerator for 14 years until 2018. The antibacterial effect of the aqueous extract was tested by the well diffusion test against Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus spp. The inhibition zones against Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas fluorescens were 23, 25 and 21 mm and 16, 20 and 15 mm, respectively. Ground beef was treated with 0, 5, 10 and 15 ml/100 g mustard extracts (ME0, ME5, ME10 and ME15) and refrigerated for two weeks. Bacteriological and sensory analyses were performed on frozen meat slices. The ME15 study showed the best reductions in total viable bacteria (TVC), coliforms, S. aureus, and psychrophiles. Compared to other treatment studies, the ME10 study was a super treatment that improved sensory attributes such as color, smell, and appearance within 14 days of refrigeration. The control experiment (ME0) was removed from the refrigerator after the seventh day of the experiment due to a high microbial load and poor color and odor.

The long-horned beetle, Trichoferus fissitarsis Sama, Fallahzadeh, and Rapuzzi 2005, is one of the most dangerous pests on fig trees, Ficus carica, in the Kurdistan Region- Iraq. In the current study, this species had been genetically reported in GenBank for the first time. However, it was recorded in Cerambycidae checklists from Iraq by its synonym Hesperophanes sericeus (Fab., 1787). Hereby, for the misidentification of this species and to solve the problem of identification, the molecular technique based on the mitochondrial partial gene mt COXI was exposed, and via this technique, and based on the COXI nucleotide sequence, the phylogenetic analysis was constructed for illuminating the species group, and their relations with other recorded species which belonged to the tribe Hesperophanini Mulsant, 1839. Also, the taxonomic status of this species has been discussed. Meanwhile, some illustrated evidence on the damage signs, host plants and morphological characteristics were constructed, described and illustrated clearly.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of alcoholic Gundelia tourneofortti L. extract on lipid profile and the balance of microbial flora in the intestines of laboratory rats when infected with Pseudomonas aeroginosa. The study was used 20 laboratory rats (Albino Sprague - Dawley) at the age of 7-8 weeks, with an average weights 143-148 gm, divided into four groups, with five replications, and the inhibition activity Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied by the concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 µg/ml of the extract using the well diffusion assay method. The results found an increase in the alcoholic extraction effectiveness by increasing its concentration and that the alcoholic extraction was the most effective compared with aqueous extract, with the highest inhibition diameter of 30 mm at a concentration of 600 µg/ml. The results also show an increase (P<0.05) in the level of total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL of groups of rats infected with Pseudo. aeruginosa was 70.5, 73.0, and 14.2 mg/dl, respectively and HDL levels decreased at 27.0 mg/dl, compared with the control group. As for the effect of infection with Pseudo. aeruginosa on the balance of normal flora in rats, it caused a significant decrease at (P<0.05) in the total number of intestinal bacteria, while the total number of LAB bacteria decreased compared to the control group rats.
The oral administration of the alcoholic extract at a concentration of 230 and 430 µg/kg with infection has a significant effect in reducing the negative effect of groups infected with Pseudo. aeruginosa on all the above-measured parameter.

Beetles from the family Melyrdae, belong to the order Coleoptera, which comprised of numerous genera and species. Malachite beetle is one of the most important insect associating with plants and weeds bearing flowers, they play a vital role in insect based pollination of flowers. Taxonomic study was conducted in Kurdistan region of Iraq including Sulaimanyah, Duhok and Erbil governorates, to investigate genus and species of insects associated with flowers within the Melyridae and Coleoptera, the Soft-winged flower beetles, Malachius bipustulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), was recorded for the first time in Iraq. In this study, taxonomic characteristics of the species including mandibles, antennae, elytra, abdominal tergite, sternite and aedeagus have been described and illustrated. According to description results: Mandibles have a couple of acute and equal length teeth. Antennae are slightly serrate and comprised of eleven segments (antennomeres): The elytra are of shining, metallic green in colour and at the apical end, there is a bright red colour spot. The Aedeagus is straight and cylindrical in shape, its colour ranges from brown to dark brown, and strongly stiffened (sclerotized).

Aspergillus is considered the most genera of fungi that pollutes vegetables and is of great importance as it is used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, on the other hand, some of them are harmful to human health. In this study, the morphological and physiological characteristics of A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. tubingensis, and Aspergillus spp. that were isolated from onions, carrots, peppers, cucumbers, and tomato were studied and grown in potato dextrose agar for a week. After that study the macroscopic characteristics of the colony with the naked eye and microscopic examination.
One of the most important results that have been reached is the speed of growth of these species and their adaptation to the surrounding conditions. The similarity between the types of black Aspergillus and the contrast between the other types. In addition, the relationship between the morphological and physiological characteristics of these species is represented by their ability to secrete enzymes, toxins, vital metabolites, and metabolism. Given the importance of the morphological characteristics and their relationship to the physiological characteristics of the species of Aspergillus, we recommend that the studies be expanded to include more types with different environmental conditions and different regions because of the effect that this has on those characteristics and to obtain more accurate and comprehensive information.

Artificial seeds are usually defined as artificially wrapped bodily embryos or other plant parts such as cotyledon buds, cell aggregates, additional buds or other micro vesicles, provided they have the ability to be grown as seeds and grow into a plant under laboratory or out-of-vitro conditions. Synthetic seed production is a suitable way to expand on a large scale for multi-copy commercial production. If micro propagation through artificial seeds can be exploited on a large scale, the germination of millions of plants in a few days may become commercially profitable in the near future. And economically rival real seeds. In addition, the use of this technique saves the space, medium and time required by traditional tissue culture methods. The production of artificial seeds has significant advantages over traditional tissue culture methods. Artificial seeds are relatively inexpensive in production and are easy to handle, germinate and transport. They can also be stored for a long time using drying and cryopreservation technologies.

This study was conducted to survey insect pests attacking oak tree fruits (acorns), in six oak tree forest locations belonging to Erbil Governorate-Kurdistan region-Iraq, to estimate infestation percentages, larval number inside acorns and evaluate the effectiveness of insect infestation on the acorn germination ratio during November 2022 to March 2023. The result showed that there were two types of insects belonging to two different orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera; the Coleopteran insect Curculio sp. was more abundant than the Lepidopteran insect Cydia sp. For coleopteran larva infestation, Barzan oak tree forests were the most infested location among the studied locations, recording the highest infestation percentage of 40.04% infestation/ sampled acorns and the Choman area was the least abundant in terms of infestation by recording the lowest average 0.88% infestation/ sampled acorns of coleopteran larva infestation. However, for Lepidopteran larva infestation, the highest average percentage of infestation was recorded at 18.25% in Tawska and the lowest average percentage of moth infestation was 2.64% in Choman. In addition, this research indicated that, the weevil larval infestation has the highest impact on the germination rate of acorns by recording 80% failure in acorn germination among tested acorns.

Several estrus synchronization programs for cattle utilize a variety of hormones, including progesterone, prostaglandin PGF2α, estrogen, and GnRH, either individually or in combination. The selection of the suitable estrus synchronization protocol should be based on the practicality of implementation and anticipated outcomes. It may be feasible to synchronize the estrus cycle by administering prostaglandin F2α alone. However, it is crucial to thoroughly examine the ovaries, particularly in cows, as prostaglandin PGF2α only affects the corpus Luteum during the 8-17 days of the estrus cycle. Progesterone has the potential to decrease fertility by approximately 14%. However, when exposed to progesterone for a duration of less than 14 days, it can also have more advantageous effects. Incorporating GnRH into a synchronization program that is already based on progesterone or prostaglandin helps to further enhance the synchronization of the estrus phase. GnRH is believed to aid in the coordination of the estrous cycle in ruminants, particularly following parturition. For optimal fertility during the estrus period, the utilization of novel synchronization techniques that prioritize the administration of the GnRH protocol is more advantageous. The most effective approach to achieve optimal rates of estrus synchronization is to incorporate the hormone progesterone into these protocols.

A field experiment was carried out in the field of experiments of the Department of Field Crops - College of Agriculture - University of Tikrit during the winter season 2020-2021 in gypsum soil in order to study the effect of humic acid (without addition, addition in the four-leaf stage, addition in the flowering stage) on some growth and yield characteristics and its components. For some local wheat varieties (Al-Rasheed, Tammuz/2, Ibaa 99), the most important results of the study were as follows. In terms of plant height, Al-Rasheed cultivar excelled over the rest of the cultivars, and it was noted that there were significant differences between the cultivars in this trait. There were no significant differences between the two cultivars, Al-Rasheed and Tammuz 2, in the two characteristics of the flag leaf area and the length of the spike, as the Al-Rasheed variety outperformed the rest of the cultivars in these two characteristics. Significant differences are observed between the cultivars in the characteristic of the number of Al-Sunbulah grains, as the Tammuz 2 variety excelled in this trait, and no significant differences were observed between the cultivars in the characteristic of the weight of a thousand grains, and in the yield of grains. Ibaa 99 gave the highest value to this trait. As for the second factor, which is the date of addition, the second date was superior to the branching in all characteristics except for the traits (plant height, the number of spike grains, the weight of a thousand grains) did not reach the limits of significance. All traits except for the number of the spike grains, where the Tammuz 2 variety excelled with the date when flowering, but the weight of a thousand grains did not reach the limits of significance.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of curcumin supplementation on animal performance and health. Fifteen local dairy sheep assigned randomly into three equal groups: control (C) without supplement, T1 (50 mg curcumin /head/day), and T2 (100 mg curcumin /head/day). The results were demonstrated that ewe’s milk in curcumin group treatments on day 20 and 40 had significantly lower content of milk fat and higher in protein compared to control group. In both T1 and T2, a marginal drop in the total amount of protein in the serum was observed. It appears that triglycerides was significantly decreased in T2 on day 20 and 40 compared to the other groups. It seems that lymphocytes in curcumin treatment groups were reduced on day 20 and 40. Also, it was noticed the inclusion of curcumin in the diet of dairy sheep has the potential to enhance animal health and production due to its anti-inflammatory properties.

This research work has been carried out at the University of Baghdad, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Plant Protection Department. The goal of the study was to determine how effectively biological fungus and a few plant extracts could be used to combat the pathogenic fungus that causes date palm blotch disease. Due to the fact that the antagonism was measured in a lab setting, the study demonstrated that the biological fungus Trichoderma Harzianum had a high antagonistic power against the pathogenic fungus Drechslera spp. The outcomes elucidated that the plant extracts of garlic and coriander, as well as biological control fungi have significantly suppressed the growth of pathogenic fungus. Also, the results manifested that the ability of an alcoholic extract of garlic to suppress the pathogenic fungus was superior to an alcoholic extract of coriander at various doses. The biological fungus is able to combat the diseases by surrounding their mycelium with its own, entering their walls, and devouring their nutrient-rich interiors. Additionally, the results of the experiment evinced that the percentage of inhibition for alcoholic extract varied significantly between the plant extracts with garlic extract recording the highest percentage of inhibition 98% and the coriander extract recording the lowest percentage of inhibition 89%. Phenols and saponins were also detected in the compositions under study. And, the zones\' diameter of the inhibition for the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively, varied from 4.1 to 14.3 mm and 2.4 to 10.4 mm, respectively.

The current study was carried out to isolation and diagnosis the isolates of bacteria as probiotics which were isolated from local yogurts in Erbil city markets, The probiotic bacteria identified in the present study were Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus acidophilus in selective De Man-Rogosa-sharpe (MRS) agar in micro aerobic conditions. The results showed the bacteria were; Gram positive, catalase and oxidase were negative as well as all the isolated bacteria fermented the glucose, while L. lactis fermented lactose and glucose only. L. acidophilus vary in the sugar fermentation. All the bacteria were able to survive in 0.3% bile salt concentration. and with regular decreasing of the viable cells in 1.0%. Lactobacillus plantarum and L. acidophilus had the ability to withstand the increased acidity and could grow in pH ranges 3-5. The results showed antibacterial activity of the cell free supernatant of the lactic acid bacteria against Staphylococcus aureus and the inhibition zones were 12, 14 and 16 mm of L. lactis, L. plantarum and L. acidophilus respectively, and 16, 18 and 20 mm against E. coli respectively, these probiotic bacteria were used in supplemented orange juice. The properties of the orange juices were determined as pH, Brix, and free surviving encapsulated probiotic bacteria. The probiotic bacteria were injected either free or microencapsulated into orange juice, Brix and pH were monitored as well as the total number of surviving probiotics was counted weekly for two months. The results showed that the encapsulated probiotic bacteria maintained their viability during the storage period compared to the unencapsulated probiotic bacteria, where they lost their viability. The encapsulated probiotics were found to be more stable than those containing free probiotics.

This study was conducted to investigation was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of certain plant extracts derived from pomegranate peels and black seeds in combating fungal issues in tissue culture, exploring their potential as natural substitutes for chemical treatments.
The study was conducted in the fungi lab, University of Anbar, 2022-2023. In this study, three types of fungi were isolated from the plant tissues. Alcoholic extracts of pomegranate peels and black seed were used at different concentrations 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% to inhibiting the growth of fungi isolated from tissue culture in PDA medium.
The study results showed the isolation of three types of fungi associated with culture of plant tissues in vitro (Alternaria alternata, Asperigellus niger and Fusarium solani). The results showed the highest rate of growth inhibition at a 20% concentration, the alcoholic extracts of pomegranate peel and black seeds of isolates of fungi A. alternata, A. niger and F. solani were (73.89 and 73.63)%, (74.99 and 74.78)%, (77.42 and 78.00)%, respectively. The extracts from black seed and pomegranate peels exhibit the most effective fungistatic properties. These plants possess medicinal qualities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory attributes, largely attributed to their polyphenolic compounds. So that, can used these extracts to control on pathogen fungi to plant.

This study sheds light on the effect of diversity in the parent rock on some properties and development of soil profiles in the northern part of the coastal region of Syria. To achieve the goal of this study, several different profiles of the parent material were selected: profiles (P1, P2, P3, P4) on sedimentary rocks and profiles (P5, P6, P7. P8, P9) on ophiolites. Profiles were excavated, described morphologically, and samples were taken from each horizon to conduct the necessary analyzes, according to internationally accepted methods. The results showed that most soil properties are affected by changes in the parent material and its composition, such as carbonate content, amount of organic matter, soil texture and color, pH level, chemical composition, and other properties studied, thus affecting the classification of these soils. The Mollisols order dominated the areas where ophiolite rocks spread, while the orders varied between Mollisols, Entisols, and Vertisols in the areas of sedimentary rocks. The presence of forest vegetation, along with the mineral composition of the parent rock, in addition to secondary factors such as fires, played a role in the development of soils and their taxonomic level.

This study was conducted in the poultry farm of the Department of Animal Production / College of Agriculture / University of Anbar, during the period from 43 to 54 week, with the aim of study the effect of adding Fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare L.) to the diets on the productive performance of laying hens Seventy-two laying hens of Lohmann Brown breed, aged 43 weeks were used in this experiment. The layer hens were distributed randomly in to six treatments with four replicates per treatment (3 hens/ replicate). The treatments were T1: (Positive control) based diet containing 1% hydrogenated vegetable fat, T2: (negative control) based diet containing 1% animal fat, while treatments T3, T4, T5 and T6 The based diet contained 1% animal fat + supplementation of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1% Fennel seeds powder sequentially. The results showed were significant (P≤0.05) differences in productive traits of addition treatments, the treatment T6 was significantly (P≤0.05) increased compared with other treatments in (Hen House Production%, egg weight and egg mass) and a significant improvement (P ≤0.05) in feed conversion ratio, while treatment T4 was significantly (P≤0.05) increased compared with other treatment.

The study was conducted in the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping/ College of Agriculture/ University of Anbar during the growing season 2021-2022 in the greenhouse to study the effect of shading, iron and sulfur on Gardenia seedlings planted in pots with a diameter of 35 cm. With three replications, the averages were compared with the L.S.D. test at a probability level of 5%. The results showed that the gardenia plant responds to shading and fertilization with iron and sulfur, and the interaction treatment showed a high significant increase and gave the highest rate in the number of flower buds, the number of petals, the diameter of the flowers and the weight of the flowers amounted to 40,440 flower buds plant-1, 25,883 petal flower-1, 88.185 mm and 23.667 gm sequentially, in addition to recording the highest average leaf content of total chlorophyll amounted to 41,400 mg/100 g tissue and the highest rate of total leaf area amounting to 9437.463 cm2 plant-1. The interaction treatment (S1F3) significantly outperformed the rest of the treatments in iron and sulfur content of leaves by giving it the highest the average iron content was 119.417 mg kg-1 dry matter, and the highest sulfur content of leaves was 195,000 mg kg-1 dry matter.

In order to screening 21 genotypes of wheat introduced by Ministry of Science and Technology and suitable to arid and semi-arid regions in addition to three registered cultivars (IRAQ, Al Diyar and Al Mahmodia). The experiment conducted according to RCBD with three replications for each genotype. The results showed that there are new promising genotypes for plant breeding programs from the introduced genotypes and planted in the second season in row in the western region of Iraq. In addition to the possibility of registering some of them after confirming their productivity for next seasons under such conditions. The genotypes varied in their content of antioxidant enzymes, the cultivar IRAQ was superior over all genotypes especially when it gave highest activity of CAT, SOD and AO (40.18, 205.03 and 56.62 U g-1 FW min-1 respectively) followed by genotype 39. While the other genotypes showed low activity of the antioxidant enzymes and this confirms the fact that genotypes also might be varied in their chemical composition and metabolisms. The genotype 4 was superior in fertility ratio (3.09%) compared to genotype 11 that gave lowest ratio while in 1000 grain weight it was observed that genotype 18 gave highest average over other genotypes (59.47 g) and genotype 31 gave the highest average of yield in hectare. According to the genotypes that can be nominated to be used in further breeding programs are 4, IRAQ, 9, 25, 29, 30 and 39.

This study was conducted in the ruminant pen of the Department of Animal Production/College of Agriculture/University of Anbar for a period of 45 days. The aim of the study was to know the effect of oral administration of ewes with nutritional supplements on the blood characteristics of ewes. Twenty-four local ewes were used, ranging in age from 2-5 years and weighing 45-55 kg. They were randomly distributed to four treatments with 6 ewes per treatment, as follows: Group One (T1) (10 mg N-acytl cystine/kg body weight), Group Two (T2) (10 mg N-acytl cysteine/kg body weight). Body +0.03 mg selenium / kg body weight), group III (T3) (10 mg N-acytl cysteine / kg body weight + 0.03 mg zinc / kg body weight), group IV (T4) control. To know the effect of treatment on the level of the following blood tests: red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, granulocyte count, lymphocyte count and monocyte count in local ewes blood. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the experimental treatments compared to the control group in the blood of local ewes.

This study was conducted in the poultry field of the Department of Animal Production/ College of Agriculture/ University of Anbar, from 28/10/2021 to 8/12/2021. A total of 192 unsexed, one day, 40 gm of Ross 308 broiler were used, the chicks were randomly distributed to 4 treatments with 4 replicates for each treatment (12 chicks per replicate), the treatments were as follow: T1 (control): The energy level was 3001.5, 3103 and 3151 kilo calorie per 1 kg of diet for starter, grower and finisher respectively. T2: The energy level was 3149, 3231 and 3340 kilo calorie per 1 kg of diet for starter, grower and finisher respectively. Treatment T3: The he energy level was 2850.5, 2950 and 3151 kilo calorie per 1 kg of diet for starter, grower and finisher respectively. Treatment T4: The energy level was 2850.5, 2950 and 3205 kilo calorie per 1 kg of diet for starter, grower and finisher respectively. The results of the study concluded that the use of different levels of energy in the diets did not have any significant effect at (P≤0.05) on some characteristics of the productive performance of broilers. (P≤0.05) in the second week, where the second treatment outperformed the fourth treatment. As for the fourth week, the first and third treatments were significantly superior at (P≤0.05) over the fourth treatment. In the fifth week, the first, second and third treatment were significantly superior to the fourth treatment at (P≤0.05), as well as the weight gain, where a significant difference occurred in the second week, where the second treatment was significantly superior to the fourth treatment at (P≤0.05). As well as the third week, the first and third treatment were significantly superior to the second treatment at (P≤0.05). As for the relative growth rate, a significant difference occurred only in the third week, where the first, third and fourth treatment were significantly superior to the second treatment at (P≤0.05). As for the use of different levels of energy during the growth period, it had no effect on the characteristics of the carcass except for the weight of the chest, where the first, second and third treatments were significantly superior at (P≤0.05) over the fourth treatment.

This study was carried out in the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering - College of Agriculture - University of Anbar for the period from 4/8 to 11/15 of 2021 to study the effect of foliar spraying with chelated iron، the nutrient solution Prosol and the amino acid proline on some vegetative and chemical growth characteristics of pomegranate seedlings cultivar Salimi The foliar spray with chelated iron at levels 0، 30 and 60 mg. L-1 represents the first factor and is symbolized by F0, F1 and F2 sequentially, while the foliar spray with nutrient solution Prosol at levels 0, 50 and 100 mg. L-1 represents the second factor and symbolized by S0, S1 and S2 sequentially، while foliar spraying with proline at levels 0, 100 and 200 mg. L-1 represents the third factor and is symbolized by P0, P1 and P2 respectively. The results showed that the addition of chelated iron F2 led to a significant superiority in the rate of increase in plant height، number of main branches, dry weight of the root system, carbohydrates in branches and zinc content of leaves in sequence, as it reached (90.56 cm, 5.19 seedling branch-1، 88.07 gm plant-1, 12.08%, 149.84 ppm) sequentially. As for the effect of the nutrient solution Prosol, the study showed that treatment S2 was significantly superior in these traits، as it reached (80.56 cm, 5.37 seedling branch-1, 87.03 gm plant-1, 12.25%, 158.75 ppm) sequentially, as for the effect of foliar spraying with the amino acid proline The results showed that treatment P2 was significantly superior in all traits، as it reached (77.11 cm, 5.30 seedling branch-1, 86.76 gm plant-1, 12.14%, 144.43 ppm) sequentially.

This study was done in the lath house of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening Dept. / College of Agriculture / University of Anbar during the growth season 2021 to study the effect of foliar spraying chelated Fe in three levels (0, 50, 100 mg. L-1), symbolled as (F0, F1, F2) successively with alga mix (alga mix) in three levels (0, 1, 1.5 mg. L-1) and symbolled as (S0, S1, S2) successively, and their interaction in vegetative growth traits and leaves content of mineral elements for buckthorn transplants cv.-Tafahi. Results has shown the positive effect of foliar spraying the chelated Fe on the majority of vegetative growth traits and leaves nutrient content of buckthorn transplants. So, spraying at concentration F2 (100 mg. L-1) has led to significant superiority in plant height increment, shoots number, leaf area, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, iron and saponins, successively; so, they reached 72.528 cm, 15.134 shoot. Transplant, 22.628 cm2, 41.099 mg. g-1 fresh weight, 2.421%, 190.667 ppm and 1.215 g. ml-1. Also, spraying with (algal mix) at concentration S2 (1.5 g. L-1) has led to significant superiority in all vegetative growth traits and leaves nutrient content, so it caused a significant increase in plant height incrementnumber, leaf area, chlorophyll, carbohydrate, chelated iron and saponins, successively; so, it reached 72.478cm, 13.503 branch. seedling-1, 22.473 cm2, 41.207 mg. g-1 fresh weight, 2.456%, 189.667 ppm and1. Results showed that interaction between chelated Fe and alga mix at concentration (100 mg. L-1 Fe + 1.5 g. L-1 alga mix) has given significant increase in plant height, branch number, leaf area, chlorophyll, carbohydrate, Fe and saponins, successive with values (75.057 cm, 19.183 branch. seedling-1, 23.833 cm2, 41.537 mg. g-1 fresh weight, 3.800%, 194.00 mg), successively, compared to control treatments.

Several exploratory visits were conducted in the specific area of the study based on information obtained from the preliminary phase. It carried out a semi-detailed survey of the study area (Magnoon) and by adopting a semi-detailed survey method and relying on topographic maps and natural variation of the plant, by examining the type of tissue, the degree of reaction and the electrical conductivity of the soil through the selection of four Several exploratory visits were conducted in the specific area of the study based on information obtained from the preliminary phase. This variability influenced the B factor values as it ranged from 50 to 100. The first value of the clay class was recorded at pedon P8 compared to the higher values. 100 Recorded for the class of mixed tissue in pedon P4. For the C factor for determining the value of the Earth's regression, it was 1.5% as a general regression of the study area. Factor C is not a determinant of the Earth's suitability for the cultivation wheat of irrigation. For the X factor, 1.5 is while the absence of a specific X factor in the area under study indicates. When classifying land suitability according to the amended Storie index, the two categories (S1) and (S2) were reached, as the appropriate medium class (S2) was observed to prevail over the appropriate high class (S1).

This experiment was conducted in the animal field of the Department of General Sciences in the College of Basic Education/ Haditha for the period 3/13/2022 to 04/28/2022 and this experiment continued (45 days), the aim of studying the effect of aqueous extract of wheatgrass and aloe vera on some blood traits in local female rabbits. 12 local female rabbits were used in this experiment, with an average weight of (750 g), and it was divided into three groups (in each group 4 rabbits), the control group, the wheatgrass group, 0.2 ml/ Oral dosing, and the olivera group 0.2 ml/ Oral dosing. The results showed that the second and third groups were superior in the number of neutrophilic white blood cells compared to the control group and the superiority of the Olivera group in the number of lymphoid white blood cells compared to the control group, there was an effect of adding aloe vera extract and wheatgrass when compared with the control group in the average red blood cell volume with a significant percentage of (P<0.05), and aloe vera extract had the largest percentage in the rise of MCV, and there was also an effect of adding aloe vera and wheatgrass extract on lowering the rate of hemoglobin concentration Erythrocyte MCHC in a significant percentage (P<0.05), there was a significant effect of (P<0.05) when adding aqueous extract of wheatgrass and aloe vera in cholesterol, with the superiority of aloe vera powder over wheatgrass powder in increasing this percentage, there was an effect of adding aqueous extract of wheatgrass and aloe vera on lowering protein and albumin, where the second and third groups decreased with a significant value of (P < 0.05) when compared with the control group. The results also showed a decrease in the level of glucose and urea for the wheatgrass group compared to the control group. We conclude from the current study that there is an effect of the aqueous extracts used on some blood traits and not on other studied traits.

A field experiment was conducted in the fields of a farmer in the Sufia area on the right bank of the Euphrates River in the city of Ramadi- Anbar /Iraq during the spring and fall seasons of 2021. Three genetic communities of Popcorn (A-S2-2, B-S1-3, and B-S2-3), the selection program was implemented with three flowering dates. The experiment was carried out according to a completely randomized design (RCBD) arranged by a split-plot design with three replications. The planting dates occupied the main plots while the genotypes occupied the sub- main plots, with the aim of evaluating the performance of selected genotypes under planting dates and comparing them with two local varieties for the two seasons, and measuring the popping size. Genetic variance formed a high percentage of phenotypic variance and this was reflected in higher ranges of the general combining ability which ranged from75.21% to 99.39% for the spring season and from 79.91% to 99.61% for the fall season for the number of grains per row and the popping size respectively. There was a positive and highly significant genetic and phenotypic correlation appeared between plant yield, number of pods per plant, number of grains per row, the weight of 300 grains, and harvest index, which can be used as selective indices to improve the trait of plant grain yield in popcorn.

This study was conducted to detect the effect of using Aspergillus oryzae on the diets of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), in Growth performance and blood traits. 320 common carp fish were randomly distributed with an average weight of 90.5 (±25) g fish-1, in to sixteen plastic ponds with dimensions of 100 ˟ 100 ˟100 cm, for each tank capacity 1000 of liters.
On eight experimental treatments and at a rate of two replicates for each one treatment and 20 fish for each replicate. Eight rations were made manually with a diameter of 4mm, the experimental fish were fed with 3% of the body weight the protein content ranged between 37.7-37.29 % and it was left without addition, while the treatment (T1) first treatment as comparison treatment. (T2) was added at ratio of 50% fermented soybean meal, (T3) was added at ratio of fermented soybean meal 100% , as (T4) the fourth treatment bran was added at ratio 50% fermented bran, (T5) 100% fermented bran, (T6) in the sixth treatment yellow corn powder was added at ratio of 50% fermented, (T7) corn powder added at ratio 100% fermented, (T8) while in the eighth treatment add both 100% fermented soybean meal, 100% fermented corn powder, and100% fermented wheat bran, at the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken for the experimental fish. The results of the statistical analysis showed that T8, T7, T3, T1 were significantly( p≤0.05) superior to the number of the red blood cells, whose values reached (3.75, 3.33, 3.31, 3.28) (109 cell L-1) over the rest of the treatments, and T8 significantly ( p≤0.05) for HD hemoglobin, which was 11.9 gmdl-1, was superior the rest of the treatments, and in pcv, T8 fish compared with the rest of the treatments if the highest value was recorded at 38.0%, while no the results showed that there were significant differences at the level ( p≤0.05) between the experimental treatments

This study conducted in one of the poultry fields of the Department of Animal Production/College of Agriculture/University of Anbar, for the period from 20/7/2021 to 10/13/2021, in order to know the effect of adding natural zeols to the diet of laying hens during hot weather on some physiological traits. For laying hens and the case of antioxidants. 72 laying hens were used in this experiment, Lohman Brown strain, 43 weeks old, and they were randomly distributed to six treatments and four replicates per treatment (3 hens for each replicate). T2, T3, T4 and T5 by adding 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0% sequentially, natural zeolite and T6 to the control treatment. The results showed the superiority of the addition treatments in the physiological characteristics and There was a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the concentration of creatine and MDA in the treatment T5 during the experiment period. while a significant (P≤0.05) in the concentration of GSH-PX for the two treatments T4 and T5 and a significant increase in the concentration of ALP for T5 appeared. and T1 during the duration of the experiment, as well as the treatment of T3 excelled in the concentration of AST enzyme over the treatments of the experiment.

The results of phenotypic and molecular diagnosis using PCR technique showed that the main cause of cowpea root rot disease It is Fusarium solani that was isolated from the roots of cowpea plants infected with the disease, and the results of inhibition ability test showed the aqueous extract of pomegranate peel, catnip and bitter melon fruits concentrations 10, 20, 30 ml. liter-1 The inefficiency of pomegranate peel extract and bitter melon fruit in all concentrations, while the aqueous extract of The catnip had a significant superiority in the percentage of inhibiting the pathogenic fungus F. solani on PDA culture medium, was 24.80%, 24.82%, 24.88%, respectively, compared to the control treatment contaminated with the pathogenic fungus F.solani, in which the percentage of inhibition was 0.00% The results of using alcoholic extract of pomegranate peels, catnip and bitter melon fruits at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 mg were shown., as the extracts with all concentrations achieved a significant superiority over the control treatment, and the most effective of these extracts was the pomegranate peel extract at a concentration of 15 mg. ml-1 as the percentage inhibition was 77.30% compared to the control treatment contaminated with the pathogenic fungus F.solani, which had 0.00% inhibition And the results of using the alcoholic extract of pomegranate peels and catnip at a concentration of 10 mg. ml-1 were shown. when used in the field the efficiency of these two extracts in a significant increase in the percentage of germination of cowpea seeds and a significant decrease in the percentage and severity of infection percentage compared to the control treatment contaminated with the pathogenic fungus F.solani.

This experiment was conducted in the poultry fields of the Department of Animal Production / College of Agriculture, University of Anbar. During the period from From 1 December 2021 to 1 April 2022, by using 40 Iraqi native roosters at age 33 week. In order to study the effect of semen storage process after semen centrifugation and replacement of seminal plasma with Lake diluent 1960 intended for semen preservation with the addition of the hormone melatonin as an antioxidant on semen quality characteristics. This study was carried out by 200 birds (40 roosters and 160 chickens) raised in a hall divided into cages. It was divided into five treatments for each treatment three replicates according to the following division: T1: control treatment T2: add dilution in a ratio of 1:2 only T3: add diluent containing the hormone melatonin at a concentration (1 mMol. L‾¹) T4: use centrifugation with Adding the diluent in a ratio of 1:2 only T5: using centrifugation with the addition of a diluent containing the hormone melatonin at a concentration of (1 mMol. L‾¹), and for a period of 72 hours, the results showed a significant superiority (P<0.01) of the T3 treatment for the indicators of semen quality (Sperm motility, percentage of dead sperm, total abnormalities, acrosome, head, midsection and tail) at a 36-hour storage period compared to the control treatment and the rest of the treatments and during the different storage periods, while the rest of the treatment did not record any significant differences. We conclude from this study that it is possible to add the hormone melatonin at a concentration of (1 mMol. L‾¹) to semen preservation diluents in order to improve the characteristics of semen through the role of the hormone as an antioxidant, which reduces oxidative stress on sperms.

The research was conducted at Research Station B of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad in the spring season 2022-2023 with the aim of studying the growth and yield of potato tubers when planted in earthworm fertilizer and spraying with plant extracts. It was implemented as a factorial experiment 3*5 within a completely randomized block design. RCBD with three replicates. The factors included cultivating the tubers under levels of earthworm fertilizer Vermicompost at concentrations of 0.5 and 1%, which are symbol V1 and V2, respectively, as well as the control treatment without the addition of V0. Then the plants were sprayed with the extracts, namely the aqueous extract of the roots of Cypreus Rotundus, at concentrations of 5 and 10 g L-1. It has symbols T1 and T2, respectively, and the aqueous extract of Silybum marianum leaves at concentrations of 5 and 10 g L-1 has symbols T3 and T4, respectively. In addition to the Control treatment (spraying with distilled water only), which has symbol T0, the results showed a significant superiority for treating the planting with earthworm fertilizer and spraying with leaf extract. Silybum marianum (V2T4) in the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the leaves, their Chlorophyll content, plant height, number of branches, total leaves, leaf area, and dry weight of branch. The weight of tubers, plant yield, and total yield 3.87, 0.380, 3.130%, 64.80 spad, 54.00 cm, 3.83 branch. plant-1, 43.00 leaf.plant-1, 94.85 dm2.plant-1, 38.50 g .plant-1, 134.25 g.tuber-1, 939.75 g. plant-1, and 125.29 tons. ha-1, respectively compared to the Control treatment (V0T0) which recorded the lowest values in all measured traits. Therefore, we recommend planting potatoes. Under a sustainable agriculture system, using 1% earthworm fertilizer and spraying with Silybum marianum leaf extract 10 g L-1 as a means of recycling and preserving the environment.

The distribution of income among the members of the society is the most important issue for economic policymakers, as it affects the pattern of household expenditure and how it is distributed by commodity groups. The research was based on the method of economic analysis, both descriptive and quantitative, for the analysis of household expenditure data for the years 2007 and 2012. The distribution and analysis of the total consumption expenditure, the expenditure on the groups of goods and services between the expenditure categories, Disparities in the distribution of consumer spending using the indices of inequality measures such as the Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, variance coefficient and Kuznets coefficient. The results of the study indicate that the high level of inequality in the distribution of total expenditure for 2012 compared to 2007 according to genetic factors, reached in 2007 about 0.333, but in 2012 it reached 0.348. The results of the other statistical and statistical disparities agreed that the year 2012 was characterized by an increase in inequality compared with 2007. The transport and communications group during the 2007 and 2012 surveys were the most common commodity groups, with Gini coefficient values reaching 0.620 and 0.591 and difference coefficient to 1.52 and 1 .35 and Kuznets coefficient 0.54 and 0.52 for the two consecutive years compared to other commodity groups. Therefore, the government should contribute to alleviating the disparities between the groups of society through the development of an appropriate economic makers, including financial policy, and the redistribution of incomes, with a focus on the low-income group. The Iraqi government must also intervene to reduce disparities within the transport and communications group by imposing appropriate customs duties.