journal of Basic Sciences

Abstract
A key characteristic of any given literary work, be poem or fiction, is the linguistic and aesthetic fabric. Such fabric can express life experiences and emotional feelings, translating thoughts and feelings into touching, self-expressing images. This paper, therefore, draws on this premise by unfolding the narrative discourse in the Poker-winning Sleeping in the Cherry Field by the Iraqi diasorized writer Azher Jerjis. This is achieved by uncovering the poetic imagery and the metaphorical patterns suggested by that novel. To understand how figures are manipulated to serve hidden intention in this novel, an image analysis is conducted where the respective elements and references are identified. The narrative stream has been used in Sleeping in the Cherry Field to highlight characters, lead events, and construct a story-like presentation. As for metaphors, these figures have been used in this novel to communicate certain messages. The author’s contextualization of metaphors is worth an in-depth analysis. For the events of the story to proceed, meanings had to be diversified so that the discourse of relating or narrating can realize ends. The paper finds that Jerjis employed various themes and images throughout the course of that novel, including torture, violence, extramarital sex, death, and other sensitive themes. The writer vocalized the silent, society-banned topics, ones which are traditionally rejectable in most oriental communities. A literary work can offer more to readers than mere lines or events

Abstract
This paper aims at analyzing the speech acts, mainly performatives, used in selected sermons and preaches given by Imam Hassan, a well-known political and religious Shia figure. The emphasis is on two performatives, prohibition and command. First, performatives are elaborated on as to types, structures, and forms. Then, command and prohibition are detailed and exemplified. Later, command and prohibition structures are identified in the preaches under study to find how that Imam used these two devices to communicate meanings

Russia tried to interfere in the internal affairs of the Ottoman state and gain Ottoman lands to extend its empire to the warm waters of the Mediterranean, and because of that it worked to undermine the Ottoman power from stirring up the nationalist aspirations of the Christian subjects of the Sublime Porte: The Slavs in the Balkans, the Armenians in Anatolia and other minorities. In the second half of the nineteenth century, international relations witnessed political, economic and diplomatic competition to share the Ottoman Empire’s property. Russia tried to weaken the Ottoman Empire, divide its possessions, and expand Russian influence on the shores of the Black Sea through diplomatic means and the many wars to achieve what Russian want. The Treaty of Berlin eliminated Russia’s victories in its war with the Ottoman Empire, and it ends Russia’s oppression and also disappointed it, which was expecting the latter to stand by its side in that treaty. Berlin is the main factor of Russian-German hostility, which was one of the reasons for the outbreak of WWI in 1914 later. On the other hand, the Ottoman Empire turned from the ranks of the subordinate superpowers to the ranks of the dependent state, and the pillars of resistance collapsed, in which the internal and external dangers it faced. The Ottoman Empire reached the peak of its glory and power during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. After that, the weakness began, and revolutions multiplied, and the intervention of the great powers in the affairs of the state led to its exhaustion. The disasters did not end with the conclusion of the Treaty of Berlin, as crises provoked by those countries followed to eliminate what remained of their possessions and influence. So, one can conclude that Berlin Conference, 1878 was one of the main reasons for the WWI. It must also be carefully studied as a real turning point in European diplomatic history

Corporate symbols and icons carry meanings, messages, and intentions of the respective institutions, businesses, and trademark owners. Such ionic branding helps establish themes and senses not only among the relevant preceptors, but also among the others. Drawing on this ground, this paper, accordingly, sheds light on online icon-based advertising with a special emphasis on the Mercedes Benz International Middle East page on Facebook. The aim is to find out how online advertising is processed in modern digital technologies and how marketization is purportedly manipulated to address this concern. Modern advertising technologies shape the new forms of popularization and dissemination though signs, symbols, and brands. To do so, a sample of the Mercedes Benz International Middle East ads posted in 2022 on the Facebook page were gathered, identified, and analyzed. The paper finds that the globally renowned auto maker relied heavily on design-specific features in the ad highlights. The company, among different other aspects, featured part making, design concepts, and graphic transformation as prolific of the products. The company page managed to pride auto parts through symbols, logos, icons, and graphs, and therefore, the optimum marketization of different products. Branding, as a key element in this company ads, has been commercialized to represent the iconic status of the company as a classic auto maker, in addition to proliferate the other sub-editions including AMG, EQS, GLS, GLC, GLB models. This has made an important distinction between iconicity and symbolism.

Pre-Islamic Arabia-based critics used to judge the sub-types of poems and poetry-like works following different norms, conventions, and styles, with some of these varied as to poets, poems, lines, or even sub-lines. Some judgements were concerned with the poet as a character, figure, or author, with the poem as a literary work, creative piece, or an objective form, and with the lines as graphic, linguistic, or verbal strings of ideas. Some of these pre-Islamic era judgements were later labelled as layers and sublayers. In medieval, traditional Arab criticism, a layer is a biography-like account of a poet or writer. Additionally, most of these layered poets had been identical with two main poetic purposes, satire and eulogy. Such poets had a great position among peers and contemporaries, which made their lines widely famous and popular. Ibn Salam, c. 846 A.D., thus, strove to gather these poems, classified poets, and finally authored the well-known The Layers of Poets.

This paper aims at realizing how the Sequence Answers strategy can affect fourth year literary graders’ achievement in learning Arab-Islamic civilization and history drawing on the null theory. The researcher, therefore, verified the null theory which hypothesizes that no statistically significant differences are found in the score mean of Arab-Islamic education by both the Sequence Answers-taught graders and the traditionally-taught graders. The subjects sampled for test (n=52) were fourth year literary graders of Diyala-based Al Faraby Boys Preparatory, 26 subjects for the pilot Sequence Answers subgroup, and 26 subjects for the traditionally taught control subgroup. Test variables included test scores and parental education. Additionally, the test proposed 48 behaviorist goals and 48 lesson plans. As for research design and administration, the researcher designed a 40-item achievement test (30 multiple choice-structured objective items and 40 essay-structured items). Test validity, test reliability, and psychometric characteristics have been reached and computed through SPSS-based statistical procedures

Ibrahim Yazdi was born in 1931 in Iran’s northern city of Qazvin. He studied at the University of Tehran. After the anti-Mosadagh coup in 1953, Yazdi joined the secret Iranian national resistance movement (1953-1960), which opposed the Shah regime. In the early 1960s, Yazdi travelled to the United States for study and political opposition, where he founded the Iran Freedom Movement abroad with a number of his companions, including Ali Shariati, Mustafa Chamran and Sadeq Qutbzadeh. In 1963, Yazdi traveled to Egypt where he founded a military organization called (Sama). However, in 1966, Yazdi moved the organization’s military headquarters to Beirut, and in 1967 Yazdi joined Baylor University and obtained a doctorate in biochemistry.

Power is often seen as a politicallly-oriented multi-strategy realm of limitless and timeless dominance. The concern of this paper, therefore, is the political aspects of humans drawing on Sufist theologies and exegeses. Having based their epistemological and phenomenological interpretations on man-power relationship, Sufists has considered human perfection as the ultimate aim behind the hunt for absolute truth. Sufist traditions have long maintained a classic stance on socio-historicist conceptualizations of men as perfect creatures, ones that are defiant of death and mortality. Sufist traditions, thus, have originated tenets on historically divergent beliefs, thoughts, controversies, and utopias. The present paper, thereafter, unfolds the hidden as well as the open stances of human perfection as mirrored in political realm.

Urban poverty spreads in poor neighborhoods and in the middle of rich neighborhoods in cities, and the urban poor usually live in neighborhoods that were set up randomly around cities and are not authorized to live in them, which constantly exposes them to forced eviction, environmental pollution, lack of services, including sanitation services, and the lack of many necessary life necessities such as health and education and transportation. These and other indicators point to a basic fact, which is that poverty in Iraq has reached a very high level that requires careful, careful and accurate study to know the mechanisms for eliminating this phenomenon. From this point of view, the research problem has been identified in knowing the concept of social justice from the respondents' point of view, and shedding light on the principles of social justice and its characteristics. Necessary to achieve social justice to reduce the phenomenon of poverty in Iraqi society. Therefore, the type of this research is determined in the descriptive study. The social survey method was used by the sample. The researcher also used the questionnaire on a sample size of 382 individuals from Al-Furat neighborhood as one of the random areas in the city of Al-Diwaniyah. The research concluded that all individuals have equal rights regardless of their position or contribution, which are the most important characteristics of social justice from the respondents’ point of view, and that the vast majority of respondents believe that social justice is not achieved in society, and that the increase in poverty, disease and ignorance is the most important manifestation of the lack of social justice From the respondents' point of view, and that the lack of basic services and facilities is the most important form of slums suffering from services in the research area. The research reached a number of recommendations, the most important of which is the search for permanent solutions to the problem of poverty in Iraqi society, instead of providing continuous financial assistance. These solutions are to establish small development projects for the poor family, and this includes these families to manage these projects in order to ensure that these families continue to improve The economic returns for them to improve their standard of living, to address the causes of poverty in Iraq and to treat them radically, and to control and control their axes, which will support the reduction of the number of poor people.

This paper proposes a quasi-acceptable theoretical interpretation of the historically controversial Children of Israel’s origins, chronicles, legacies, and prophesies. The Children of Israel have been referred to by God and in indirect verses in Islamic, Jewish, and Christian scriptures, where they have been misled, saved, and favored. Jewish chronicles and accounts, therefore, have affected mainstream and generic interpretations, exegeses, revelations, biographies, prophetic traditions, and commentaries among Muslim interpreters, clergy, sociologists. These accounts were once so dominant that they outweighed the geographical, historical, linguistic, sociopolitical, and religious premises of orthodox Muslim interpretations of the Quran. Inspired by plain Quranic interpretations and dominant scriptures, most Muslim historio-religious, epistemological, and scriptural interpretations of the Children of Israel’s origins, thus, have posited that those tribes are the Jews themselves. Having been identified as Jews, the Children of Israel, accordingly, have taken a considerable status in Muslim religious and scriptural interpretations.

The current research aims to know the effectiveness of the circular thinking strategy in the achievement of the students of the Department of Life Sciences and the development of their visual thinking skills. An experimental design with two equal groups, one experimental and the other control, was used. The size of the research sample was (60) male and female students, with (30) male and female students in the group. The experimental group and (30) male and female students in the control group, and the two research groups were equal in the following variables: the degree of intelligence, the tribal visual thinking skills test. (25) paragraphs, and it was characterized by honesty and stability, which amounted to (0.80) using the Couder-Richardson equation (20). The second tool is a test of visual thinking skillsWhich was prepared by Abu Laila (2017), and the researcher extracted its sincerity, excellence and stability, which amounted to (0.82) using the Couder-Richardson equation (20) and it may be in its final form of (26) paragraphs, and after processing the data statistically using the T-Test for two independent samples, the results showed The effectiveness of using the circular thinking strategy in the achievement of the students of the Department of Life Sciences of the scientific research methodology and philosophy course and the development of their visual thinking skills

The Arabic dialectological tradition has always been vast and diverse as to the many studies, investigations, and scholarships seeking to interpret various phonological, morphological, and linguistic phenomenon. Traditionally, variation in Standard Arabic, particularly the different inter-tribal, territorial, and local dialects and accents, has proved to be challenging for linguists, lexicographers, and philologists. In this respect, linguistic bibliographies authored on this issue have reported that some traditional accounts labelled these varieties as substandard, colloquial, and vulgar. Scholarly works on such issues have long disagreed on what norms to follow in standardizing varieties. This paper, accordingly, is a gap-filler for this problematic issue. To this end, a set of paradigmatic realizations based on the Arabic morphemic root a-f-’-a-l (after the verb fe’ele, to do) have been sampled for analysis; eight paradigmatic realizations have been identified. The analysis finds that substandard variations in certain Arabic varieties has largely been triggered by the registers, jargons, and contexts where the various forms are used.

The problem of overtaking the water shares is one of the eternal problems, which in many of them has become an acquired right for the transgressors due to the age of this encroachment.
The overtaking at the top of the Hamrin Dam is one of the problems that are difficult to be solved, as it is located in a complex geographical area, as it is part of the undulating region of Iraq. In addition, the difficulty of moving in this region due to the large number of valleys, not to mention that its areas are within the Kurdistan region or within the disputed areas between the centeral government of Iraq and the Kurdistan region of Iraq , which have consumed large quantities of Diyala River exceed (38) cubic meters per second. Among these projects are Sheikh Langer project, Qara Balagh project, Qirtaba irrigation project, Alray Irrigation Project, Kashkool project, and the Blago project, AlMihna Abad project, Dakat project, Saadiya stream and other small projects. Noting that these projects take water directly from the river, as they are mostly unclassified and thus led to great damage to Diyala province, represented in the destruction of many of its orchards and the migration of farmers to its lands. In addition, the difficulty of providing drinking water for the population of the province, especially in the years of water scarcity.

The research aims to show the form of the relative distribution of the unemployed, educated age of the population of Taji district, with its clarification by type and educational level at the level of the smallest administrative unit of Taji district (district), based on the descriptive analytical approach using the quantitative method by analyzing the results of the field study by distributing questionnaire forms to a sample It included 1,524 unemployed people, as 880 educated unemployed persons with a certificate (preparatory - and above) appeared in the districts of Al-Taji district.
The research reached results, the most important of which are:
The high rate of educated unemployment within the age group (25-29) years compared to its rates for other age groups, 74.1% for this age group to have the highest rates, compared to the low rate of unemployment for educated people for the same category, so that the percentages of groups of groups amounting to 25.9%, the unemployment of educated people concentrated in the Taji Center district within the category The age group is (15-19) years, with a percentage of 100% for those who hold a middle school certificate only, while the unemployment rate of the preparatory students increased to be the highest percentage of unemployment for educated people within the older age groups, ie (40-44) years and (45 years - and over) at rates that reached over Consecutive (57.7, 75)% higher unemployment rates for those with a bachelor's degree in the county.
Within four age groups: (20-24) years, (25-29) years, (30-34) years and (35-39) years, with rates reaching (55.8, 66.7, 52.6, 47.4)%, respectively, high rates of educated unemployment Males, compared to the unemployment rates of educated females for all age groups, the highest unemployment rate for educated males was recorded within the age group (45 years and over) at 84.8%, compared to a very low rate for educated females for the same age group, which amounted to 15.2%, the female unemployment rate increases Of the middle school certificate holders compared to the unemployment rate of male middle school certificate holders, due to the lack of government jobs suitable for females and consistent with their educational level, the high unemployment rate of educated males for the large age groups compared to the low rate of educated females, reaching within the age group (35-39 years). For males, 13%, compared to a slightly lower rate for females of 12.5%, with a difference of no more than 0.5%, but the difference rises to 3.6% within the age group (40-44) years in favor of educated male unemployment, reaching 8.7% for males compared to 5.1% for females. The highest percentage of unemployed educated females in Taji district in the age group (25-29) years was for those holding a bachelor’s degree. According to Figure (5), it amounted to 74.5%. Unemployment was not recorded for those holding a doctorate degree (PhD - and above) at the level of the district. At the same time, the percentage of unemployment was recorded 4.1% of female unemployment with a master's degree, the highest rate was achieved

Traditionally, reception is the process of handling and redistribution of goods, businesses, commodities, and services from one party, point, or territory to another. This paper surveys a few receipts unearthed at various Mesopotamian ancient locations for the sake of investigation and analysis of Mesopotamian business activities and practices. To this end, the researcher chose three inscriptions of receipts depicted in tablets unearthed in Tel Abu Anteek, a late Chaldean era site in southwestern Iraq. The first inscription (IM= 160436) details the reception of fodder and barley. The second inscription (IM= 174588) details the reception of barley. The third inscription (160591) details an unknown reception of items by unknown persons. These historical recordings of item receptions indicate a highly advanced business in late Mesopotamian, namely Chaldean, economies where buyers, sellers, and distributers kept record of daily market activities.

This papers aims at identifying the effect of the Pentagram strategy in developing second-year intermediate graders’ mental habits in science education. To do so, 56 male intermediate graders were randomly chosen from the Numaniyah Intermediate School for Boys, and the subjects were later sub-grouped into traditionally-taught control group (n=28) and Pentagram strategy-taught test group (n=28). The two sub-groups were tested by multiple various, including age, IQ, previous science scores, general average in other subjects, parental qualification, and the pre-application of mental habits scale. The research tool is a pre-designed 40-item mental habits scale. The validity, reliability, and applicability of the scale items have been verified and reviewed by several education and psychology-majored experts. The stability of the scale items, measured by an Alpha Cronbach formula, achieved (0.82), which is a good coefficient. As the practical test period expired, the mental habits scale was applied to the two sub-groups. The data of the scale application were statistically computed, processed, and finalized. Study findings indicated statistically significant differences in mental habits scale in the Pentagram strategy-taught test sub-group. The paper recommends more advanced methods and technologies in teaching science.

Surface water in Iraq faces major challenges, including heavy metal pollution. Where the research dealt with the analysis of samples of the water of the Tigris River before and after the mixing point of the wastewater of the Wasit thermal power station with the water of the Tigris River, and nine samples were taken in the study area, five samples of which were of the water of the Tigris River at a distance of 250 meters for each sample, where one sample came before the mixing point and four samples after the point of mixing, and four samples of drinking water for the settlements adjacent to the station. Analyzes were made of the river water and the drinking water of the neighboring areas to find out the effect of the waste water on the river water, as well as the drinking water that comes from the Tigris River. Among the most important analyzed characteristics are (pH,TDS, Ec, Do,COD) and some heavy metals (Zn, cd, pb, Cr) , and the results were compared with local and international standards, as the results indicate that the concentrations of (TDS, Ec, Do, COD) is higher than the global and local standards after the mixing point,except for (pH) whose concentrations were higher than the global and local standards for a sample (2) at the mixing point only, but before the mixing point (pH, TDS, Do, COD) came within the permissible limits Except for (EC) , its concentrations were higher than the permissible limits for the winter and summer seasons.The results also indicate that the concentrations of heavy metals increase after the mixing point of the wastewater in the river, and this is a dangerous indicator, which was reflected in the drinking water due to the presence of high concentrations of some heavy metals

The structure of the Iraqi rural family has undergone multiple changes at different times, partly owing to socio-economic and cultural changes at the Arab, as well as the Muslim, level. This, in turn, has added to the hierarchy of the average Iraqi rural community in structural and functional characteristics different from its predecessors. Relevant sociological studies, accordingly, in recent years have shown wide interest in studying these rural communities in all respects having been neglected in the past few years at the expense of developing neighbouring urban communities. Recently, there have been many multi-variate changes in rural communities, including social, economic, and cultural areas.
The old rural lifestyle, however, came to disappear as most urban aspects moved into rural communities. This assimilation and shift in living conditions and community building led to a widescale transformation of ideas, styles, and conditions. The hierarchy and formation of the average Iraqi rural family as a unique form of practices, beliefs, and actions have began to decompose and merge into other forms. Therefore, new forms have surfaced in most rural families and communities, and this has been manifested in the different values and meanings reflected on in the newly emerging quasi-urban communities. Such communities have thus embraced the meanings of belonging and difference in the established rules and subcultures.

Abstract
This research aims to examine heavy metals contents and environmental risk in the Khabur river water in Zakho-Iraq. Ten different locations were selected on the Khabur River from the beginning of its entrance into the Kurdistan region until it overlapped with the Tigris River at the triple border point (Iraq, Surya, and Turkey). Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved salts, and turbidity were tested locally in the field. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), flame photometer, and titration methods were used to analyses twenty-five metals in water samples. It was found that some heavy metals are undetectable such as Boron, Cadmium, Beryllium, Nickel, antimony, and selenium. Chromium was found in only one location with a concentration of 0.002 mg/L. Aluminum was found at higher than the acceptable levels in two areas with concentrations (0.215 and 0.1893 mg/L). Also, in two other points, Iron was found to be higher than the permissible level (0.397 and 0.311 mg/L). According to Iraqi and World Health Organization standards, other heavy metals were less than the affected value. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated to evaluate water quality; the results shown water in one of the locations of the Khabur river was poor in quality, yet in other locations, it was good.

This study aims at finding out the correlation between pragmatic competence, language proficiency, and writing performance of Iraqi EFL university students. The sample was selected randomly which consists of a total of 40 students in the 3rd and 4th years students of the Departments of English/ College of Education for Human Sciences/ Wasit University. The three instruments of the study (pragmatic competence questionnaire, language proficiency questionnaire, and writing performance test) were implemented on the sample of the study during the academic year 2021-2022 to find out the correlation between these three variables. The data are manipulated statistically for offering a descriptive analysis of the findings of the study. The study reveals that students’ pragmatic competence correlates positively with their writing performance meanwhile their language proficiency correlates positively with their writing performance. Moreover, students’ language proficiency is found to have more contribution to their level of writing performance than their pragmatic competence. This study revealed that the level of writing performance increases with a higher level of language proficiency. Finally, the findings of this study pointed out that pragmatic competence, language proficiency, and writing performance were correlated significantly and positively.

The concept of refernce is an important topic in the pragmatic analysis that needs to be explained , reference is utilized to analyse the texts or sentence , since every referent is a reference used to pointing something like persons and entities. The meaning of entities will be obvious when the reader or listener understands/comprehends about who and what the referent is refered to . The present study aims at explaining types of reference that are found in the Iraqi Constitution (2005) ,their contribution in the text in which they are used and how the constitution drafters use these types of reference in the articles of the Iraqi Constitution (2005). To achieve the aims of this study, the Arabic version of the Iraqi Constitution(2005) has been chosen as data to be analysed, qualitative and quantitative methods have been used in analyzing the collected data according to the classification of Halliday and Hasan (1976) . It has been hypothesized that the ordinary readers of the Iraqi Constitution(2005) may face difficulty in comprehending /extracting the meaning of a lot of the articles of the Iraqi Constitution(2005) ,because there maybe ambiguity and misuses of the referring expressions like to whom that refrents refer or to which entity it belongs . The study has come up with the results that referring expressions are widely used in the Iraqi Constitution(2005) to convey certain aims. The use of such linguistic and pragmatic elements is proved to have an obvious impact on ordinary peoples‟ understanding of the legal d document correctly

This study examines the effect of couple stress and rotation on the peristaltic transport of a Powell-Eyring in an inclined, tapered, asymmetrical channel. Considerations include the Hall effect, the velocity slip condition, and joule heating. Drawing on the low Reynolds number approximations and long wavelength, the governing equations for the equations of continuity, motion, and energy are modeled and simplified. The perturbation technique is a way to find the solution to a system of equations. To realize the behavior of the problem's parameters, graphic results have been produced through a set of figures in the MATHEMATICA software.

This study investigates the English translations of colour euphemistic expressions in the Qur'an by 6 translators, 3 are Muslims and 3 are non-Muslims. More specifically, the problem, in this study, seems to arise basically from the translator’s unawareness of the metaphorical use of colours in the Qur’an. The selected translators have tended to mainly adopt the literal translation strategy, which leads to producing inadequate, if not poor TT versions. Moreover, various problems in the Qur’an translations have been extensively investigated by researchers, yet this topic has long been neglected as an area of study. The significance of this study lies in identifying that the literal translation strategy perplexes the target reader’s understanding of the original text. The current study aims to :(1) identify the extent to which the cited translators have retained the same ST intentions and pragmatic functions in the TT, and (2) propose the English functional-pragmatic equivalences to the ST expressions.
Data on the translation of ST were collected from the Quran and its six English translations. Out of 10, 7 examples, related to colour euphemistic expressions (CEEs), were selected for analysis as they are translated literally. Qualitative content analysis was used to examine the source data by consulting the widely used traditional exegetical and rhetorical books to determine the source text’s intentionality. Additionally, the translated data were analysed according to the pragmatic equivalence framework based on Baker’s (1992; 2011) pragmatic equivalence and cultural substitution strategy.
The present study concludes that the difficulty of accommodating the functional equivalence of the Qur’anic concepts in English can be overcome when the translators do their best in looking for the areas of common interest and experience in both the SC and TC.

Politeness" is a culturally defined pattern of language use that enables the speaker to formulate appropriate speech acts like an apology. The speech act of apology is a part of pragmatics study and belongs to expressive speech acts. However, it cannot be separated from sociolinguistics because social factors such as social context, gender, and the participants' relationship can all have an impact on how apologizers make their apologies. The selection of the appropriate formulas of apology strategies to pay off violations of social norms is considered a hard task since it is based on some cultural and social norms. Thus, the apology strategies used by Iraqi male/female postgraduate students at the University of Anbar need to be investigated, in addition to studying the effect of gender of the apologiser on using polite apology strategies. An oral Discourse Completion Task was used as a data collection instrument, supported by a semi-structured interview. The data has been analysed using the descriptive analysis method, based on Leech’s (2014) classification of apology. The findings revealed that "expressing regret" was the most frequently used apology strategy. Furthermore, both genders used different indirect strategies to support their apologies. Both genders used a new supporting move, which is "admitting responsibility for in-group member’s fault." In conclusion, the gender of the participants has a slight effect on the choice of polite apology strategies. Moreover, social status and age were the most effective social factors as compared to the others