Al-Qadisiyah Medical Journal

Background
Different genetic and environmental variables contribute to the complicated condition which is known as essential hypertension
(EH). The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a role in controlling blood pressure. In the RAAS, the angiotensinogen
(AGT) is a protein that binds to renin to create angiotensin I, the prohormone of angiotensin II (Ang II). The Ang II’s precursor and
AGT, are responsible for its biological effects. The AGT gene was first implicated as a susceptibility factor in EH in observational
cross-sectional descriptive single-center research. Several AGT variants have been recently discovered and investigated in singlecenter,
cross-sectional observational studies. The current research took place between July 2022 and July 2023 at Al-Diwaniyah
Teaching Hospital and the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in the College of Medicine at the University of Al-
Qadisiyah in Iraq. All the participants were 90 adults who were diagnosed with essential hypertension, spanning an age range
from 20 to 70. This study aims to determine the prevalence of polymorphisms in the angiotensinogen gene among Iraqi patients
who were diagnosed with essential hypertension.
The Materials and Methods
This study is a cross-sectional study that was carried out on 90 individuals with essential hypertension. Aldosterone, renin, and
angiotensinogen levels in the plasma were determined from blood samples given voluntarily by persons undergoing genetic
testing. Serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, glucose, and serum lipids were also measured in addition to blood pressure, BMI, and
weight.
The Outcomes of the Study
The results indicated in patients with essential hypertension, that the AGT gene A>G (rs699) and C>T(rs5051) had high
angiotensinogen levels.
The Conclusion
There was a significant association between these two (rs699, rs5051) and angiotensinogen levels (P< 0.05).
Suggestion
Additional research is required to confirm that genetic polymorphisms associated with angiotensinogen levels are significant
predictors of hypertension. If this is confirmed, it should be evaluated as a possible hypertension risk in clinical practice.

Background and Objective: Cytokines, which control the immune response and inflammation, are essential in the process of
depigmenting vitiligo. In this investigation, serum levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) and their ratio
were compared in healthy people and those with vitiligo in Iraq.
Materials and method: To conduct the study, samples from 60 patients were collected and samples from 60 healthy participants
(the control group) were pooled and measured using sandwich ELISA. Data on the patient’s gender, family history, disease state,
stress exposure, and smoking habits of males were collected as part of the study.
Results: When the vitiligo patients were compared to the controls, they revealed higher amounts of IFN- γ and lower levels
of interleukin 10. IFN-γ to IL-10 ratio substantially varied among the patients as well as the controls. Concerning the physical
differences, disease stability, and male smokers, there had been substantial distinctions between both the IFN- γ concentrations
and the IFN-γ to IL-10 ratio. IFN -γ : IL -10 ratio was substantially correlated with those who had a history of vitiligo in their family,
but, not at each molecule’s level.
Conclusion: It could be concluded that the patients with vitiligo had an elevated IFN- γ serum level. The levels of serum IL-10
were lower in patients with vitiligo than in healthy controls. A possible solution for potential immunologic indicators for vitiligo
was the ratio of serum levels of IFN-γ to IL-10.

Background Febrile seizures (FS) that are also known as febrile..fits or febrile_ convulsions that happen in children between the
ages_ of 6 months and 5 years) who* have a fever of more, than”38 degrees Celsius that is not related to an intracranial reason/
(e.g.,*an infection, head. injury, or epilepsy).
Objective- The purpose of the present study is to detect the Association of Inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10) serum levels with
the onset of childhood febrile seizure.
Methods- A case-control study was managed using 40 patients with febrile seizures and 40 controls whose ages ranged from 5
months to 5 years) to determine the association of serum IL-6, and IL-10 levels with FS. The samples were collected from Al-Zahra
Maternity and Pediatric Hospital and outpatient clinics for the period from
8 October 2022 to 5 February 2023 under the supervision of a specialist pediatrician.
Results- A case-control study of 40 patients with FS and 40 controls without FS revealed that the mean blood IL-6 and IL-10 levels
in the patients group were significantly higher than in the control group.

الخلفية: تشرح منظمة الصحة العالمية أن "السبب الأساسي للسمنة وزيادة الوزن هو اختلال التوازن في الطاقة بين السعرات الحرارية المستهلكة والسعرات الحرارية المنفقة" وتعرف زيادة الوزن والسمنة على أنها "تراكم غير طبيعي أو مفرط للدهون قد يضر بالصحة".

هدف الدراسة: تهدف الدراسة إلى تحديد العلاقة بين مرض السكري وبعض المؤشرات البيوكيميائية من أجل تقييم
الخصائص الأيضية للسكان البالغين المصابين بالسكري.

الطرق: تم فحص عينة ملائمة من 123 فردًا مصابًا بمرض السكري من النوع 2 من قبل استشاري داخلي ومركز متخصص للسكري والغدد الصماء (SCDE) في مستشفى الديوانية التعليمي كعناصر لهذه الدراسة المقطعية الرصدية. تم جمع عدد من الأسئلة أثناء المقابلات وتقييمها من قبل مجموعة متنوعة من الخبراء؛ تم تصميم الاستبيان من قبل الباحث. تم جمع المعلومات بين 10 سبتمبر و1 فبراير.
النتائج: من بين 123 مريضًا شاركوا في الدراسة، كان هناك تباين كبير بين مجموعات الدراسة وفقًا للإقامة والحالة الاجتماعية (ص = 0.002، ص = 0.008، على التوالي). كان معدل انتشار زيادة الوزن أو السمنة 85.4٪، وكان الوزن الطبيعي 14.6٪. تم اكتشاف علاقة مفيدة كبيرة. بين FBS وكل من HbA1C و LDL-C (r = 0.482، ص <0.001) (r = 0.182، ص = 0.044)، على التوالي.
الخلاصة: لاحظت هذه الدراسة أن الإناث البدينات اللاتي يعانين من مرض السكري أكثر عرضة من الذكور. كما كان هناك ارتباط إيجابي كبير بين مؤشر كتلة الجسم (BMI) والدهون الثلاثية (TG). كان لدى مرضى السكري في منتصف العمر تأثير أعلى من السمنة وزيادة الوزن من كبار السن.

Background: Infertility problem is relatively common in our community and list of causes behind it is long however, they can
be grouped into male factor, female factors, mixed factors and unexplained infertility. Recent experimental studies have shown
that gene polymorphisms in HOX-A 9 gene can be linked to endometrial thickness, oocyte development, embryo quality and
successful implantation.
Aim of the study: The aim of the current study was to assess the association of HoxA9 gene polymorphism, with implantation
Success for women under intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
Patients, materials and methods: The present study included a total of 150 infertile women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm
injection. In this study participants’ blood were obtained. Gene polymorphism study and DNA sequence analysis of HOXA-9 was
carried out.
Result: Regarding HOXA-9 gene, there was significant difference in 211-212 and 315T>C, Tins between positive and negative
pregnancy (p <0.05). However, there was no significant difference in 276-277Ains Tins, 430-431Tins, 815-816Tins, 396C>G,
676C>T, 699C>TCC, 865G>T, 287T>C, 510T>C between groups (p>0.05).

Background: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a chronic optic neuropathy that progresses slowly and is characterized by
distinctive patterns of optic nerve damage and loss of visual field. It is most common type, a complex and multifaceted disease
whose pathogenesis is impacted by both environmental and genetic factors.
Objective: The current study’s goal is to determine the relationship between IL10 gene polymorphism, and open angle glaucoma
disease susceptibility along with their proposed role in disease pathogenesis.
Methods: Two groups were the subjects of a case-control research: first group included 40 patients who had previously been
diagnosed with glaucoma, all cases that were observed in the General Hospital / Diwaniyah / Eye Department and AL Hayat
Hospital. From October 2023 to November 2023 under the supervision of an ophthalmologist, and information was collected
about each case. From the patient, in addition to the tests that were performed in the center’s departments, such as: (eye
pressure, age, diabetic, smoking and family history of glaucoma). The second group included 40 healthy volunteers (with no
family history of glaucoma). Blood samples were collected by venipuncture from these two groups (five milliliters of venous
blood) and were drawn using a disposable syringe under sterile technique. Blood samples is collected in two tubes.
About 2ml of blood has been collected in an EDTA free plain tube and allowed to clot,
then serum was separated by centrifugation 13000 for 5 minutes, serum stored in two parts. Serum has been collected in
Eppendorf tube, then stored at -20 to be used for IL-10 and TNF-α ELISA assay as in the study deign figure.
Another 3ml of blood has been collected in EDTA tube for total DNA extraction in order to study Genetic polymorphism for IL-10
SNP (rs1800896), and TNF-α SNP(G308A)
Results: The current investigation found that, when comparing the patient group to the control group, the mean serum IL-10
level was considerably lower., 4.64 ±3.43 versus 6.37 ±2.31, respectively (p = 0.010). Additionally, the current investigation found
differences in IL10 genotypes between the patient and control groups. Patients had a considerably higher frequency of the
genotype GG (42.5 % versus 5%, respectively) than the control group (p < 0.001). It is therefore a risk factor with a 14.04 odds
ratio. Among patients, Comparing the genotype GA to the control group, it was significantly less common (50.0 % versus 87.5%,
respectively; p < 0.001). It has an odds ratio of 0.14, making it a protective factor. The frequency of genotype AA in both groups
was 7.5%, with no discernible difference (p = 1.000).
Conclusion: This study clearly showed that the IL10 (rs1800896) polymorphism are significantly associated with the susceptibility
to primary open angle glaucoma in Iraqi patients.

This article is part of a series explainers on vaccine development and distribution. Throughout history, humans have successfully
developed vaccines for a number of life-threatening diseases, including meningitis, tetanus, measles and wild poliovirus…
Immunization is the process whereby a person is made resistant to a disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines
stimulate the body’s own .
Objective: Vaccines reduce risks of getting a disease by working with our body’s natural defenses to build protection. When you
get a vaccine, your immune system responds.
Methods: There are different delivery methods for immunizations, including oral, intranasal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular.
Post-vaccination, there can be complications such as anaphylaxis. Epinephrine autoinjection is crucial in these settings.
Results: the result of vaccine in immunity introducing something called an antigen into the body, which imitates an infection and
primes the immune system to respond . Vaccines protect against diseases
Conclusion: The introduction of new vaccines in the coming decades will impose additional and sometimes unexpected financial
burdens on public and private health care plans, providers, and consumers. These burdens are offset by the value of these new
vaccines, including financial savings that result from decreased medical expenditures, enhanced quality of life, reduced caregiving
burdens, and gains in productivity associated with the prevention of infectious disease.

Background Chronic kidney disease is the irreversible decline of renal function, resulting in metabolic disturbance, the weakening
of excretory, and endocrine roles. This leads to the emergence of the medical condition known as uremia. Individuals afflicted
by chronic kidney disease has a heightened susceptibility to both morbidity and mortality attributed to cardiovascular ailments.
The risk of cardiovascular mortality among patients undergoing dialysis is 10 to 30-fold when compared to the general populace.
Within patients on long-term dialysis, cardiovascular illness stands as the primary source of death
Objective: To investigate diverse cardiovascular alterations in persons with chronic kidney illness who are suffering hemodialysis,
by two- dimensional echocardiography.
Patients and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from the 12th of March to the 10th of June in the year 2023
at the Al-Zahraa Dialysis Center within Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital. The study included 64 patients on hemodialysis, detailed
history and examination were performed for every patient. The echocardiography examination was done for all involved patients
and information was examined by means of SPSS version 26.
Results: the mean age stayed 56.47 and mean of Body mass index was 27.21 on dialysis patients, The family history of chronic
kidney disease, diabetic mellitus, smoking history and history of hepatitis B and C were a risk factor, ECG show sign of hyperkalemia
Only 18.7% of dialysis - patients had normal echo finding.
Conclusion:Irregular echocardiographic observations were notably prevalent among patients undergoing dialysis, with
abnormality being left ventricular hypertrophy, succeeded by valvular disorders

Background:Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of sustained cardiac arrhythmia, impacting a substantial number of
people worldwide. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic condition that can negatively influence the cardiovascular system and is
often associated with an elevated risk of AF. However, the interplay between T2D and AF and the risk factors contributing to the
occurrence of AF in T2D patients are not completely understood, especially in the context of critically ill patients in the coronary
care unit (CCU).
Objectives:The purpose of the current study is to establish the relationship between patients with diabetes mellitus and the risk
factors that lead to atrial fibrillation. in CCU of Al-diwaniyah teaching hospital/ Iraq.
Methods: The current cross sectional study was carried out on any patients with type 2 diabetes and specific risk factors who
complaining of atrial fibrillation in CCU of Al Diwaniyah hospital, The data collection spanned a four-months period, from 8th
March to 1st July 2023.
Results : This study showed that all recruited participants had a mean age of 64.3 ± 12.6 years, with a range of 50 years. Regarding
bad habits, 36 (35.6%) subjects were smokers, 98% had an adverse history of alcohol intake, and 38 (37.6%) drank more than 3
cups of black tea daily; there was a significant difference in the frequency distribution ofpatients according to smoking between
males and females (p = 0.002) .
Conclusion:The current study concluded that there are specific risk factors that contribute to the development of atrial fibrillation
in patients with diabetes, who practice bad habits such as drinking alcoholic beverages, smoking, drinking tea and coffee
abnormally, Covid 19 infection, stress.

Background: A lot of complications could arise during and after tympanomastoid surgeries. The study of the frequency of these
complications is a crucial step to compare the risk and benefits of such surgeries and to compare the risk of surgery with that of
the disease itself; in addition it provides an idea about the precipitating factors of these complications.
Aim of the study: To review cases of middle ear and mastoid disease treated surgically with different types of
tympanomastoidectomies to find the frequency of complications of these surgical procedures and to assess intraoperative
findings to ascertain the preventable factors that precipitate these complications.
Patients and methods: a retrospective study spanning a period of 2 years(Jan.2015-Dec.2016) .The data were collected from the
records of 44 patients (50 ears) who underwent canal wall up and canal wall down tympanomastoidectomies in Ad-Diwaniyah
Teaching Hospital. The charts were evaluated for patient`s age, sex, type of surgery, intraoperative pathology, and complications
of surgery.
Results: Canal wall up mastoidectomy (CWUM) was performed for 36 ears (72%) while canal wall down procedure (CWDM) was
done for 14 ears (28%). Patient’s age was ranging between (9-67) yrs., the mean age was 31.43 yrs. Females were 29 (65.9%) and
males were15 (34. 1%).The most common intraoperative finding was granulation tissues in 29 (64%) ears followed by ossicular
erosion in 22 ears (44%), while cholesteatoma (CS) in 14 ears (28%).The most common type of surgical complications was the
persistence of discharging ear in 9 ears (18%). The second most frequent complication was the change of taste and surgical site
infection in 6 ears (12%) in each one. Perforated grafted TM was developed in 5 ears (10%), meanwhile the figures for facial nerve
paralysis, meatal stenosis, perichondritis, vertigo, sigmoid sinus bleeding, hearing deterioration were in 1 ear (2%) for each one.
Conclusion: The current study showed that the frequency of complications of tympanomastoid surgery is low and many of them
are temporary and can be treated without surgical interventions and most of these complications can be avoided if the patients
properly evaluated preoperatively.