The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) pollution and poisoning has been a worldwide health concern for decades, especially after the industrial revolutions. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of resveratrol in reversing the deleterious effects of HgCl2exposure to resume the normal functions of hepatocyte. To achieve the study, mature Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to five groups. Negative control group (C) kept without any treatment; vehicle-treated group (D) received dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); resveratrol-treated group (R), received 100 mg/kg of resveratrol; HgCl2-intoxicated group (HD), received i.p. injection of HgCl2at a dose of 1 mg/kg for 30 consecutive days along to oral gavage of DMSO; and finally HgCl2-intoxicated group treated with resveratrol (HR) as same treatment strategy of R-group. At the endpoint of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical liver function tests along with serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), body weight, as well as histopathological investigation was done too. Study results revealed a significant (P<0.05) elevation in serum AST, ALP, GGT, and MDA in HD group in comparison with HR group. However, resveratrol treatment has led to a significant (P<0.05) increase in serum levels of GSH in HR group in comparison with the HD group. Histopathological sections showed vacuolar degeneration in HD hepatocytes while resveratrol treatment protected the hepatocytes against the chemical injury. Altogether, It is concluded that resveratrol administration has the ability to increase the resistanceof liver against the HgCl2-induced hepatotoxicity via increase the antioxidant yields such as GSH resulted in reduction of hepatocellular texture damage.

Aplastic anemia, marked by deficiencies in hematopoietic stem cells, leads to peripheral blood pancytopenia and hypocellular bone ‎marrow. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of cyclosporine and azacitidine, administered either alone or in combination, in rats with benzene-induced aplastic ‎anemia, focusing on restoring normal blood cell levels and preventing disease complications. Thirty adult female Wistar rats ‎(Rattus ‎norvegicus)‎ were randomly divided into five groups: negative control (C-, untreated), positive control (C+, induced aplastic anemia with ‎distilled water), cyclosporine-treated (CsA, 5.86 mg/kg), azacitidine-treated (Aza, 5.75 mg/kg), and combination-treated (CsA+Aza, 3.68 ‎mg/kg each). Benzene (1940 mg/kg) was administered orally for fifteen days to induce aplastic anemia. Post a 30-day treatment period, ‎evaluations included differential WBC and reticulocyte counts, serum IL-2 levels, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Results ‎showed significant improvements in WBC% and reticulocyte% in all treated groups compared to the C+ group, with the combination-‎treated group showing the highest enhancement. IL-2 levels in the combination group were significantly reduced compared to other ‎treatment groups, aligning closely with the negative control. The ALP activity was significantly higher in both the cyclosporine and ‎azacitidine-treated groups compared to the positive control, with the combination group showing a marked increase over the azacitidine ‎group but no significant difference from the cyclosporine group and negative control.‎ In conclusion, the study demonstrates the potential therapeutic benefits of cyclosporine and azacitidine in treating benzene-induced ‎aplastic anemia in rats. The combination therapy, in particular, showed improved efficacy in all tested parameters, suggesting a potential ‎strategy for dose reduction and toxicity mitigation.

The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize a small intestine submucosa (SIS) hydrogel as ‎a bio-scaffold. In this study, SIS from five calves, aged 8-12 months and weighing 250-300 kg, was ‎obtained from a slaughterhouse immediately after slaughtering. The SIS was then decellularized, ‎powdered, and subsequently transformed into a hydrogel. This transformation was achieved by ‎dissolving the decellularized SIS powder in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at a concentration of ‎‎50% w/v, and allowing it to form a hydrogel over a 12-hour period at 37 °C. Characterization of the ‎SIS hydrogel was conducted using various techniques. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ‎‎(FTIR) was employed to identify the chemical structure of the hydrogel, revealing three primary peaks ‎at 1639 cm-1, 1571 cm-1, and 1338 cm-1, corresponding to amide I, II, and III bands, respectively. ‎Additionally, a broad signal at 3440 cm-1 was observed, indicative of the hydroxyproline side chain. ‎The hydrogel\\'s swelling capacity was evaluated, showing an expansion of 437% after a 12-hour ‎immersion in PBS at a pH of 7.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the lyophilized ‎hydrogel revealed a highly porous and interconnected architecture, resembling a honeycomb ‎structure. Moreover, the hydrogel\\'s antibacterial efficacy was assessed against Staphylococcus ‎aureus using an agar diffusion test, which demonstrated a zone of inhibition measuring 16.11 mm. ‎The combined chemical, morphological, and antibacterial properties of the SIS hydrogel developed ‎in this study suggest its potential as a promising bio-scaffold for inducing tissue regeneration and ‎restoring tissue function‎.

This study aimed to assess the hepatoprotective efficacy of quercetin against ‎hepatotoxicity ‎induced by cyclophosphamide in a rat model. A total of 28 male ‎Wister albino rats (Rattus ‎norvegicus), with body ‎weights ranging from 195.5 to ‎‎198.2 g and approximately three months ‎of age, were randomized into four different ‎groups: the untreated Control group ‎received no interventions; the CYP group was treated with an intraperitoneal ‎injection of ‎cyclophosphamide at a dose of 200 mg/BW; the Qt group received an ‎‎oral administration of quercetin at 100 mg/kg BW daily for ten days; and the combined (Qt+CYP) group received quercetin orally for ten days, followed by a ‎cyclophosphamide ‎injection on the tenth day. Various biochemical markers, ‎including alanine aminotransferase ‎‎(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and liver glutathione ‎‎(GSH), and malondialdehyde ‎‎(MDA), were analyzed, in addition to body weight and ‎prothrombin time. The ‎Untreated Control group exhibited baseline levels for all assessed ‎markers. In ‎contrast, the CYP group showed elevated levels of ALT, AST, ‎‎ALP, and MDA, coupled with a decrease in GSH. Notably, the Qt+CYP ‎group ‎demonstrated a statistically significant reduction (P‎‎<0.05) in ALT, AST, ALP, ‎and MDA levels, ‎as well as an increase in GSH and prothrombin time, when ‎compared to the CYP group. No significant differences in body ‎weight were observed across all groups ‎‎(P‎‎<0.05). The results of the study indicate that quercetin has the potential to be used as a ‎‎hepatoprotective agent, protecting liver tissues from the cytotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide.

This study aimed to investigate the in vivo antidiarrheal efficacy of methanolic extract ‎of Portulaca ‎oleracea against diarrhea induced by Escherichia coli in male rats. The initial ‎phase involved the ‎extraction of P. oleracea‎ using 99.8% absolute methanol through ‎a Soxhlet extraction apparatus. ‎Phytochemical analyses of the extract unveiled the presence ‎of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, ‎carbohydrates, tannins, and proteins. In the experimental ‎phase, 20 Wistar albino male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into four ‎groups: the Negative Control ‎‎(uninfected and untreated); the Positive Control (infected but untreated); ‎POE group consisted of rats infected with E. coli‎‎ (1×109 CFU/mL) and subsequently treated ‎with 200 mg/kg BW of P. oleracea‎ methanolic extract orally ‎twice daily for seven ‎days; and CIP group included rats infected and treated with 7.14 mg/kg BW ‎of ‎ciprofloxacin orally twice daily for seven days. Outcome measures encompassed clinical ‎signs, ‎frequency of watery stools, rectal bacterial count, and changes in BW. ‎Remarkably, both POE and CIP groups demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the ‎frequency of watery stools ‎‎(P&lt;0.05) and a significant increase in BW (P&lt;0.05) ‎compared to Positive Control group. Notably, there was ‎no significant difference in these parameters ‎between POE and CIP groups, suggesting that P. oleracea‎ ‎methanolic extract performs ‎comparably to ciprofloxacin in treating E. coli‎‎-induced diarrhea. The ‎findings illuminate ‎the potential of herbal medications such as P. oleracea‎ as effective alternatives to ‎antibiotics, ‎thereby mitigating the overuse of antibiotics and the associated risk of bacterial resistance.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and fumonisin B1 (FB1), the most commonly ‎encountered mycotoxins, constitute serious human ‎and animal health threats as a result of their ‎toxigenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic influences‎. The study aimed to investigate the occurrence ‎of these mycotoxins in poultry feeds and determine the ‎percentage of the samples that exceeded the legal limits approved by the European ‎Commission ‎‎(EC). Sixty poultry feed samples were collected from poultry feed plants and poultry farms in Nineveh ‎Province and analyzed for ‎detection mycotoxins‏ ‏using competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent ‎Assay (ELISA). Results reported co-occurrence of AFB1 and FB1 in ‎all samples examined (100%), while AFB1, ‎OTA, and FB1 co-occurred in 53 samples (88.33%) at values ranging between 3.15–43.96, 0–‎‎168.24, ‎and 220.6–6935.12 ppb, respectively. Also, results showed that FB1 existed at a mean value (2164.01 ‎ppb) significantly higher ‎‎(P<0.05) than those reported for AFB1 and OTA (16.48 and 32.09 ppb, ‎respectively). Results revealed that 38.33% and 10% of feed samples ‎exceeded the maximum ‎permissible limits for AFB1 and OTA established by EC, whereas all feed samples were within the ‎EC limit for FB1. As ‎a result, strict procedures should be implemented to achieve legal limits concerning AFB1 and ‎OTA in poultry feeds to preserve public health.

Coxofemoral luxation is a common orthopedic lesion in dogs. This study aimed to evaluate ‎the effectiveness of a modified toggle splint with nylon suture as a prosthetic teres ligament ‎for reducing and fixing coxofemoral luxation in dogs. Five adult mongrel dogs weighing ‎‎15±2 kg were used in this experimental study. The toggle splint was fabricated from a ‎Steinmann pin (1cm length, 2mm diameter) by drilling 0.5 mm hole in the center. ‎Stabilization of coxofemoral joint was performed by a modified Toggle splint technique. A ‎tunnel, from the major trochanter through the fovea capitis to the acetabulum, was ‎performed in which the toggle splint was passed through, and nylon suture was used for ‎fixation. Dogs were scored for lameness severity at 0-, 14-and 42-day post-operation using a ‎numerical rating scale (NRS) with 5 levels, and reductions were assessed radiographically ‎at three-time points the day of operation, day 28th, and day 42nd. The results showed that the ‎treatment splint was effective in achieving good reduction and fixation in four out of five ‎‎(80%) dogs at all time points. Reluxation was observed only in one dog (20%) up to week 6 ‎post-operation. The mean lameness score on day 14 (2.0±0.87) and 42 (0.60±0.60) were ‎significantly lower (P<0.001) compared to day 0. These results indicate that the modified ‎toggle splint with nylon suture is a promising treatment option for canine coxofemoral ‎luxation.

This work aimed to use conventional PCR to identify Salmonella‎ spp. that ‎were isolated from diarrheal children and healthy and diarrheic dogs based on four ‎virulence genes, hilA, stn, spvR‎, and marT. Sixteen Salmonella‎ isolates including: 9 ‎isolated from children\'s diarrhea from three species (S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. ‎Typhi) and seven isolated from dogs including (S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. ‎Muenchen), were identified primarily by several methods. The PCR products of the 16S ‎rRNA gene were sequenced and examined using BLAST analysis to find differences and ‎similarities between these Iraqi isolates and already-known global strains in order to ‎construct the phylogenetic tree of S. Muenchen which was detected for the first time in ‎dogs in Iraq. The results of the study revealed that all isolates of Salmonella‎ obtained ‎from children possess the hilA and stn genes. The marT gene was detected in 88% of the ‎Salmonella‎ serovars, and the spvR‎ gene was carried in 55% of the isolates. Among dog ‎Salmonella‎ isolates, the hilA gene was detected at 100%, the stn gene was at 85.7%, the ‎marT gene was present at 71.4%, while the spvR‎ gene was found at 57.1%. The result of ‎DNA sequencing and phylogenetic tree indicated that the local Iraqi S. Muenchen was ‎extremely close to the national strain and share the same ‎16S rRNA gene sequence, the ‎isolate was registered at NCBI and became a global reference with the accession number OQ999043.1. In conclusion, the presence of these important virulence genes among ‎Salmonella‎ serovars isolated from children and dogs alerted on the potential risk of ‎contamination of the environment and may lead to a community health crisis‎.

The multipotent characteristic of rabbit adipose-derived stem cells makes them available and ‎convenient sources for isolating mesenchymal stem cells. The aim of this study was to assess ‎the differentiation in rabbit adipose-derived stem cells pre-committed to produce several ‎mesenchymal lineages in response to inductive extracellular cues to multipotent stromal cells. ‎Three grams of adipose tissue was taken from a subcutaneous region of the nape of the neck ‎and was carefully isolated to obtain mesenchymal stem cells for expanded by fourth passage. In ‎the 4th passage, active growth of mesenchymal stem cells was observed. Furthermore, the ‎research demonstrated the inherent ability of rabbit MSCs to induce differentiation in ‎osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. These mesenchymal stem cells were successfully isolated ‎from adipose tissue which differentiated into either osteocytes or adipocyte-like cells after 21 ‎and 14 days of culturing in specific osteogenic and adipogenic media, respectively. The ‎remarkable differentiation potential of rabbit mesenchymal stem cells is indicated by ‎mineralized deposition to the osteocytes and lipid droplets accumulated in the cytoplasm lipid ‎vacuoles in the adipocytes‎.

Cypermethrin (CYP), a synthetic pyrethroid, is recognized for its insecticidal properties but ‎poses potential risks of hepatotoxicity. In traditional medicine, Ficus (F.) carica (common ‎fig) leaves have historically been used for various therapeutic applications. This study ‎aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of the methanolic extract of F. carica‎‎ leaves ‎against CYP-induced liver damage in adult male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). The ‎animals (n=30), 8-12 weeks old ‎and weighing 200-250 g‎, were randomly divided into five ‎experimental groups (n=6) and treated as follows: the negative control group received ‎distilled water; the CYP-Only group was exposed to 4.74 mg/kg BW for 45 days; the ‎CYP+post-treatment group received the same CYP dosage followed by F. carica‎‎ methanolic ‎leaf extract at 500 mg/kg BW orally for two weeks; the pre-treatment+CYP group received ‎ ‎F. carica‎‎ methanolic leaf extract at 500 mg/kg BW orally for two weeks followed by CYP ‎exposure for 45 days; and the F. carica‎‎ extract-Only group was administered the methanolic ‎leaf extract at 500 mg/kg BW orally for two weeks. At the end of the experiment, serum and ‎liver samples were analyzed for biochemical and histopathological changes. CYP-Only ‎exposed group showed significantly increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and ‎alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and caspase-3 levels (P<0.05). Histopathological examination ‎in group exposed CYP only revealed liver damages as evidenced by central vein congestion, ‎scattered perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration, prominence of ‎Kupffer cells, nuclear ‎pyknosis, and severe hepatocytic necrosis. Treatment with F. carica‎‎ leaf extract, either ‎before or after CYP exposure, as well as solely with F. carica‎‎ leaf ‎‎extract, ameliorated both ‎the biochemical and histological indices of liver ‎damage. The findings suggest that the ‎methanolic extract of F. carica‎‎ leaves provides promising hepatoprotective effects against ‎CYP-induced liver damage in albino rats, likely via its antioxidative properties‎‎.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a synthetic fluor-surfactant chemical used widely in ‎products that resist oil, heat, grease, stains, and water. It is also used in producing other ‎fluoropolymers. The main sources of exposure to PFOA are water, soil, and animal-‎origin food (meat, fish, and dairy products). The aim of this study to evaluate the renal ‎function following oral gavage of sub-lethal dose of PFOA in diabetic and non-diabetic ‎guinea pigs. The experiment run for 4 weeks, total of 40 male guinea pigs, ‎‎(Cavia porcellus), were randomly selected and grouped into four equal groups. The first ‎group (G1) served as the negative control; 2nd group (G2) alloxan induced diabetic, 3rd ‎group (G3) non-diabetic was exposed to PFOA at 100 mg/kg BW orally/daily and 4th ‎Group (G4) was diabetic guinea pig exposed to PFOA at 100 mg/kg BW orally/daily. ‎Serum creatinine and histopathological alterations in the kidney tissue were evaluated. ‎Serum creatinine concentrations were significantly increased (P<0.05) in G3 and G4 ‎exposed to PFOA. High serum creatinine levels were suggesting impairment in kidney ‎function. Impaired kidney function was confirmed through histopathological changes ‎such as glomerular atrophy, severe necrosis, and degeneration of renal tubular epithelium ‎in guinea pigs that received PFOA in G3 and G4. In conclusion, the results confirmed ‎that PFOA was associated with renal damage and elevated creatinine concentrations in ‎diabetic and non-diabetic animals since PFOA itself can contribute to diabetes‎‎‎.

Mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a threat to food safety and human health because it is present in animal feed and is metabolized into aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a more toxic form, during lactation. The aim of this study was to quantify AFM1 concentrations in raw milk of buffalos, cows, sheep, and goats sampled randomly from four regions within Baghdad ‎Province, Iraq, and to compare these levels with the maximum allowable levels set forth by the ‎European Commission (EC), the Iraqi Standard Specification (IQS), and the food and Drug Administration (FDA). The carry-over of AFB1 from feed to AFM1 in milk were also calculated for each of the ‎studied species. A total of 200 random samples, including 50 each from cows, buffaloes, ‎sheep, and goats, were collected from farms located in Zu\'afraniya, Nahrawan, Abu Ghraib, and ‎Fedhalia regions. AFM1 and AFB1 concentrations were determined using the ‎enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Raw milk samples from cows, sheep, buffaloes, and goats were all found to have AFM1 concentrations that were below the limits set by the EC, IQS, and FDA. Animal feed samples, on the other hand, had AFB1 concentrations of 10.08, 5.95, 4.27, and 7.10 ppb for ‎buffaloes, cows, sheep, and goats, respectively. The observed carry-over rates ranged from 0.36% ‎in goats to 0.78% in buffaloes to 0.66% in cows. Multiple factors, including animal species, ‎are considered, and it is determined that a universal carry-over equation cannot be applied to all cases. ‎Therefore, it is essential to regularly monitor AFM1 levels in milk from various animal species in order to ‎lessen potential health risks. Furthermore, the study suggests enhancing agricultural and veterinary ‎practices to better regulate feed quality for dairy animals‎‎‎‎.

Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important zoonosis diseases distributed ‎worldwide causes severe diarrhea in animals and is lethal in quails. This study detected ‎Cryptosporidium‎‎ spp. in quails in Baghdad province Iraq by flotation and staining methods ‎and compared these results with PCR results from the previous study. This research was ‎carried out from January 2022 to September 2022. Out of 180 quails (Coturnix coturnix) in ‎total were investigated. The overall infection rate of Cryptosporidium‎‎ spp. in quails was ‎‎23.9% (43/180). Young quail had a greater infection rate of 44.2% (19/43) while adult ‎quails had a lower infection rate of 17.2% (24/137). Finding from the research revealed that there were ‎no significant differences between males and females and highly significant differences ‎among the months of study with the highest infection rate being 45% (9/20) in April, and ‎the lowest infection rate being 10% in June and July. This disease was presented in birds ‎and birds act as a mechanical carrier of Cryptosporidium‎‎ spp. between a conventional acid-‎fast staining procedure and PCR test, PCR can not only detect Cryptosporidium‎‎ but is also ‎able to differentiate between what appear to be host-adapted genotypes of the parasite with ‎high sensitivity and specificity‎‎‎.

Muco-adhesive gel formulations are advantageous in extending the stay at the nasal ‎absorption place, promoting drug absorption. Frovatriptan succinate (FVT) exhibits a 35% ‎oral bioavailability and undergoes hepatic metabolism, making it a viable candidate for ‎nasal delivery. This study aimed to assess novel FVT intranasal formulation for brain ‎targeting in rat animal models. A total of 78 female rats (Rattus norvegicus domestica, ‎Wister albino rats) were randomly divided into three groups: group A (considered a ‎negative control), group B (includes 36 rats given FVT IV solution), and group C (includes ‎‎36 rats given FVT binary ethosome in situ gel intranasally). Drug levels in plasma and brain ‎tissue were measured using HPLC methods. In all periods, for both brain tissue ‎concentrations of FVT and the brain-to-plasma ratio of FVT, it was significantly higher in ‎Group C compared to Group B. Nasal administration of FVT showed higher brain Tmax, ‎Cmac, and AUC compared to IV administration, with 239.83% higher accumulation of FVT ‎when nasal formulation used compared to IV administration. In conclusion, in situ gel has ‎demonstrated its efficacy in facilitating the delivery of frovatriptan succinate via the nasal ‎route. The convenience of the administration process, combined with reduced frequency of ‎administration, contributes to improved patient adherence‎‎‎.

Over one third of the world’s crops– including fruits, vegetables, nuts, spices, and oilseed–‎require insect pollination, and human reliance on ‎pollination services by honey bees (Apis ‎mellifera) to promote these crops continues to rise due to increasing demands from growing ‎human ‎populations. Identifying the effects of urbanization on genetic diversity on this ‎pollinating insect is important in the field of bioscience. This study aimed to investigate genetic diversity of A. mellifera in Kwara State, Nigeria, using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker. ‎Thirty honey bees ‎were simultaneously collected from both rural and urban regions in ‎Kwara state, Nigeria. Samples were morphologically identified using ‎standard methods, ‎genomic DNA isolated and amplified using five RAPD primers. Data collected were ‎analysed using PyElph, ‎ARLEQUIN, and GeneAlEx version 6.501 software. The results ‎showed that the DNA fragment sizes produced per primer varied from 200 to ‎‎3000 bp. Percentages of polymorphic loci amplified by each primer varied from 17.33 to 33.33%. ‎Analysis of unbiased Nei genetic ‎distance values showed that Agbede (rural) and Adewole ‎‎(urban) showed the highest value of unbiased genetic distance (0.073), while ‎Amoyo ‎‎(rural) to Idofian (urban) exhibited the lowest value (0.027). Dendrogram analysis revealed ‎genetically close relationships among the sampled ‎A. mellifera‎ populations. The low level of genetic ‎polymorphisms observed among the honey bee populations in the two ‎regions ‎indicated that there is genetic relatedness among them. This study concluded that RAPD ‎marker is a useful method for ‎understanding population genetic structure of the African honey ‎bees. These results can be used as baseline information for future genetic ‎diversity ‎assessment of honey bees in Nigeria with larger samples. It is therefore recommended that ‎there is a need to safeguard the genetic ‎diversity of A. mellifera‎ to prevent extinction or ‎gradual loss of diversity‎‎‎.

Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol, APAP), widely used for pain relief across specie, poses significant toxicity risks.This study aimed to assess the acute toxicity profile of APAP by determining the median toxic dose (TD50) in a murine model. Sixty male Balb/c mice, aged 8 weeks and weighing20-30 g, were randomizedinto six equal groups. Five groups received single oral doses of APAP (150, 200, 300, 500, and 700 mg/kg BW), while the control group received distilled water. The TD50was computed utilizing the probit method. Animals were monitored for 24 h for any sign indicative of clinical toxicity. Post-exposure, liver and kidney necropsies were conducted for histopathological analysis.Predominant symptoms of toxicity included prostration, hematuria,heightened agitation, lacrimation, cyanosis, and recumbencyacross doses from 150 to 700 mg/kg BW.The TD50for APAP was estimated to be 732 mg/kg BW. The liver histopathological examination of mice treated with 700 mg/kg BW APAP revealed severe multifocal hyper eosinophilic hepatocytes, indicating areas of centrilobular necrosis, disorganized hepatic cords, and multiple hemorrhage regions. The kidney examination exhibited no pathological changes in treated mice with 700 mg/kg BWAPAP. In conclusion this investigation provides critical insights into the acute toxicity profile of APAP. The findings not only highlight the potential risk associated with APAP usage but also the necessity of strict monitoring for stringent dosage control. Further research is also needed to understand the underlying mechanism of APAP-induced toxicity and pave the way for the development of efficacious therapeutic strategies to counter APAP overdose.