Baghdad Journal of Biochemistry and Applied Biological Sciences

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the leading causes of mortality and reduced life expectancy both worldwide and in Bangladesh. This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of Type 2 DM (T2DM) among Bangladeshi adult, and evaluated the status of antioxidant defense biomarkers and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) against an apparently healthy non-diabetic control group.A total of 158 participants, aged 20-50 years, were enrolled of whom 100 were T2DM patients and 58 were non-diabetic controls. Certain antioxidant biomarkers and the

ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were assayed by the standard procedures. In this study, the age at the first diagnosis of T2DM was 20-30 years in 24% of the patients. The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and family history of diabetes were significantly higher in patients. The antioxidants - reduced glutathione, ascorbic acid and total thiol were significantly lower in patients (7.36±2.89 µM, 0.49±0.21 mg/dL, and 323.7±132.7 µM, respectively) than controls (10.233.13 µM, 0.66±0.20 mg/dL and 472.7±61.5 µM, respectively). The FRAP, a measure of TAC, was found to be significantly lower in patients. The activities of paraoxonase-1 (410.9±47.08 U/L) and superoxide dismutase (3.12±2.40 U/mL) were significantly lower while glutathione peroxidase (97.93±27.38 U/mL) and catalase (65.97±33.39 U/mL) were significantly higher than in controls. A significant negative correlation was found between FPG and FRAP in patients. A high prevalence of T2DM was found among young people. The overall findings suggested lower antioxidants enabled high levels of oxidative stress leading to the development of T2DM in young people.

With increase cases of Coronavirus disease in Brazil and the virus propagation around the world, several health sectors were negatively affected, including hemotherapy services and generating a decrease in blood donation. In this study, we gathered information about total blood donations and usage during COVID-19 pandemic in the state of Ceará, located in the northeast side of Brazil. More specifically data from donations between April 2020 and September 2021 and compared with data gathered from donations of pre-pandemic period. During the period, the state of Ceará received 181.362 candidates for blood donation. Of these, 80.16% were eligible for donation and 19.84% unfit. The number of candidates decreased by 16.72% in 2020 and 5.10% in 2021 in comparison to the same periods in 2018. The main causes of inability for candidates during the pandemic period were low hematocrit/hemoglobin, occasional sexual intercourse in the last 12 months and suspicion or confirmation of COVID in the last 10 days. However, the increasing number of critically ill hospitalized COVID patients increased the blood supply, as transfusions increased by 1.03% in 2020 and 7.96% in 2021, showing a higher demand in RBC, platelets, FFP and CRYO. The pandemic had a significant impact on national blood stocks, causing a change in donation behavior and causing a concern to maintain an adequate blood supply during this crisis. Despite the situation, the stock of blood components in HEMOCE met the Ceará blood demand in the hospitals.

The preparation of the sample is the most important stage in bioanalysis. Proteins, salts, and other organic compounds with chemical characteristics similar to the target analytes are commonly found in biological samples. As a result, sample preparation is an essential step that improves matrix suitability for analysis in multiple ways, including by separating the analytes and clearing the matrix of obstructive elements. Innovative sample preparation techniques have been more and more popular over the last 10 years due to their advantages over conventional techniques in terms of accuracy, automation, simplicity of sample preparation, storage, and delivery. This article’s goal is to raise awareness of the most recent advancements in the processing of bioanalytical samples. Different extraction stages are provided by modern techniques, such as sorbent-based microextraction, and the advantages of bioanalytical approaches have been highlighted.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a significant pathogen causing various infections, and antibiotic-resistant strains of K.pneumoniae are becoming more prevalent. Molecular studies reveal the genetic mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance, such as resistance genes on plasmids that can easily spread between bacteria. Knowledge of the molecular characteristics of antibiotic-resistant strains is crucial to develop effective strategies against their spread. The bacteria can easy colonizes the human gut and can also cause a range of infections, including pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bloodstream infections.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of K.pneumoniae has become a major public health concern, as these strains are associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates, longer hospital stays, and higher healthcare costs. Antibiotic resistance in K.pneumoniae involves several mechanisms, including beta-lactamase production, changes in outer membrane porins, and the uptake of resistance genes via horizontal gene transfer.

The genetics and genomics of K.pneumoniae are also of significant interest, as they provide insights into the diversity of strains and their pathogenic potential. Genome sequencing has revealed the existence of distinct lineages of K. pneumoniae, each with unique virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance profiles.

To summarize, K.pneumoniae is a critical pathogen that poses a substantial global public health threat. The rising prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains underscores the pressing need for innovative approaches to prevent and treat K.pneumoniae infections. Comprehensive knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of virulence, pathogenicity, and antibiotic resistance, as well as the genetic diversity of K. pneumoniae, will be essential in developing effective strategies to combat this pathogen.

Secondary metabolites in ginger include 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 10-gingerol, gingerdiones, gingerdiols, paradols, 6-dehydrogingerols, 5-acetoxy-6- gingerol, 3,5-diacetoxy-6-gingerdiol, and 12-gingerol, all of which account for ginger's well-known pharmacological actions. Six-shogaol and six-gingerol are two of the most important active ingredients. There is experimental evidence to back ginger's medicinal properties, such as its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In contrast, ginger's purported neuroprotective advantage is a niche bioactivity with limited study. Increasing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein misfolding are common neuropathological characteristics of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), which have become more common as life expectancy has increased. Ginger may be a potential for treating NDs because its phytochemicals target distinct ligand sites, as shown by their structure-activity relationships. Bioactive substances found there may help relieve neurological problems and pathological disorders by affecting markers which express apoptosis or sustenance. The cognitive-enhancing properties of ginger may be explained by its effects on the monoamine and cholinergic systems in various brain areas. In addition, ginger reduces the generation of inflammatory associated components. The current review intends to describe the impacts of ginger in the management of significant neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis.