kufa Journal for Nursing sciences

Objectives: The study aims to identify youths' knowledge about risk factors that contribute in violence and statistical differences between demographic data of youths regarding to their knowledge and sources of such knowledge.
Methodology: A questionnaire was constructed for purposes of the study through review of literature. It was consisted of 3 parts. First part included demographic data of sample. Second part included items of risk factors that contribute in violence and some of them related to preventive information. Third part concerned to sources of information. The study was conducted on student and youths in intermediate school of Ibn Khaldon, secondary school of Bashar Ibn Burd, medical technical institute of al- Mansour, and college of Nursing / Baghdad. Data was collected through the personal interview with the researcher in 3/7/2011 to 18/3/2012. A descriptive and inferential statistical approach was used to the data analysis (frequencies, percentages, mean of score and chi-square).
Results: The results of the study revealed that the majority of youths have lack of knowledge about risk factors that contribute in violence with different levels, as well as high percentage of them was reported as high knowledge to preventive information of risk factors that contribute in violence (83.8%), majority of them between youths who boys, age group (20-25) years, and the most who was students. In addition, there was non-significant association between youth's knowledge and demographic data, especially related to gender and age. Also, the higher percentage of source of information was reported by using of different mass media sources (37.65%).
Conclusion: The study concluded that the majority of youths have lack of knowledge about risk factors that contribute in violence for many of items. Also, high percentage was reported about its preventive information, and using of different mass media as a source was indicated high percentage for such knowledge.
Recommendations: Based on these results, the present study recommended on the planning of awareness programs to the students and youths. In addition, workshops should be designed to increase their knowledge for violence prevention, and decrease risk factors that contribute in violence for health promotion in all of levels upon youth's ages.

Background: clinical application of breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) lexicon for breast ultrasound useful to characterization of breast lesion and to inform the level of likelihood of malignancy.
Objectives: to correlate between the ultrasound findings and pathological results of BIRADS 4 and 5 lesions on the basis of the imaging-pathologic concordance or discordance.
Methodology: This prospective study enrolled 185 patients classified as BI-RADS-4 and BI-RADS-5, who were referred for breast ultrasound examination at breast clinic in oncology hospital-medical city complex-Baghdad that obtained between January 2013-August 2013 who had palpable breast lump on clinical examination or mass detected by mammography. Ultrasound findings were reviewed by board-certified radiologist and description of ultrasound finding bases on fourth edition BI-RADS lexicon; BI-RADS 4 and 5 was selected for breast lesions that were features suggesting malignancy, category 5 having more likelihood of malignancy than category 4. In both cases, ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) were performed then pathological diagnoses were obtained. Finally, five possible results illustrated for ultrasound-pathology correlation according the concordance and discordance between ultrasound findings and pathological results and malignancy rates were estimated.
Results: Over a period of 8 months, 185 patients with BI-RADS 4 and 5 breast lesions were included in this study; the age at presentation ranged between 20 to 73 years. The mean age was 39 years. High resolution ultrasound with Doppler facility applied on all patient and results are categorized according breast imaging and reporting data system and category 4 and 5 were ended by fine needle aspiration cytology with ultrasound guidance and subsequently the histopathology was done. FNAC results revealed 68.35% (n=108) of BI-RADS 4 patients had benign pathologies, 18.99% (n=30) had malignancy and just 12.66% (n=20) showing borderline or high risk lesions. The majority (85.18%) of women with BI-RADS 5 displayed malignant lesion and benign lesions were 2% and rest were borderline. following imaging-pathology correlation, the concordant malignancy in BI-RADS 4 was 18.9% versus 85.18% in BI-RADS 5 and discordant benign in BI-RADS 4 noted in 68.3% of patients while only in 7.4% in BI-RADS 5 and borderline high-risk lesion identified in 12.6% in BI-RADS 4 and 7.4% in BI-RADS 5.
Conclusion: the current study shows high agreement with the likelihood of malignancy after application of BI- RADS terminology in category 4 and 5. Careful imaging-pathologic correlation is integral part of multidisciplinary team and very important in establishing the concordance.
Recommendation: the previous knowledge about fourth edition of ACR BI-RADS lexicon and practicing it in daily work recommended for radiologist who working in dedicated breast care centers to avoid delays in diagnosis of breast malignancy

Background: The internship period is considered the mechanism that facilitates easy transition into the role of beginning-level staff nurse in an acute-care setting. During this transitional period, it is not only the learning and refinement of technical skills that interns must master, but also includes maturation into the role of being a professionally licensed individual and the inherent responsibilities that accompany licensure (Duchsher, 2001). According to Beecroft, Kunzman, and Krozek (2001). It is through the transition process that the interns acquire the value, attitudes, and goals fundamental to the nursing profession and a sense of occupational identity.
Objectives: To assess the perception of new nursing graduates regarding the preceptor's influence in enhancing their clinical performance, competence and facilitate graduates' transition.
Methodology: A descriptive quantitative design, Sample: 73 nurses' interns selected from different hospitals. Purposive sampling method was used.
Results: The findings of this study revealed that, the graduates' perceived that, the preceptors do play a vital role in facilitating the graduates' transition in the clinical settings. They also agreed that, the preceptors have a great influence among the graduates' in terms of enhancing their clinical performance, confidence, responsibility, accountability and foster in them positive skills to be competent nurses in their field of practice. The findings also suggested that, assigning one preceptor yielded better outcomes than assigning multiple preceptors. In fact, high level of satisfaction was obtained from the graduates with one preceptor more than the other group who were assigned multiple ones.
Conclusion: The internship period is considered a critical period for the new graduates. Having well planned program to support the graduates as well as assigning one preceptor to them facilitates their transition and enhances their clinical performance. The results illustrated that, the preceptors play a significant role to instill confidence related to skill development and nursing decision making. In addition to that, preceptor's continuity with one graduate builds up a strong relationship between them which resulted towards the end in high level of satisfaction among the graduates.
Recommendation: It is recommended to assign one preceptor only to the intern and shadow the preceptor in all shifts. Furthermore, a Comprehensive orientation program should be organized for the graduates and preceptors as well as a preceptor ship programs in order to prepare all preceptors for their roles.

Background: It is a scientific fact today that routine seminal analysis is only a poor predictor of male reproductive potentiality, so that there is an increased need for finding out new functional tests in the assessment of male infertility.
Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the predictive value of sperm chromatin integrity assays as a complementary tool to assist in diagnosis of infertility.
Methodology: This study was carried out between January 2013 and November 2013 including one hundred (100) selected infertile men who attended to fertility Center in Al-Sadr Medical City. The study also included twenty (20) healthy fertile volunteers as a control. Aniline blue (AB) staining was used to differentiate between normal condensed chromatin (unstained) and abnormal decondensed chromatin (blue), while toluidine blue (TB) was use to differentiate between normal intact sperm DNA (blue) and abnormal damaged sperm DNA (purple), this is the first study in Iraq that employed (TB) to assess sperm DNA fragmentation.
Results: The results showed that there was a high significant difference (p<0.01) in sperm chromatin decondensation and sperm DNA damage between infertile and fertile men. The study also revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) in sperm DNA damage between normozoospermic and fertile men, but no significant difference (p>0.05) was found in the sperm chromatin condensation. Both sperm chromatin condensation and sperm DNA damage showed a significant positive correlation with sperm morphology, and a significant negative correlation with sperm concentration, motility and progressive motility.
Conclusions: The study concluded that sperm DNA fragmentation (by TB staining) has good predictive value in discriminating infertile and fertile men over seminal fluid analysis.
Recommendations: TB and AB staining of sperm chromatin can be used in the course of infertility diagnosis. However, more investigations may be needed to confirm the discriminating power of sperm chromatin condensation assays (by AB staining) to be ready to use in the routine workup in the fertility clinics.

Objective: The study aims to clarifying the role of the Body Mass Index on range of hormones for oligoasthenioteratospermia infertility patients in men.
Methodology: Out of (65) specimens of blood collected of patients suffering of different type of infertility ,the age of patients (28-50year). In Fertility Center Laboratories \ Al-Sadder Medical City at Al-Najaf Province, study period was between 1/7/2012 to 1/10/2012.
Results: The results of the study sample have revealed that an increase of percent of BMI in increased age with increased of hormone dysfunction. The study results had revealed significant decrease. (P<0.05) of sex hormone (LH ,FSH, Testosterone) negative relationship, and significant increase of prolactin hormones when the BMI increased which revealed positive relationship.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that BMI correlated (negative) with range of sexual and asexual hormone through increase of infertility men percent.
Recommendations: The available data recommended to be complemented by future cohort studies that define prospectively the extent of this relationship and examine the effect of weight loss in patients suffering of overweight (infertile) and effect it on sexual hormone, besides their increase community awareness about the risks of epidemic of increase weight and infertility by conducting seminars and educational programmers for reduce obesity.

Objectives: to study the impact of decreased thyroid secretion on level of serum cholesterol and albumin in serum women.
Methodology: a study in applied AL-Sader educational hospital for the period of April 2013 to August 2013 including the study the measuring of concentration of cholesterol and albumin in serum blood of (65) women patient of hypothyroidism. the researcher of used statistical analysis of data.
Results: the search results showed significant increase in the rate of cholesterol compared to control group (p<0.05) and non-significant in the rate of albumin compared to control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: thyroid hormones regulated serum cholesterol and albumin. The decreased serum thyroxin is attributable to the presence of an abnormal human serum cholesterol.
Recommendation: the study recommends to decreased the high rate of cholesterol with patient of hypothyroidism by taking thyroxin to erect the thyroid gland to normal action.

Background: Thalassemia is one of the most common genetic blood disorders in the world. Growth impairment is a common observable complication and usually found a growth retardation in those patients.
Objectives: The study aimed to identify the Physical growth pattern of Thalassemic (case group) with healthy school (control group) children and adolescents in Erbil city.
Methodology: A study was carried out at Hawler Thalassemia Center in Erbil City during the period of 1/ 2/ 2012 to 30/ 9/ 2012. Fifty Thalassemic children (case group) from Hawler Thalassemia Center in Erbil City and two hundred healthy school (control group) children and adolescents were selected. A questionnaire was designed that composed of two parts to deal with physical growth pattern the data were collected by searchers to interviewed the participants in Hawler Thalassemic Center and secondary schools, for children and adolescents in Erbil city and the data were the analysis by using the (SPSS, 17 ),
Results: The results found that the range of age in the study sample was between 8-11 years old, which present in healthy school children and adolescents (control group) (46.5%), while in Thalassemic children (study group) was (52.0%), the highest percentage of gender in both groups were male ( 65.5% , 58.0%) respectively revealed that there was significant differences in comparative physical growth pattern between Thalassemic and healthy children and adolescents.
Conclusion: The study conclude that Thalassemic children (Case group) regarding the age they have high mean score than control group (healthy child) in (sitting and standing) height, weight and nutritional status as BMI in all age groups.
Recommendation: The study recommended that Thalassemia was a important health problem in pediatric and plans need to set up to reduce the number of cases born by development of population screening programmer and awareness creating

Objectives: The study aims to explore the stigma of mental illness among schizophrenic patients in governmental psychiatric outpatient in Baghdad and to identify the association between the stigma and some of patients' socio-demographic characteristics.
Methodology: A descriptive analytic design was used on purposive (non-probability) sample of 100 schizophrenic outpatients throughout the period between March / November, 2013. The schizophrenic patients were enrolled in this study of outpatient psychiatric clinic at Ibn-Rushd Psychiatric Teaching Hospital, Al-Rashad Psychiatric Teaching Hospital and Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Self-administrative questionnaire was used by the investigators for the present study. The validity and reliability of the instrument was determined by using through the panel of experts, and internal consistency through the computation of Alpha Correlation Coefficient. The data have been collected through the utilization of the self-administrated questionnaire as a mean of data collection except the respondents who are unable to read and write via structured interviewing. Data analysis was employed by applying the Statistical Package for Social Science version 17.0 (SPSS).
Results: The finding of the study showed that the majority of the sample was unemployed, single males, aged between 33-40 years old and graduated of institute or college. They have more than 11 years duration of illness and admitted 1-3 time in psychiatric hospitals. The schizophrenic patients experience a moderate level of mental illness stigma. The correlation analysis indicated that there is significant association between stigma with marital status and with their duration of illness but there is no association with remaining variables.
Conclusion: The study concluded that schizophrenic patients have moderate level of mental illness stigma. Mental illness stigma associated significantly with marital status and the duration of illness for schizophrenic patients.
Recommendations: The study recommended to increase public awareness about mental illness through the anti-stigma campaign and replication of the study on a large sample with more different variables its important.

Objective: It aim to study some of the risk factors and a association Preeclampsia
Methodology: The present study was carried out in the Department of Al-Zahra Teaching hospital in Najaf governorate in the period of December 2012 to March 2013. Sixty preeclampsia pregnant women and forty healthy pregnant women as control group.
Results: The results present study of preeclampsia in showed a significant increase (P≤0.01) in patients (42%) in group age (25-34) years when compared with the other group. where the results found a significant ( P <0.01) percentage (77.5%) of Preeclampsia occurred in group (33-39) weeks. And in the patients with previous history for Preeclampsia significant( P<0.001) with compared healthy pregnant, pregnant with preeclampsia had familial history significant 0.01% percentage 62% and significant (P<0.01) percentage 33% of them had had no children where 8% of pregnant with preeclampsia had diabetes mellitus.
Conclusion: Maternal age and Gestational age affect in pathogenesis of preeclampsia ,previous history & family history and parity as important determent risk factor of preeclampsia.
Recommendation: Risk factor of PE adopted in this study should be considered in counseling pregnant woman regarding PE and should aid in early detection of the abnormal signs and symptoms of PE in particular, responsible for the perinatal mortality and maternal morbidity and mortality.

Objectives: The study was designed to an estimate the prevalence of antiphospholipid IgG and IgM antibodies with toxoplasmosis patients among aborted and non-aborted women.
Methodology: A total number of 70 Iraqi patients aborted and non-aborted women were included in the present study. In addition, a total of 30 apparently healthy women and negative for antiphospholipid IgG and IgM antibodies were selected as a control group. The study was carried out during the period of October 2012 till January 2013. Blood samples and laboratory investigation was in Teaching Laboratory of the Medical city of Baghdad, using to detect antibodies type IgG and IgM for antiphospholipid and Toxoplasma gondii by utilize ELISA technique according to standard procedures describe by manufacturer.
Results: The results showed that the age stratum (21-30) years was found to be highly frequent in both studied groups was significant (P<0.05). In addition, positive toxoplasmosis IgG antibodies testing in aborted women was higher than that observed in non - aborted women group, significant (P < 0.05). Present study illustrated that the total abortion cases was with positive in APL-IgM-Ab 12/58 (20.7%), whereas 46/58 (79.3%) was negative the statistical analysis were high significant. The results of our study demonstrate significant positive correlation between abortion toxoplasmosis IgG and IgM .
Conclusion: The present study demonstrates a strong association between infectious agent Toxoplasma gondii and abortion in women with anti-phospholipids antibodies. Positive toxoplasmosis IgM and IgG antibodies testing in abortion more than non-abortion. The frequency of anti-phospholipids antibodies IgM and IgG positive in abortion more than non- abortion.
Recommendation: cannot be according to the ant phospholipid antibodies IgG and IgM in abortion cases. So that further studies are needed to study the relationship between rubella virus and cytomegalovirus with anti-phospholipid antibodies.

Objectives: To determine quality of life for patients with epilepsy in Baghdad city and to find out relationship between demographic characteristics (age, gender, educational level, marital status and socioeconomic status) and quality of life, and to find out relationship between clinical data and quality of life.
Methodology: A descriptive study is carried out in neurological outpatient clinics in Baghdad Hospitals (Baghdad Teaching Hospital, AL Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Neurosurgical Hospital and Neuroscience Hospital) for period of Dec. 15th 2012, to 30 July 2013. To achieve the objectives of the study, a non-probability "purposive" sample of 100 patients that diagnosed as epileptic by neurologists, who were visit the neurological outpatient clinics of the above listed hospitals were selected according to the criteria of the study sample. Data were collected by using questionnaire which has three parts, first part consists of sociodemographic data (8) items, second part consists of special clinical data for patients with epilepsy (6) items, and the third part special survey for quality of life (quality of life in epilepsy-31). Reliability of the questionnaire was determined by the use of pilot study, and its validity determined by panel of experts (19) expert. Data was gathered by interview technique using the questionnaire format and data was analyzed by application of descriptive statistics includes frequencies, percentage, mean of scores and standard deviation and inferential statistical methods.
Results: The findings of the study indicated the quality of life for patients with epilepsy in Baghdad city were in moderate level, also the results showed significant relationship between (educational level and quality of life= 0.010, socioeconomic status and quality of life= 0.000, duration of disease and quality of life=0.020 frequency of seizure) and quality of life, and non-significant relationship between (gender=0.559, marital status=0.180, occupational status=0.099, residence0.329, type of seizure=0.783 and number of antiepileptic drugs=0.148) and quality of life.
Conclusions: The study concluded the quality of life for patients with epilepsy were in moderate level=55.9. The majority of patients with epilepsy was young with low educational level and had moderate socio-economic status. More than half of the study sample is single and housewives. More than half of the patients with epilepsy had poor seizure control.
Recommendations: The study recommends increase the patient's awareness to challenges that result from epilepsy, by improving individual's social support systems through group therapy and family therapy. Use education and training programs (regular lectures for nursing staff) to improving the expertise of nurses this is play an essential role in fostering patients care. Raising public knowledge and attitudes towards people with epilepsy booklets should be designated special for this purpose and education by Television programs. The researcher suggested that further study can be done to assess nurse's knowledge about how to deals with epileptics patients.

Background: Social phobia is a highly prevalent disorder in western countries, but is rather rare in eastern societies. Prevalence rates range between 0.5% in eastern studies and up to 16% in western studies.
Objectives: The present study examined the prevalence of social phobia in Kufa Technical Institute students and demographic characteristics associated with this anxiety disorder.
Methodology: The study was conducted in November 1st, 2011 to May 1st, 2012, and included 200 undergraduate students at Kufa Technical Institute. Measures included the Social Phobia Inventory and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Demographic correlates of social phobia were also examined. Statistical analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
Results: Probable social phobia was present in 18.5% of the total sample (6.5% male and 12% female). Sex, residence, family income and marital status correlated with social phobia.
Conclusions: The study concluded that there are high prevalence of SP symptoms and its demographic correlates.
Recommendation: doing large population-based study and education of the society about Social Phobia for detection of undiagnosed cases.

Background: Women around the world experience many physical and mental changes during pregnancy and even few months after birth. Postnatal depression (PND) is an example of these changes. PND is defined as nonpsychotic and an affective mood disorder affected woman after birth and may continue for months. Several researches in Arabic countries reported that the incidence of PPD among Arabic Muslim women ranges between 10% to 37%.
Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the postnatal depression among women in Mosul city and to investigate the impact of age, parity, and infant gender factors.
Methodology: A descriptive study was adopted as a quantitative approach for the present study. A sheet of demographical data was structured to use with Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as a tool of the research to collect data. Each question has four choices scored (0-3). Seventy postnatal women were the study sample. The study conducted in AL-Khansa'a Teaching Hospital and AL-Batool Teaching Hospital in Mosul city in 1st December 2012 to 1st April 2013. A standard statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 18) was used for data analysis.
Results: The present study found that 50% of the total sample were aged between(26-35) years,75.7 % of participants were unemployed, 58.5% of them were primiparous women. The criteria of selecting infant gender were 50% for male and 50% for female. The present study shows that women's educational levels were 48.5% primary school and 5.7% of respondents have history with some types of psychiatric problems, 61.4% of them have no history of abortion and 22.9% have history of preterm delivery. The results find in totally that around 65.7% of participants have scored between (0-12) depending on EPDS and 22.9 % of 41.4% of mothers aged between (16-25) years have scored (13-30). The results also find that 21.4% of 30% of the participants were primiparous women with symptoms of postnatal depression. Finally, 18.6% of 24.3% were the mothers who have delivered female, and they have symptoms of PND.
Conclusion: The study concludes that there is an obvious relationship between the occurs of PND and women's age, child parity, and infant gender although the most participants mothers indicate no symptoms or on the borderline of symptoms of PND depending of EPDS.
Recommendations: The study recommends that mothers care and welfare centers should educate pregnant women during their visits about the mentally and physically changes that exist during pregnancy and after birth. In addition, provide social group therapy or social support to mothers during the first few days or months of postpartum to prevent PND.

Background: The term leukemia refers to cancers of the white blood cells (also called leukocytes or WBCs). When a child has leukemia, large numbers of abnormal white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. These abnormal white cells crowd the bone marrow and flood the bloodstream, but they cannot perform their proper role of protecting the body against disease because they are defective. Most of the children with cancer will be at risk for significant pain at some time during the course of illness.
Objective: To assess the oral manifestation in children with leukemia under chemotherapy treatment and its relation to the duration of patient's hospitalization.
Methodology: One hundred twenty seven patients diagnosed Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL), collected of Children Welfare Teaching Hospital /Medical City, Central Child Teaching Hospital/Baghdad (hematology & oncology unit) in 25th January 2009 to 25th January 2010, the questionnaire including demographic & clinical information, main oral manifestations.
Results: Patients samples ranged in age between (5-16) years, only 55 patients (43%) were aged between (8-10) years; 75patients (58.5%) were males; 40 patients (31%) were living in south of Iraq. Swollen & palpable lymph node were the main chief complaints in 40 patients (31%); duration of disease is Less than 6 months, in 65 patients (51%); patients who stay in hospital more than 15 days were 90(70.8%); patients who their diagnosis were based on core biopsy & bone marrow biopsy were the most diagnostic methods in 40 (31%); in about half of the patients hematological tests showed that Thrombocytopenia & leukocytosis, elevated in erythrocytes sedimentation rate and anemia. Main oral manifestations presented were: ulceration gentle pressure, spontaneous bleeding, dry mouth, ulcerated/with or without bleeding of lips, laryngeal pain, unable to swallow and difficult/painful speech and mucositis.
Conclusions: In this study we can conclude that the main oral manifestations in patient with leukemia were ulceration after gentle pressure; spontaneous bleeding; dry mouth; ulcerated/with or without bleeding of lips, laryngeal pain; unable to swallow and difficult/painful speech, and the duration of hospitalizations were related to the manifestations of patients and their chief complaints; diagnostic procedure and their therapy.
Recommendation: the oral manifestations of patient with leukemia are focusing on them through a palliative measures such as the treatment of pain, and nutritional support and maintenance of good oral hygiene.

Objective: The present study was conducted in the province of Al- Najaf, for the period of April 2013 until November 2013 , which aims to identify the Entamoeba histolytica parasites by screening for Actin and Amebapore-A genes in stool samples by using the real-time PCR technique.
Methodology: The study included, collect ( 104 ) stool samples of patients with diarrhea arrivals to Al-Sadar Medical City Hospital, Al- Zahra Maternity and Children Hospital, Al-Manathera hospital and Al-Sajjad Hospital.
Results: The results of the real-time PCR revealed, the presence of E. histolytica parasites in (25) stool samples out of the (104) samples, the rate (24%).
Conclusion: In light of the results obtained through this study we concludes that the efficiency of real-time -PCR technique large and rapid in diagnosis of E. histolytica parasites in stool samples.
Recommendation: The study of gene expression of Actin and Amebapore-A genes, specific for E. histolytica parasite.

Objective: The study aimed to study the effect of rapid freezing and thawing on Malondialdehyde concentration and abnormal sperm chromatin percent and sperm parameters of Asthenozoospermic patients.
Methodology: This study was performed in the laboratory of Intra cytoplasmic Injection and freezing of sperm in the fertility center of Al-Sader Medical City / Al-najaf Alashraf City during the period of May, 2012 to April 2013, the study included 30 of Asthenozoospermic patients, the statistical analysis of this study performed by using Student's t-test and paired t-test at the level of probability 0.05
Results: the results showed that is sperm rapid freezing process of patients who were Included in the study by used sperm freezing media (Sperm Freeze) and doing the thawing processes after one month of freezing leads to a significant decreasing (p<0.05) In the sperm concentration, sperm progressive motility percent, sperm viability percent and normal sperm morphology percent. and a significant increasing (p<0.05). In The Malondialdehyde concentration and abnormal Sperm chromatin percent and no significant difference (p<0.05) In round Cell concentration in comparison with their ranges after activation
Conclusion: It can be concluded in this study that sperm rapid freezing and thawing processes had a negative effects on the semen and sperm parameters and Malondialdehyde concentration and abnormal sperm chromatin percent In the all samples of study included patients.
Recommendation: Adding Anti-oxidants to the sperm freezing media to decrease the negative effects of freezing and increase the sperm parameters.

Background: Treatment of adenoid hypertrophy is generally planned in accordance with the degree of airway obstruction and related morbidity. If surgical treatment is indicated, the individual risk/ benefit analysis of patients should be assessed in terms of anesthetic and postoperative complications. Although there are few alternative treatment options, intranasal steroid applications may be considered as a nonsurgical approach in less serious cases and have been presented in this study.
Objectives: To assess the effect of mometasone furoate monohydrate nasal spray on adenoid hypertrophy and to determine how many patients will be excluded in the surgical treatment.
Methodology: A prospective, randomized, placebo controlled study was done in Al-Sader medical city in Najaf in the period of 31 of Dec. 2012 to 31 of Dec. 2013. Patients indicated for surgery were randomly divided into two groups. The study group was treated by mometasone furoate monohydrate nasal spray (NSSnasal steroid spray) of 100 micrograms/day (50 micrograms for each nostril) for 12 weeks. The control group was treated by normal saline (NS) nasal drops in the same way. All the patients were followed-up every 4 weeks.
Results: At the end of 12 weeks, statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) was observed in the NSS treated group compared to the NS treated group in terms of nasal airway obstruction, mouth breathing, and night cough. At the end of 12 weeks, the average total symptoms score of the NSS treated group dropped of 12.82 to 4.75 while the NS treated group's score changed in 12.53 to 12.18. After 12 weeks of NSS treatment the initial adenoid/choana (A/C) rate had dropped of 87.14 to 51.42% and a total decrease of 35.72% was observed. After 12 weeks of NS treatment the A/C rate dropped of 87.5 to 85% and a total decrease of 2.5% was observed.
Conclusions: Treatment with mometasone furoate monohydrate nasal spray provides an effective alternative to surgical treatment in children with adenoid hypertrophy. With the protocol applied in this study 77.2% of the patients were excluded of the surgery and removed of the surgical waiting list.
Recommendations: The reliability of nasal steroids for the pediatric population is widely recognized. Although the mechanism itself has not yet been clearly and totally explained. We recommend that it is important to determine the role of intranasal corticosteroids in treating children with adenoid hypertrophy.

Objective(s): The aim of this study is to assess the impact of social interaction anxiety upon psychological wellbeing of nursing collegians.
Methodology: descriptive analytic study is carried out at University of Baghdad, Karkuk, Thi-Qar, and Kufa, colleges of nursing in Feb 8th, 2011 to Sep. 25th, 2011. A sample of all first class nursing collegians'(N=330) were selected of a probability sample of nursing colleges by dividing Iraq to three geographical areas (South ,North, and Middle Euphrates) in addition to Baghdad. The data are collected through the use of self-administered questionnaire consists of three parts: First part socio-demographic data form students; the second part contains the Psychological Well-being Instrument which includes: General Health Questionnaire and part three, Social Interaction Anxiety scale. The data was described statistically and analyzed through use of the descriptive and inferential statistical analysis procedures.
Results: The study results showed that the major effect among psychological well-being scales present, in the general health questionnaire (75%), the study results show the effect of the Social Interaction Anxiety was 15%. Social interaction has significant impact upon nursing collegians psychological well-being. gender, age, marital status, residence, nature of residence of nursing collegians have no significant impact on all their psychological well-being scale.
Conclusion: The study concluded that most of the nursing collegians have low level of psychological well-being and this level was affected by the variable of social interaction anxiety.
Recommendations: The study recommended to provide opportunities for students to participate in organizations, conferences, and study projects to elevate their level of self-esteem and constructing and implementing educational programs for secondary schools teachers about how to decrease social interaction anxiety among their pupils. Establishing a new counseling programs center and cognitive behavioral programs for university students to promote their psychological well-being.

Background: Viral hepatitis is a silent epidemic disease. Although it is a leading infectious cause of death, the delivery of health care has the potential to transmit hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus to both health care workers and patients.
Objectives: the study aims to: 1- Assess the nurses knowledge and practices about preventive measures of Hepatitis (B and C) Infection Control. 2- Evaluate the impact of instructional program on nurses knowledge and practices about preventive measures of Hepatitis (B and C) Infection Control. 3- Find out the relationship between impact of instructional program and nurses age, level of education, and year of experiences.
Methodology :A quasi-experimental design study was carried out at Baghdad teaching hospital and Ghazi Al-Hareri for Specialist Surgeries hospital, during the period of June, 20th 2012 to June, 28th 2013, the study samples was composed of (60) nurses who working in the surgical ward unit, those nurses are divided equally into the study and the control groups. The researchers construct the instructional program which consist of( 6) sessions related to viral hepatitis, mode of transmission, and method of control during contact with patients and facilities, and it was expose the study group for the conducted program and then measures the impact of program on knowledge and practices of the study group by conduct the instrument which composed of demographic data for nurses, assessment of the nurses' knowledge, and observational checklist of nurses practices for preventive measures of Hepatitis (B and C) Infection Control, and differentiated with control group, the validity of the instrument are determined through a panel of (10) experts, The researcher analyzed the data through the application of descriptive frequency, percentages; mean of scores; and the inferential analysis (Pearson correlation coefficient and t-test, ANOVA and paired t-test).
Result: the results of the study revealed that the mean of age is 35 years, the majority of the staff are nursing school graduated, most of them have HBV immunization.
Conclusion: the study confirms that the instruction oriented program on nurses study group is significant, and that there were statistical differences between level of education and year of experiences with knowledge and practices at P≥0.05.
Recommendation: The study recommends that the application for national program of immunization against viral hepatitis at all health centers and continuous medical educational program for all staff in the health center, andcontinuous follow up to applying the program of preventive measures for HVB, and HVC.

Objectives: This study was planned to evaluate the use of peripheral blood lymphocytes as cell line for propagation of human herpes simplex 1, by the using of modern diagnostic techniques.
Methodology: Primarily, 40 samples were collected from dermal lesions, investigated by RT-PCR technique directed to certify human herpes simplex1 infections Bosphore® HSV 1-2 Genotyping Kit v1(Anatolia gene works, Turkey) was used for the detection protocol.
Results: the results revealed that HSV1 was correlated with 23(57.5%) of the total cases investigated. Five of HSV1 positive samples were selected and applied to the assay of in vitro studying of specific cytopathic effects(CPE) via cell culture technique. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated and propagated as a cell line. The demonstration of specific HSV1 cytopathic effect was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique. This approach was revealed different degrees of sensitivity for supporting the growth of human herpes simplex1 virus; these cells were sensitive enough to support the growth of HSV1 virus.
Conclusions: We concluded that Bosphore® HSV 1 Genotyping Kit v1allows very rapid detection of HSV DNA in dermal leisions. peripheral blood lymphocytes were efficient enough for the studying of CPE of HSV1, while PCR assay was more efficient and more précised as a diagnostic technique.
Recommendations: Real-time polymerase chain reaction is complementary to cell culture technique in diagnosis of HSV, and it`s preferred to use specific primers of viral virulence factors and monitoring their pathogenicity.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the epidemiology of deaths of injuries in Nineveh governorate.
Methodology: A retrospective study is applied to determine the epidemiology of deaths of injuries in Nineveh governorate. The sample consists of (5707), (4180) male and (1527) female. The period of the study was (5 years), in (2008 to 2012). The sample aged between (1_ 65) years old or more. Data collected in Forensic Medicine Center, Primary health care sectors in Nineveh governorate, and Nineveh Health Department, by reviewing the available records. Descriptive and inferential statistical approaches are used for data analysis (Frequency, Percentage).
Results: The results of the study show that the epidemiology of deaths of injuries in Nineveh governorate is in highest percentage of violence (49.517 %), demonstrating that male injuries are higher than that of female injuries (73,243%).
Conclusion: This study concluded that the high rate of epidemiology of deaths of injuries in Nineveh governorate aged between (15-44 years of age) and the majority causes of injury deaths due to the violence.
Recommendation: The study recommends that the procedure of complete study of calculation mortality rate in Iraq, of injuries like (violence, explosion and bullet injury), requires the cooperation of Ministry of Health to facilities data collection for the researchers, which is important to enable them to fulfill their task in this field

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program on nurses practices concerning Adult Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation in Talafar general hospital
Methodology: An experimental study was carried out at Talafar general hospital between the 1st October to 1st February 2014. The program and instruments were constructed by the researcher for the purpose of the study. Random sample comprised of (80) nurses was divided into two groups, experimental group consisted of (40) nurses exposed to the nursing educational program and control group consisted of (40) nurses were not exposed to the program. The measurement of effectiveness of nursing educational program through the practice checklist includes (37) items concerning Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation. Reliability of instrument was determined through the use of test and retest and the instrument validity was determined through a panel of experts. The analysis of the data was used descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, weighted and the arithmetic mean and standard deviation) and statistical inferential (sufficiently relative test, Fisher test, chi square and Levin test) In order to find the differences between the experimental group and the control group
Results: The study findings indicated that there were highly significant differences between pre and posttests in the experimental group in overall main domains related to nurses' practice
Conclusion: The study concluded that the effectiveness of educational program regarding nurses' practice concerning the adult cardio-pulmonary resuscitation is a positive and clear
Recommendation: An intensive comprehensive wide population based education program was conducted to support nurse's practice toward adult cardio-pulmonary resuscitation

Background: Since the discovery of MMTV in the high cancer strains of mice capable of initiating mammary tumors, and its subsequent identification as a B-type RNA virus, several evidence has been accumulated supporting the attractive hypothesis that a similar agent is associated with human breast cancer. The current study conducted to detection the MMTV-LIKE SEQUENCE (MMTV-like virus) by nested PCR.
Objectives: molecular detection of a virus-like MMTV in the breast cancer of Iraqi women.
Methodology: The current study tested breast cancer FFPT specimens of Iraqi women, which collected in AL-Sader teaching hospital histopathology and neoplasm units , and several privet histopathology labs in AL-Najaf province, the specimens were stored for the years (2008,2009,2010 and 2011). The specimens were included of BC 54, fibroadenoma 21, mastitis 18, and ductectesia 19 samples. The samples classified to age groups, the most age group was 36-45 (42.57%). This study was conducted at the MSMC/Tisch cancer institute/NY/USA because the MMTV-LIKE SEQUENCE (MMTV-like virus) primers manufactured by them, and the primers were very important in the molecular techniques. The FFPT passed through the pathology lab /MSMC, for recasting and sectioning for nested PCR protocol and Hematoxylin and eosin staining to confirm the diagnosis. The DNA extraction was started in the FFPT which were tested for quantity and quality by Nanodrop system and β-glubine PCR respectively.
Results: The findings of the MMTV-LIKE SEQUENCE-env gene appeared as following percentages: BC 57.89% (22 of 38), fibroadenoma 22.22% (4 of 18), and mastitis 7.14% (1 of 14) there was a highly significant difference (p<0.001). There was a highly significant ( p<0.001) of The MMTV-LIKE SEQUENCE PCR results according to the age groups.
Conclusions: presence of MMTV-like virus in the breast cancer of Iraqi women.
Recommendations: the modern techniques should be dependent in the molecular detection as it find in the world labs, for example the test of extracted nucleic acid by quantity and quality and then start the molecular detection after doing of definite math measurements.

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the effect of two widely used combinations, glucosamine / chondroitin and glucosamine/ginkgo biloba on the clinical picture of patient with osteoarthritis (OA).
Methodology: Fifty one (51) osteoarthritis patients (21 male and 30 female) were participated in this research depending on certain selection criteria. The selected patient were randomly allocated into two groups: group A includes 22 (9 male and 13 female) patients treated with a combination of glucosamine /gingko biloba (500/ 50 mg twice daily) for six weeks whereas group B includes 29 (12 male and 17 female) patients treated with a combination of glucosamine/chondroitin (500/ 400mg twice daily ) for six weeks . Effects of drug treatment were assessed each seven days by clinical evaluation and direct interview with patients through a questionnaire method known as Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS).
Results: It was found that all components of KOOS including pain score, symptoms score, activity of daily living (ADL), quality of life (QOL) and sport & recreation scores were significantly elevated (improved) in both combinations, however, glucosamine /gingko biloba showed a better improvement when statistically compared with the combination of glucosamine/chondroitin.
Conclusions: It is concluded of this study that the glucosamine sulfate is more clinically useful for OA when combined with gingko biloba than when it is combined with chondroitin.
Recommendations: A large scale cohort study is recommended to ensure the clinical findings.

Background: Patients have the right to expect quality of care. Patient satisfaction with nursing care is considered an important factor in explaining patients' perceptions of service quality, and a sound rationale for making the organization and delivery of health care responsive to consumer (client) opinion.
Objectives: The objectives of the study were to assess the adult patients satisfaction about the nursing care in the public teaching hospitals of Mosul city.
Methodology: A descriptive designed was carried-out in 1st of November 2012 through the 1st April 2013, and conduct in four hospitals in the Mosul city (Ibn-Sina, Al-Jamhory, Al-Salam, and Al-Kanssa teaching hospitals). A random sample was used for selecting (418) participation, and consisted of (160) male and (258) female. The questionnaire research which correct by the (8) experts, and used the Coefficient Correlation for questionnaire items showed that the reliability of the questionnaire which was (r = 0.88), the data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical analysis that include (frequency, and percentage), and application of inferential statistical analysis that include (Analysis of variance).
Results: The study had revealed that an age group (21-30 years) represent the greater percentage of the sample which constitutes (30.9%) of the patients, and the percentage of dissatisfaction was (60%, 53%, 58%, 51%) in Ibn-Sina, Al-Jamhory, Al-Salam, and Al-Kanssa teaching hospitals respectively, and found a significant association between patient satisfaction and (age, number of days stay in hospital, and previous admission to hospital).
Conclusions: The study concluded that most of the patients are dissatisfied with the nursing care in hospitals, and patient satisfaction was influenced by the age of the patient and days of stay in the hospital, also if patient has a previous admission to the hospital).
Recommendation: The present study recommended the development the communication skills between nurses and patient to providing high quality of nursing care and completely patient satisfaction. Working to improve nursing care services by using guidelines in hospitals to measuring patient satisfaction

Background: Heart failure is an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in people aged above 65 years. Year after year, heart failure (HF) affects and kills an increasingly large number of people, the nurses educating of Heart Failure patients about diagnosis and treatment of their diseases have fewer hospital readmissions and a better quality of life.
Objectives: In order to assessment patients knowledge and compliance with congestive heart failure in Kirkuk city. as well as to find out the relationship between patients knowledge and some as age and gender, residence, educational level.
Methodology: A descriptive study of a quantitative design was conducted in Kirkuk hospitals( Kirkuk general hospital, Azadi teaching hospital and Dakuk hospital) throughout the period of 1st of June 2012 to 31st of July 2013. A non-probability (purposive) sample of (75) patients who admitted to Cardiac care units and ward of internal medicine at ( Kirkuk general hospital, Azadi teaching hospital and Dakuk hospital). In order to collect the study information, a questionnaire was constructed. The questionnaire which contain of (54) items. Demographic data include (9) items, knowledge of the Patients include (36) items, practice of the Patients include (9) items. 3-likert scale option was used in the rating scale as: (3) for yes, (2) for uncertain, and (1) for no. Content validity was determined by presenting the questionnaire to a panel of (10) experts Frequencies and percentage were used to describe and to analyze the data the present study and inferential statistical data analysis (chi-square).
Results: The findings of the study indicate that a high percentage 56% of patients was of four age group (51- and more) years. It’s also appears that more than half (61%) of patients was male. With regard to their educational level, a high percentage (37%) of less than secondary school. The data indicate that (60%) were married. It had been noted that the majority of patients (70%) were retired. As for address, it is obvious that a high percentage (62%) of the patients were in the city. The data indicates that the most of these patients (72%) were had chronic diseases. The data analysis revealed that a high percentage (72%) of the patients were use medications. It’s also appears that (53%) were no smoking.
Conclusions: A socio demographic characteristic tends to have clearly effect on the knowledge of the patients and nursing staff, also the study concluded high percentage of patients have poor knowledge and practice about disease, while nurses staff have poor knowledge and need to update about congestive heart failure.
Recommendation: According to the results of the study, the study recommended the following items, concentrates should be on the health education for our society who may be had risk factors to heart diseases, more studies conducting about heart disease.

Objectives: The Study aims to identify the hemodialysis patients' compliance about the treatment and follow up in Baghdad Teaching Hospitals.
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted in five teaching hospitals in Baghdad City in 15/5/2012 to 15/8/ 2013 to achieve the objectives of the study, A non-probability (purposive) sample of 200 cases which consists of patient with ESRD who are admitted to the dialysis centers at AL-Kadhmia, AL-Yarmok, AL-Kindey, AL-Karama, and Baghdad Teaching hospitals were selected, with their ages between 18 to less than 70 years old. And under hemodialysis treatment not less than 6 mouths. A questioner's format was used for data collection. The validity of questioner was estimated through a penal of experts related to the field of study, and its reliability was estimated through test/retest method which was estimated as average (r=0.89). Data was gathered by interview technique using the questionnaires format and data was analyzed by application of descriptive and inferential statistical By using SPSS version.
Results: The results of the study indicated that (54.0%) of sample were males and most of them were range between (30-39) years old, (54%0) of them were single , while (28%) of them were married. Also the study indicated that (39%) of sample were housewife, (54 %) of them were under secondary school graduation, and (48%) of them the monthly income is not sufficient. Moreover the study indicated that (58%) of them had medical history less than five years in hemodialysis, and half of them done hemodialysis for three times per week, (75.5%) of them for four hours in each session.
Conclusions: The results of the study indicated that most of them compliance to the treatment and not compliance to the follow up.
Recommendation: The study recommends conducting and improving national programs of hemodialysis in Iraq, and the necessity of conducting other researchers in the field of Hemodialysis patients

Background: The contemporary in hospital mortality rate for cardiogenic shock remains extremely high. Cardiogenic Shock can occur as a result of a wide variety of cardiac disorders, Including ACS, valvular disease, myocardial and pericardial disease, congenital lesions, and mechanical injuries to the heart.
Objective(s): The study objectives are to assess of nurses' knowledge concerning cardiogenic shock for patients in the Cardiac Care Unit at public teaching hospitals and to finding out the relationship between the nurse's Knowledge and the demographic characteristics that includes (age, gender, level of education, years of experience, and training session).
Methodology: A descriptive study which was using the quantitative design. The study was conducted at the Medical City/ Baghdad Teaching Hospital; In-Alnafes Teaching Hospital, and Ibn-Albettar Teaching Hospital starting in November 15th 2012 up to the March 30th 2013. To achieve the objectives of the study, A non-probability (purposive) samples of (50) a nurse who was consisted of all nurses who provide nursing care for patients which suffering from various cardiac diseases including cardiogenic shock and according to special criteria. Data were collected by an application of direct interview as a means of data collection. Nurses were interviewed while they are working in the cardiac care unit during the day. Instrument validity was determined through content validity, by a panel of experts. Reliability of the instrument was determined through detected of Cronbach's alpha via split half technique on sample of (10) nurses, which was (0.74). Analysis of data was performed through the application of descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean of score, Relative sufficiency) and inferential statistics, significance and correlation coefficient.
Results: The results of the study indicated the evaluation of the mean of scores and relative sufficiency for nurse's knowledge regarding cardiogenic shock for patients in the cardiac care unit was out of comparison and there is no significant association between training session of sample and nurses' knowledge. While there is high significant association between ages, gender, level of education, years of experience in cardiac care unit and nurses' knowledge.
Conclusion: The study concluded most of nurses that work in cardiac care unit have high knowledge about cardiogenic shock in some questions.
Recommendations: The study emphasize that hospitals and health organizations should be applying flexible and responsible steps to facilitate passages for better level for junior nurses and those who need high graduated level to improve their skills and knowledge towards nursing care of patients with cardiogenic shock, as well as the nature of cardiogenic shock.

Background: The auditory system is a potential target of the damaging effect of diabetes mellitus.
Objective: To assess the clinical impact of diabetes mellitus on hearing.
Methodology: This is a case control study in which we assess the hearing of 60 diabetic patients of both types (type 1 and type 2 diabetes) regarding (age, gender, type, duration and control) of diabetes mellitus and compare it with 60 normal (age and gender match) control group. Thorough history and full ENT examination done for both diabetic patients and control group to exclude those with other causes of sensorineural hearing loss. Pure tone audiometry were done for all patients and normal control group and (5cc) of blood were taken of diabetic patients for assessment of HbA1c level.
Results: This study shows that there is significant increase (p value <0.00004) of prevalence sensorineural hearing loss among diabetic patient compared with normal (age and gender match) control group. The sensorineural hearing loss was mostly for high frequency (P value at 4000Hz was Ë‚0.0001 which is significant), and the loss is proportionate with the duration of diabetes and is more in uncontrolled diabetes than controlled group (according to their HbA1c level) and the P value was 0.0082 (significant). There is no significant effect of type of diabetes mellitus on hearing loss (P value was 0.4526 which is not significant).
Conclusion: High frequency sensorineural hearing impairment is one of the complications of diabetes mellitus.
Recommendation: regular hearing assessment being a part of follow up program of diabetic patien