Basra studies journal

In recent centuries, the world has witnessed the emergence of information technology and its continuous and unlimited development, and the positive aspects that it produced on human societies at various levels, making the world in a circle of continuous communication. Rather, the development of information technology was also reflected in administrative transactions, as it became an important tool in meeting the needs of the state. And society, however, the matter does not stop at this positive role only, but this development was exploited by criminals and became an outlet to commit their crimes, until the emergence of electronic crime, which corresponded to the direction of criminal policy at the national and international levels to confront this type of crime, but this The type of crime is completely different from the control of traditional crimes because of the many problems that it causes with regard to the procedural aspect, whether in terms of the investigation procedure, the examination of the crime scene, the inspection procedure, or the preservation and preservation of evidence. Default other than physical (traditional) crimes.
key words : Cyber crime, virtual shop, criminal policy.

Applying the idea of a fundamental breach within the scope of the buyer's obligations (A comparative study) A breach of the contract by one of the parties is a fundamental breach if it causes harm to the other party that would deprive him completely of what he expected to obtain in the contract unless the breaching party does not expect such a result and any other reasonable person in the same circumstances does not expect such a result. In view of the importance of the contract for the international sale of goods, the drafters of the international conventions regulating the contract of sale were keen to preserve this contract as much as possible and save it from its demise and reduce the cases that highlight resorting to rescission.
Keywords: Violation, Buyer, Essential, Obligations, Application.

Sharif The International Criminal Police Organization is one of the specialized international organizations and has an interest in international cooperation to combat common law crimes. It works in accordance with its basic law and data processing system. It has goals that it seeks to achieve, the most important of which is the fight against crime and its prevention. And the development of means of communication and cooperation between member states, taking into account the principles of the Universal Declaration. One of the most prominent crimes that the criminal organization is working to combat is drug crimes, Because, it is one of the crimes of the transnational organization, which is an international, regional and global problem that threatens human societies with the collapse , The criminal organization has technical mechanisms to achieve its goals in combating drug trafficking. The most prominent of which is the mechanism of international bulletins issued by the organization, which is a request for international cooperation addressed to member states with different colors of notices according to their different purpose and importance , The second mechanism is the controlled delivery mechanism, which is one of the relatively modern mechanisms and it is not only limitted to the criminal organization.But, this organization is the only police organ that can cross the borders of the state in cooperation with other central offices that belong to the General Secretariat of the criminal organization .
Key words : International Criminal Police Organization, drugs, international bulletins, controlled delivery.

Bitcoin is an advanced type of electronic money that was invented by unknown parties in 2008.It is based in the virtual world and is based on the pillars of cryptography, as it is an encrypted electronic currency that is traded between two electronic devices using (peer-to-peer) technology, that is, ciphers are traded between two parties, one of which knows the other by symbols only.That is , it is not required to disclose the real identities of users, and it has the characteristics that distinguish it from traditional currencies, represented by its great speed, reducing the cost of remittances, and dispensing with the role of the conventional mediator in traditional banking operations. Its scarcity due to the difficulty of obtaining it, as the number of bitcoins does not exceed million units)21 which is fragmented into small units called ( Satoshi and each bitcoin is one hundred thousand Satoshi Bitcoin is based on a technology called block chains , and this technology receives transactions in the form of blocks and places each block in which the encryption system is completed in the form of a contract in a chain. and you get Bitcoin is according to complex and expensive operations, as it is mined by a process called mining, a process similar to the search for gold and precious metals, and it is carried out by parties that have great experience in the field of technology to solve very complex mathematical algorithms , and it is becoming increasingly difficult until you end up obtaining a Bitcoin unit , and in the meantime The process consumes high electrical energy equivalent to the consumption of a country. As for the other process that leads to obtaining Bitcoin , it is through purchase by miners or by financial exchanges, and outlaw groups may exploit it because it is a currency that is not officially issued. Dealing with it has been banned in Iraq and Egypt either Germany has recognized it and directive 849/2015.European Union
Key word: Cryptocurrencies / Bitcoin/ Mining/ Virtual currencies.

Banking legislation is one of the most important legislation in the modern era because, banks are prevented from An important role in the movement of trade and capital which is beyond the economic basis of any country. Since, the economy is linked to the movement of capital in the global market legislation must be in any country integrated with international legislation taking in to account the higher interests of that country and higher interests of that country and the importance of the study lies comparison between Iraqi banking legislation and banking legislation in relatively developed regional countries in this field there is an opportunity to evaluate this legislation fill the gaps and develop the banking business so it was not it is necessary to shed light on the concept of bank merger in general and the legal concept of it in particular and knowing the characteristics that distinguish it from similar systems in order to establish a legal organization in Iraq is similar to the developed countries in this field to enable it to reach the ranks of the world countries.
Keywords : merger of banks, legal personality, financial growth, merged banks, merging banks, comprehensive transfer, public succession, merger contract, expansion informed, consolidated banking, public shareholding, companies soliciting.

If the origin is that the lawsuit is not accepted unless the interest in it exists that is there has actually been an assault on the right or the legal position to be protected. But this principle has become interpreted with a lot of expansion in many of the jurisprudence and the judiciary and it took place to Any interest in being precautionary in terms of the harm that may occur to the plaintiff, just as the person, even if he does not dispute his right, has an interest in being reassured if the circumstances indicate something that undermines this reassurance, in addition to the consequences of resorting to the judiciary in such cases from the judiciary on the source of the dispute in the future by confirming the judiciary of the right. The law has allowed anyone who has been exposed to in his possession or has embarked on a business not in the plaintiffs real estate but rather in the defendants real estate, that the plaintiff may resort to the judiciary asking for protection for his right by preventing exposure by filing a lawsuit to prevent exposure to prevent future damage or filing a lawsuit to stop new business so that if it was left, it would cause damage in the future through a lawsuit to stop the new business.
Key word :potential interest , lawsuit , prevention of exposure , suspension of new business , damage , judgment , possession.

The objective of this subject is to highlight the_ Governor's regulatory powers in accordance with the legal and legislative frameworks conferred upon him, which must not exceed them in order to safeguard the public interest of society and whose importance is demonstrated by his regulatory and administrative powers relating to public security, public health and public safety. This role is entrusted to the Governor, who is one of the local administrative oversight bodies whose purpose is to maintain public order and the powers conferred upon him. The Law counts the Governor, the Chief Executive Officer in his administrative unit.
Keywords: Legal Regulation, Authorities, Governor, Administrative Control.

The issue of research is not to enable the administrative investigation procedures and embodilers on government workers or under the law of the State Department's discipline and the sector of the year 1991. The income included in the year 31, 2015, the legal settlement identified the categories of the administrative investigation, the staff and expense of the service. Therefore, there is a legislative conditioners in the law proposed by the need to be addressed through a legislative amendment to all public in the government sector, whether employees or non-staff members of their rights and to give the authority to manage its work in the annex year.
Keywords :Administrative inquiry , the law inclusion, general officer.

This research deals with the basis of the strength of the legal link between the penal judgment issued to the public employee from the criminal courts and the disciplinary decision issued by the authorities that have the authority to impose disciplinary penalties. A criminal offense and criminal procedures were initiated against him, as well as this link is represented by the commitment of the Iraqi Staff Judiciary Court in the penal ruling with regard to proving the incident and attributing it to its perpetrators and its legal description, as this matter restricts the Staff Judicial Court and makes the link a legal force that cannot be abandoned. Otherwise, the procedures are void.
Keywords: legal connection, penal judgment, disciplinary decision, disciplinary punishment.

That international immunities and privileges granted to international personnel are considered the legal guarantee through which the international staff member can independently achieve the objectives of the organization, so the international staff member should have committed himself not to use those immunities and privileges in a manner incompatible with their main objective, and that the general conventions governing those immunities and privileges have imposed obligations on the parties, the Headquarters State which must respect these immunities and privileges, and the international staff member who must respect the limits covered by immunities and privileges; because exceeding them leads to the application of procedures against him, and thus international disputes of a special nature arise, and to know the procedures and methods of settling disputes we will touch on some general conventions such as the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations of 1946 and the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies of 1947, in addition to some statutes of regional organizations and specialized agencies.
Key words : Interntional employee, Interntional lmmunities privieges, Mbuse.

The importance of disclosure has grown in recent decades, and this importance has not arisen out of thin air. Rather, it has been taken into account that investors, whether natural or artificial, lack direct access to information about companies listed on the market that would allow them to make an informed investment decision regarding the purchase of shares or not, and instead rely on the information and reports released by the company for this purpose. If this information were accurate, the investment decision would be based on realistic data; conversely, if this information was inaccurate, it would be obvious that the investment decision was wrong very quickly.
key words : Bntx, Disclosur, Customer, Stock market, Confidential information on the stock exchange.