Basra studies journal

Foresight is a scientific anticipation through making reasonable guesses based on the information and evidence available in the present. It involves using data-driven analysis, observations, and current trends to develop an idea or vision of what might happen in the future.
Legal foresight is an approach that combines the study of law with exploration and anticipation of future developments and trends. It involves applying future-oriented perspectives and methodologies to understand how legal systems and frameworks evolve in response to technological advancements, social changes, and emerging challenges.
This is the objective of legal and criminal foresight, which is an essential application of the causal scientific foresight concept in the field of standard law, where the legal standard has a causal effect in modifying and directing reality towards the desired direction, as it is supposed to do.
The concept of legal foresight emphasizes that law and legal practice are not fixed but subject to continuous transformation. For this reason, legal and criminal foresight aims to bridge the gap between traditional legal analysis and the need to adapt to the requirements of a rapidly changing world.
Thus, cognitive leap is achieved in terms of methodology and content, from the legal knowledge represented by traditional legal jurisprudence, which is limited to interpreting legislative texts or their best interpretations, towards a science of law with all the characteristics that law lacks in its current state.
The research assumes a correlation between sustainable legal development and legal-criminal foresight as a key means to achieve this objective. The research also presents a conception of the two elements of criminal foresight: scientific anticipation and real-time protection of criminal rights.
Keywords: sustainable Legal development, criminal law sustainable development, criminal law، futurism, precogition , criminal law organizing ، Legal progress.
المقدمة

Noise is one of the most important elements of air pollution, as it has a harmful impact on human health, which is the mainstay of the national income of the state.
It is therefore not surprising that noise pollution (auditory pollution) is called the disease of the epoch, because the phenomenon of noise pollution has become the problem of the present era in all parts of the world, especially after industrial and technological industrialization.
This phenomenon has increased both individually and collectively Recent scientific studies have proved that this phenomenon is disturbing to tranquility, and is quiet, and affects negatively on the human body, nervous system, and mood, and lead to fatigue and disorder. On the other hand, this issue raises a number of problems from the legal point of view, the most important of which concerns or interferes with harms of the unfamiliar neighborhood, including those falling within the scope of tort liability.
In many cases, the rules of civil liability are incapable of Noise pollution damage,However, legislators have struggled to find solutions that ensure that the injured person gets the right compensation,And the need to develop rules relating to corporate responsibility because it is not possible to determine who is responsible,As well as those that fall within the contractual responsibility,Including those that are part of the public authorities' task of achieving public tranquility.
This may be due to the multiplicity of special and public laws dealing with protection, prevention and punishment and the reduction of this phenomenon ,So we put an end to this phenomenon ,And to demonstrate to the legislator the extent of Gaps, Disadvantages.
shortcomings in the texts that dealt with this phenomenon, and to develop appropriate solutions to them.
Key words: basis, liability, Legal, pollution, noise.

Environmental problems and climate change represent great challenges facing societies and governments, so countries and competent international organizations have sought to mitigate the effects of these problems and reduce the costs that result from them, so green sukuk and bonds appeared, and green financing tools (green sukuk, green bonds) were issued by governments or Companies, orienting towards environmentally friendly projects to achieve sustainable development, such as investing in building a facility to generate renewable energy such as clean energy projects or government transportation projects (electrical transportation) that reduce carbon emissions.
key words: Sustainable development, green sukuk, green, bonds green finance, climate change.

The Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq has realized the importance of the industrial sector for developing its local economy, maximizing and diversifying its import capabilities, and reducing unemployment, in addition to revitalizing the rest of the other sectors related to industrial activity such as internal or external transport, trade and agriculture. The establishment of industrial cities is one of the best ways to support this. The sector, and the idea is embodied in assembling a group of industrial projects in the designated area, and providing them with all requirements for operation and production, in terms of providing the necessary infrastructure services and facilities, The establishment of such cities has been of great importance at the global level, due to its pioneering and effective role in the process of sustainable development by creating a suitable environment for the stability of national industries on the one hand, and enhancing the volume of industrial investments (especially foreign ones) on the other hand, as an embodiment of this, the regional government Represented by the Investment Authority, it combined its efforts to establish twelve sustainable industrial cities, to add to the existing three cities in each of the governorates of Erbil, Dohuk and Sulaymaniyah, where such a step was supposed to be accompanied by the issuance of a special law to regulate the process in all its aspects. However, this law has not been enacted yet, and this is considered a major shortcoming that should be remedied as soon as possible. Therefore, this research devoted its efforts to delve into the provisions of the legal regulation of industrial cities, starting with access to the basic elements for establishing these cities, how to manage and develop them, and what are the special guarantees granted for major developers and industrial investors and ways of their efficacy and perpetuity, guided by the laws of comparative countries that have made strides in this direction.
Keywords: industrial investor, Services, guarantees, industrial cities, developer

Sustainable development is the most important development in modern development thought and the most prominent addition to the development literature during the recent period, because the environment is a common heritage of humanity, and a clean environment is a human right, but the various attacks on the environment with all its elements, air, water and soil, have affected significantly Negative on human life and his right to a clean environment until the problem of environmental pollution became one of the problems facing the countries of the world at the present time, and this was reflected in the countries' focus on everything related to environmental problems and trying to reach the best solutions necessary to treat them.
The term sustainable development is a new term for an old concept. Despite the emergence of the spread of this term in the modern development literature during the last decades of the twentieth century, the concept of sustainable development is not considered a new concept or an innovative idea, as this concept appeared since the sixteenth century in Islamic thought. From this point of view, we will first discuss the definition of the concept of sustainable development, and then refer to the dimensions of sustainable development as a first requirement, which we will divide into four branches. As for the second requirement, we will deal with the characteristics of sustainable development, its constituents and obstacles, which we will divide into three branches.
key words: Sustainable, development, ingredients, challenges, obstacles.

Sustainable development(SD) is a relatively recent issue and is still under development. It is the process that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It represents concerted efforts to build a better future for individuals, provide resources, achieve goals in a sustainable and resilient manner through the adoption of Constitutional and legal frameworks. The aforementioned process has various dimensions such as: social, economic, environmental and others, characterized by integration and distinguished characteristics, it has a constitutional value and an organizational legal framework. The element of time is one of the most important characteristics of sustainable development as a long-term process, and it is based on several principles such as justice and equity. environmental protection and others. Sustainable development is part of human rights, and it is a process that is not easy, but rather difficult and complex, with intertwined historical and philosophical foundations, and faces multiple obstacles, including political ones, such as: the lack of peaceful transfer of power and the negative role of political actors, in addition to international and regional factors that may negatively affect them, like: wars, conflicts and regional interventions. The aforementioned process collides with some legislative obstacles that are constitutional or legal, in addition to other obstacles related to economic, social, political, environmental and other aspects, such as problems surrounding education, poor health services, foreign debt, poverty, environmental pollution and others. The Constitution of the Republic of Iraq (2005) did not explicitly provide for the right to sustainable development, similar to the constitutions of some comparative constitutions.
Key words: Development, sustainable development, legal, Right.

Today's world suffers from several challenges that are afflicting it from various aspects. Most of these challenges have constituted a strong motive for various international and local organizations to find ways to solve this dilemma or avoid its dangers as much as possible. The large growth of population and the use of food as a means of pressure to impose wills, wars and environmental change The great climate situation or what is known as the phenomenon of global warming are only manifestations of a confusing future for the globe that needs a serious and unified stand to lift it from collapse. Exploitation of natural resources while preserving their continuity and survival without neglecting the intended effect of all of this, which is ensuring a decent life for the human being wherever he is.
Keywords: sustainable development, standard specifications, legal regulation, reciprocal relationship, competent international organizations.

The issue of compensation for environmental damage in general and for damage to communication towers for their various purposes occupies great importance at the present time in the field of civil liability, especially in light of their spread in residential areas without taking into account the environmental determinants and the frequencies they transmit. And the resulting serious harm to people living near it.
In light of the growing awareness of their danger on the one hand, and the instability of the Iraqi judiciary to recognize their harms as a result of the divergence of scientific opinion regarding the harms that result from them on the other hand, shedding light on the dangers of these towers has become of great importance in order to define their danger and the elements of responsibility for the damages of these towers in the event that they are realised. and how to compensate for its disadvantages.
The research problem is manifested in the proliferation of communication towers in residential areas and the resulting serious environmental damage, especially to human beings. The effect of these damages may not be clear quickly, but it requires exposure to these frequencies for a period of time and a force (a certain Hertzian) to achieve the damage, and the instability of the judiciary's position as a result of the discrepancy The scientific opinion on whether or not the damage has been verified, and the mechanism for compensating the resulting damage.
In my research, I will follow the comparative analytical approach by analyzing the provisions of the Iraqi Wireless Communications Law No. (159) for the year 1980, the Law for the Protection and Improvement of the Environment No. (27) for the year 2009, and the Law for Protection from Ionizing Radiation No. (99) for the year 1980, and comparing it with the corresponding Egyptian legislation.
I will deal with this topic in two chapters, the first of which is dedicated to the nature of civil liability for damage to communication towers, and the second is dedicated to the provisions of civil liability arising from communication towers, and I end with a conclusion including the most important findings and proposals.
Keywords: civil liability, communication towers, environmental damage, Hertzian force.

One of the most important elements of achieving sustainable development is relying on a legislative base. What matters to our subject is the financial legislation. If we review the most important of these legislation, the first of them appears, which is the general budget.
The general budget is the general framework that governs government spending operations and binds the executive authority to its various institutions, that is, it is committed to what it has drawn in advance and what it has determined in terms of achieving the basic goals it has set and the policies that want to see the light in their actual implementation. The general budget is the realistic tool for implementing the fiscal policy. And economic and social in countries, and without a stable financial base, sustainable development cannot appear and be achieved.
Through our topic, we ask several answers to several questions, including:
- What are the financial foundations on which sustainable development is based?
- What are the steps to build a sustainable development structure?
- What are the effective financial tools to achieve sustainable development?
key words: Sustainable development, public budget, government program, public expenditures.

The issue of the common and differentiated responsibility of states is of great and fundamental importance in the context of environmental issues and problems that do not know the political boundaries of states, given the holistic nature of these issues and its relationship to sustainable development. The most important of which is climate change, which currently represents the biggest global challenge facing humanity due to its serious effects, as developing countries suffer and are affected more as a result of many developed countries sticking to the current pace of development, ignoring the damage that results from it. Therefore, this principle came to become one of the topics of controversy and discussion because it is based on the difference in the degree of responsibility between developed and developing countries according to the capabilities and capabilities of countries and their economic and social conditions and the extent of their contribution to environmental damage. Thus, this principle has become a basis for international relations within the framework of protecting the global environment and promoting sustainable development. With the participation and efforts of all countries and in a way that achieves considerations of justice and fairness among countries.
The prominent problem of this study, which we seek to address, lies in a major question represented by (Is the principle of joint and differentiated responsibility of states within the framework of international environmental law considered as a mechanism to confront international environmental problems and to achieve environmental balance in order to ensure the provision of the necessary protection for the environment and the advancement of sustainable development in the world as a whole for the better? ).
Key words:The principle of common and differentiated responsibility, environment protection, sustainable development, International environmental law, Climate change, Greenhouse.

various aspects of life, social, economic, cultural, political, environmental and others. Technological developments witnessed by humanity in the past centuries required the formulation of more legislation and called for the adoption of mechanisms that regulate aspects of life and seek to upgrade them, especially those related to new issues such as sustainable development. The development of various fields of life has become an urgent necessity to achieve prosperity and well-being for human generations in a sustainable and rational manner. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, interest in the issue of development has increased as a result of the widening gap in the standard of living between the countries of the developed world and the developing and poor countries and the emergence of class among the citizens of one country.
Sustainable development is the process that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some constitutions referred to it directly, while others dealt with it indirectly through texts related to the rights and freedoms contained therein and other constitutional principles, such as the permanent constitution of Iraq of the Iraq 2005.
Key words: Obstacles , Development , Constitutional , Legislative , Iraq.

The issue of renewable energy is not only important at the national level, but its importance increases at the international level as well. Rather, this importance grows whenever the international community feels the threat to all of humanity as a result of environmental pollution, global warming and the increase in carbon emissions as a result of energy use. generated by the combustion of fossil fuels, and what this study deals with of legal means to encourage contracting in sources of renewable energy production, and as a comparative study in the light of international agreements and Arab national legislation, it is considered a topic that represents a summary of the experience of countries advanced countries in the field of renewable energy, such as Germany and China, which tried through their national legislation to advance this sector and benefit from all the advantages achieved by legal means to encourage and protect commercial contracting in the field of renewable energy, as well as extrapolating the contractual and legal reality in the Arab countries in An attempt to draw attention to the need to provide an appropriate legal environment that encourages the growth and development of this vital and important sector, so that the Arab countries in the future become pioneers in the field of renewable energy when they benefit from the economic, environmental, climatic, geographical and legal advantages that they enjoy.
Key words : Renewable Energy, International Conventions, Environmental Contamination, Output power, Commercial Contracting.

At the present time, interest in environmental issues has increased, and this interest comes from the fact that the environment is the vital field for human life and other natural organisms on the one hand, and as a result of the increase in human use of means to harm the environment on the other hand, so we find that the industrial development that the world is witnessing in all areas of life has led To the increase of environmental pollutants, and it was limited in the past On the use of heat engines with limited carbon emissions, it was possible to take the necessary means to deal with the environmental damage resulting from them, but we find at the present time the use of new means of energy that affect one way and another and over a long term in the environment, especially atomic energy, so we find that most of the national legislation as well as international agreements It goes towards enacting the necessary laws to deal with cases of environmental damage, and this is done in two ways: Either the injured person relies on the rules of civil liability to redress the damage he suffers. Either to seek the help of the insurance system from environmental damage, and from here a fundamental problem arises, which is the extent to which these methods are suitable for redressing environmental damage, if we take into account that environmental damage represents a modern concept that may not be compatible with the rules of those traditional legal means. On the other hand, we find that most Legislations go towards compensating those damages by using a more modern system consistent with those damages, which is compulsory insurance and the compensation fund.
Keywords: environmental damage, civil liability, compensation, insurance, compensation fund.

The issue of electronic pollution is one of the topics that have attracted the attention of various legislations, as it addresses an issue that is at the top of the priorities because it relates to human life and the elements of its existence. By leading the various intellectual and scientific concerns, and this is in view of the increase in the size of this pollution and its wide scope, to the extent that it threatens all humanity with annihilation.
The rapid growth in the field of technology has led to an increase in the global demand for modern innovations, which has led to the accumulation of many of them and their transformation into electronic waste, as the volume of this waste increases day by day, such as computers, mobile phones, and televisions, significantly every year, which affects human health. And the environment, and as personal use, we can imagine the size and quantity that people use, and its impact on the environment when these devices become electronic waste that threatens the integrity of the ecosystem.
Keywords: electronic waste, environmental pollution, damage, environmental system.

The environment is everything that surrounds that of plants, animals and appearance of the appearance of the other is different; and because law is a social phenomenon Walid reality of social life is necessarily influenced by the environment that arises through and deals with he is trying to regulate the activities of individuals in their relations to the environment whether the activities positive for the use of the environment and natural resources of potential economic activities or negatively related to the aggression on the environment and by destroying their resources and the occupation of systems by the need and distribution of natural between the elements of the composition; and The development of human rights across the time of the announcement of the rights of the individual to the announcement of collective rights to the declaration on the rights of participation that consists in the right to development and the right to live in a clean environment and nutrition and other common rights.
Key words : environment, armed conflicts, international humanitarian law, Protocols and agreements.

The concept of security is no longer limited to the security of the state and the protection of its borders from the external threat only, but new concepts associated with serious environmental threats have emerged. The environment is the basis for sustainable development and an effective mechanism to guarantee the human right to a safe and secure environment, in particular environmental security is one of the seven dimensions of human security proposed by the United Nations for the concept of security. The changes that occurred and are occurring due to natural climatic conditions or because of wars and armed conflicts, which prompted the specialists to call for attention to this phenomenon, which entails several issues, especially the human right to a healthy and safe environment. A person cannot live in an unsafe environment because of the effects it has on his rights. Therefore, this right is considered one of the most dangerous rights, and it falls under the third generation of modern human rights, which are called joint rights, just like the right to freedom. Development, self-determination, and the right to international peace and security...etc. Therefore, violating it by not respecting it will entail legal responsibility, whether international or national, which prompted us to search for an international strategy to protect this right, in addition to that, scientific and technological progress had an impact The exaggeration in the emergence of many pollutants, which made man unable to reconcile the requirements of a safe and sound environment with the requirements of scientific and technological progress and the consequent harmful effects on him and his environment.
Keywords: environmental security, human rights, international protection, international responsibility.

Environmental problems are among the most complex problems facing the world at present and threatening its existence in the future, and these problems a touchable fact suffered from it every person in the world and the environmental pollution become a common danger that threaten the human existence as a result for a number of phenomena that effect the environment at unprecedented rates, which portends great dangers not only to future generations, but also to life on the planet, and the environment is currently suffering from serious pollution and massive deterioration that includes all its forms, from land pollution resulting from the depopulation of agricultural lands and the construction of buildings on them, the use of chemical interventions, deforestation, and desertification, To air and water pollution resulting from modern industries, and the spread of wars, which leads to comprehensive environmental destruction in the conflict zone, whose effects often extend to other regions of the world, which prompts many to say that man is the problem of the environment.
In view of the seriousness of the problem of environmental pollution, countries around the world have begun to care about the environment, whether at the national, regional or international level, in order to preserve the environment and develop legal means in order to prevent aggression against it, as it's a global problem that transcends borders and is not hindered by geographical or political borders. Addressing them goes beyond the limits and possibilities of individual action to face the dangers resulting from them, which are no less dangerous than wars, armed conflicts, and deadly diseases, if not more.
Keywords: United Nations - pollution – environment.

The interest in the issues of preserving the environment is not a deep idea in the past, and the fact is that the increasing interest in it has increased with the beginning of the last decade of the last century, and the interest in protecting it from various pollutants that lead to damage to it has increased in the period that accompanied the industrial revolution and the massive depletion of natural resources and damage to the environment, Especially after the emergence and exacerbation of environmental problems in industrialized and developing countries alike, and based on the growing environmental awareness and the emergence of the concept of sustainable development, the environmental polluters found themselves bearing social and environmental responsibility, and thus became facing pressures in how to protect the environment due to the role played by institutions in implementing plans And development projects, and the outstanding environmental performance is one of the important entry points in achieving competitive advantage.
In line with the requirements of sustainable development, it was necessary to take the necessary measures for the purpose of achieving a balance between economic growth and environmental protection. One of the most prominent of these was the economic means, the most important of which is collection. in the field of environmental protection.
Environmental taxation is considered the most important means and mechanisms developed to protect the environment from the dangers that threaten it, especially those institutions whose activity is considered a threat to the environment, in a way that guarantees their economic goals without affecting the environment.
Keywords: Environmental tax, sustainable development , Environmental dimension.

The International Organization have made all its different Types to do everything possible in order to advance the reality of development and guarantee and protect it as a right of human rights and that is through decumbent it in most international charters and agreements being sustainable development represents an important and active axis also it became essential requirement in national and international strategies and dimensions to all economic, social and political filed . It is right for all social in all different filed and a safety valve to enjoy with the right to peace and this is that explain the important of sustainable development and interest of international society with his work and main it dimensions application and development a new international principles and rules for development international economic system through give the main role to the international organization in create a new international economic system and makea difference in international activity and the new international economic system project on the basis of balance between realization requirements and take responsibility in preserving the right to development and the requirements of preserving the sovereignty of the state.
Key words: International Organization, Sustainable development ,New economic system ,International Sources ,Protect the right.

International and national policies aimed at preserving the environment and regulating human activities and behaviors based on it, and procedures for preserving the environment and the natural environment in which humans live, and clarifying the activities that lead to ecological imbalance, and this can only be done by clarifying the concept of the environment as a basic entry point for understanding it. Thus, the environment has more than one concept, whether in language, in terms of terminology, or in terms of the concept of law, by dividing this topic into two sections. the environment.
Key words: Environment, Sustainable Development, International and Regional Conventions.

This study summarizes for us the extent to which the 2030 Agenda reflects on development thinking and shifts its focus from meeting basic needs to sustainable development based on human rights. The Agenda for Sustainable Development provides a global framework. Each country must set its own priorities and localize targets and indicators to guide national implementation.
And how Morocco was able and worked to develop policies and programs to implement the goals of sustainable development in a comprehensive and interdependent manner, linking the various goals and objectives to achieve a balance between economic development and social development with the environmental priorities of the state.
On another level for the success of sustainable development, the state has worked to modernize its public facilities by granting them competencies that contribute to achieving sustainable development at all levels.
Wordkey : Development, sustainable development, public utility, regulatory law for public utility.

Sustainable development is a complex path that reflects the ability of individuals to continuously develop their wealth. Lately ,International interest in environmental problems appeared to witness a rapid development, which made the individual keen to study the impact of any activity he carried out in the natural environment. Therefore, the international community has been keen to put in place laws that guarantee the protection of the environment . The relationship between environmental protection and development has become the primary concern of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Accordingly, sustainable development has become a clear influence on international environmental law and a reference in all legal texts related to environmental protection. So that , voices have been raised to expedite the conclusion of international agreements and treaties to eliminate or reduce those risks and work to adopt an international law on environmental issues. Thus, the need for judicial institutions to implement them to move from the stage of abstract legal rules to the stage of realistic application , which led to the demand for the creation of an international judicial body represented by a court dealt with all international environmental issues are presented.
Keywords: sustainable development, environment, environmental protection, judicial mechanisms, International Environmental Court .

Countries around the world have strived for economic openness and scientific development in the fields of industry, introducing new industrial technologies and benefiting from foreign expertise in the field of industrial investment. The success of the industrial cities projects depends on the presence of foreign expertise with its advanced technologies, in addition to the huge capital provided by the investor that helps in establishing industrial projects. Whether they were foreigners or nationals, among these incentives are financial facilities in various forms and guarantees Provided to workers, including what is related to the provision of lands free of conflicts and so on. In this research, we end with a statement to what extent the Iraqi legislator succeeded in providing guarantees and incentives encouraging the establishment of industrial cities projects.
Keywords: industrial cities, Guarantees, Incentives, industrial investment , advanced technologies .

Environmental pollution raises great risks to the environment in general and causes heavy damages to the human shoulders, hence the jurisprudential and judicial trends emerged in the search for the appropriate basis for facing the damages of environmental pollution, and what settled on the most correct opinion is the inability of tort liability under the traditional rules to establish a system of civil liability An environment facing the risks of environmental pollution, which appears from the general rules in the amended Iraqi Civil Law No. (40) of 1951, as well as in the light of the special rules stipulated in the Iraqi Environment Protection and Improvement Law No. (27) of 2009, and that the appropriate legal basis for civil liability Environmental responsibility lies in the objective that suffices the damage without regard to the error.
This is what the Kuwaiti legislator adopted in the Environmental Protection Law No. (42) of 2014, as well as the French legislator in his civil law in a unique position under Article (1246) of the French Civil Code, which he established by virtue of Amendment No. (1087) issued on August 8, 2016 And who built a system for compensation for environmental damage in his civil law.
keywords: Default Responsibility, Mistake Damage, Environmental pollution, Environmental error.

The issue of protecting the environment is one of the vital and necessary topics as it is related to human life and other living things, and because the issue of environmental pollution is of importance and priority for most countries, it has witnessed remarkable development at all levels and has taken a large part of international attention through international agreements, treaties and conferences, and constitutions have consistently And legislation to include in its texts a reference to the preservation of the environment, it thus establishes a basic basis from which to proceed towards the development of subsequent procedures and arrangements to take care of this important aspect.
The Iraqi constitution of 2005 included a reference to the need to provide sound environmental conditions and to ensure the protection of the environment and biodiversity, and this right was mentioned in the context of addressing rights and freedoms, which means that the constitution has laid the basic building block and solid base for the subject of environmental protection by including it in the core of the constitutional document In order to gain the necessary attention and ensure that it is not affected or endangered, In addition to making it a subject for future legislation.
On this basis, environmental legislation was issued to specialize in the field of environmental protection and to be the starting point and legal basis for the administrative executive authorities to adopt them in taking control measures, through the available means represented in organizational administrative decisions and individual decisions and even resorting in some cases to the use of coercion, forced execution and other methods Possible administrative, to set things straight by taking preventive, supervisory and executive measures, to achieve the desired goals within the framework of the administrative law and the provisions related to it.
Keywords : legal basis, environment, administrative control, administration, law.

The issue of sustainable development has been of increasing importance in particular since the Rio de Janeiro Declaration in Brazil in 1992, and since that time it has become part of the legal regulation in various countries, where sustainable development carries in its content various dimensions, and if these dimensions are achieved, then this development will be available and achieved , including food security, which is a major goal of its goals, because the world can not be in a state of peace unless there is security for people in their daily lives and its deep roots will be the increasing social and economic deprivation. Therefore, food security has a vital and effective role in ensuring the achievement of sustainable development by enabling individuals at different times to obtain financially and economically basic food by preparing food sources and making them easy to obtain
Keywords: food security, sustainable development, individuals, organized crime, agricultural development.

Desertification has become one of the most serious phenomena affecting countries, because of its negative effects on the environment and people, and the causes of this phenomenon are due to the combination of natural and other human factors practiced by humans, such as attacking the vegetation cover through overgrazing, cutting trees, encroaching on agricultural lands, and other wrong practices that cause desertification, which requires the intervention of the authorities environmental administrative control to take measures to limit this phenomenon, and these measures may be legal or material preventive measures aimed at preserving the elements of the ecosystem, and may be in the form of financial and physical penalties imposed on violators of the texts of laws and instructions issued in this regard.
Keywords: Administrative control, environment, desertification, public system, bodies.

This article deals with the status of the environment in the heart of the Moroccan constitution of 2011 with its comparison with the constitution of 1996, with an explanation of the difference in interest between them. Through this study, a clear elaboration was made on the location of the environment in the soil groups.
keywords: the constitution, the environment, the supremacy of agreements, territorial collectivities, sustainable development.

The issue of investing in renewable energy has received worldwide attention because it is considered an optimal and unlimited alternative to fossil energy as the latter is characterized environmentally as polluting energy. Accordingly, the need to resort to investment in renewable energy has emerged due to its positive effects on sustainable development, since renewable energy plays a fundamental role in combating global warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are various legal, financial, and administrative challenges. The accelerating technological revolution and the excessive and irregular use of fossil energy require a clear vision of the requirements for creating a legislative framework regulating production and consumption and spreading cultural مخ awareness in society for the purpose of achieving sustainable development.
Keywords:Renewable energy, investment, challenges, sustainable development.

Water is one of the greatest blessings bestowed by God on worship, as it is a vital resource for all forms of life and is indispensable for all living beings. The right, clearly, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989 according to Article (24) thereof, which stipulates that (children have the right to obtain the best possible health care, clean drinking water, healthy food, and a clean and safe environment...), and the Convention on Persons with Disabilities of 2006 according to the text of Article (28) of them, which state that (...ensure equal access to clean water for persons with disabilities with others...), in addition to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols of 1977 affirmed the neutrality of water In addition, we find that the national constitutions strive to stipulate this right, including the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq, according to the text of Article (110) thereof, which stipulates that (the federal authorities shall have the following exclusive powers... Third: - planning policies related to water sources from outside Iraq, And guaranteeing levels of water flow...) and Article (114) (the following competencies are shared between the federal authorities and the authorities of the regions... Seventh: Drawing up the policy of internal water resources, and regulating them in a way that guarantees a fair distribution of them, and this is regulated by law), so most countries deliberately To legislate laws and establish special ministries to regulate the water needs of individuals. In Iraq, we find the Irrigation Law No. (83) of 2017 and the Ministry of Water Resources, which was legislated under Law No. (50) of 2008 In addition to addressing water pollution under the Environment Protection and Improvement Law No. (27) of 2009, but despite that, pollution and abuses have affected the water environment, either due to the laxity of the competent administrative control authorities in implementing the provisions of the relevant legislation, or the ineffectiveness of administrative penalties in deterring those who violate the water environment. And rebuke others, and from this standpoint, I decided to study the means of administrative control possessed by the central and local control bodies in the Iraqi and Egyptian legislations and the extent of their effectiveness in protecting water resources.
Key words: Administrative control , water resources ,direct means, indirect means.