Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences

Fig is an important tree that is cultivated worldwide including Iraq. During a survey held in 2018 in orchards of Alhusaynia territory, Karbala Province, Iraq, an epidemic leaf spot disease affecting fig trees was observed. Based on morphological appearances and rDNA-ITS sequence analyses, the fungi caused this disease was recognized as Alternaria alternata. To our knowledge, this is the first record of A. alternata causing leaf spot disease on fig trees in Karbala, Iraq

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of treating wheat seeds with some indigenous medicinal plants powder on the germination rate, growth and yield of wheat, as well as, a commercial fungicide (Tebuconazole) and a bio growth promoter Bacillus subtilis bacteria+ amino acid were applied for the same purpose. The results of this study indicated that seed coated with Chamomile flower powder (T1) suppressed damping-off by 89.22% compared with 0% in control and gave a significantly higher number of tillers (6.583 ± 0.617) com-pared to T0 and other treatments. Meanwhile, the T1 gave the highest plant heights, straw, and total shoot dry mass (94.0± 1.684, 9.096 ± 1.154, and 10.192 ± 1.216), respectively. in the meantime, T1 signif-icantly provided the uppermost number of spikes, spike length, and yield (6.083 ± 0.594 spike/plant, and 3.380±0.017 ton.ha-1), respec-tively. On the other hand, T4 treatment performed a significantly higher weight of spikes and grains per spike (1.521 ± 0.092 and 1.065 ± 0.068), respectively. Furthermore, T4 conferred a higher number of grains per spike (33.431 ± 1.915) than other treatments. The yield in all the treatments was significantly higher than in the control (p-value ≤ 0.05), and the highest yield was recorded in the T1 (mean =3.380±0.017).

The leafhopper Arbordiahussaini can seriously destroy grapevines and is susceptible to the infestation of leafhopper. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from uninfested and infested Kamali grape leaves were identified in this study. VOCs released from leaves were collected by the HS-SPME technique and analyzed by GC-MS. The results indicated that the infested leaves produce 19 VOCs; some VOCs were absent in uninfested because of the grape leafhopper in-festation. VOCs were different between uninfested and infested leaves. The Olfactometer results showed leafhoppers preferred unin-fested and infested leaves compared to filtered air treatment. Moreo-ver, A. hussaini preferred infested leaves compared to uninfested ones. Our findings imply that these variations in VOCs are a crucial mediator in insect-plant interactions and may be employed in future research to pinpoint the primary substances that might be used as a lure for tracking and managing A. hussaini

The objective of this study was aimed to determine the emergence date of tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Essaouira / Wasit governorate fields during the spring seasons of 2015, 2016 and 2017. The results indicated that the adults began to emerge during the first ten days of March in all years of this study. Accumulate of 116.24 degree-days (based on 9.64 C° as a lower threshold developmental) was necessary for the first emergence. the results also showed that the accumulation of 118.84 , 127.20 , 140.06 and 150.42 degree-days were necessary for emergence of 10, 50 , 75 and 100 % respectively of the total over wintering population in 2015 . While the accumulation of 118.68 , 130.04 , 141.90 , 151.90 and 162.70 degree-days were necessary for emergence of 10, 25 , 50 , 90 and 100 % respectively in 2016 , whereas the accumulation of 111.02 , 124.06 , 135.42 , 146.28 and 0167.0 degree-days were necessary for emergence of 10, 50 , 75 , 90 and 100 % respectively in 2017, Most adults ( 100%) were able to emerge after 23.67 days during March , the The evolution of sex ratio ( females : males ) for adults of the first generation was nearly 1.33:1.

The aim of this study was isolating and diagnosing the fungi accom-panying the harvested wheat grains for the 2021 agricultural season, at some Iraqi provinces: Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Mosul, Najaf, Karbala, Qadisiyah, Muthanna, ThiQar and Basra. The results of the field sur-vey showed the accompanying fungi Alternaria sp, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp, Mucor, Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp and other fungi. The results confirmed that the two genus, A. flavus and Alternaria sp, were the most prominent in all Iraqi provinces, with mean of 35.84 % for A. flavus and 25.36 % for Alternaria sp, followed by A. niger, and then both the fungi Fusarium sp, Rhizopus sp, Peni-cillium sp and Mucor, with mean 20.008, 5.20, 4.61, 2.20 and 0.63%, respectively. The incidence of other undiagnosed fungi was 6.09%, the genus A. niger recorded the highest occurrence in the provinces of ThiQar and Mosul with 45 and 40%, respectively, it was less visible in Erbil by 2.73%. It was also noted that the genus Fusarium sp rec-orded its highest occurrence in the provinces of Erbil and ThiQar with a percentage of 10.95 and 10%, while it was not recorded in the holy province of Karbala, the percentage of its occurrence varied in the rest of the provinces. The fungus Mucor sp recorded 2.94, 2.5, 1.4 and 1.35% at the provinces of Qadisiyah, ThiQar, Sulaymaniyah and Muthanna, respectively, while it was not recorded in the rest of the provinces. The genus Penicillium sp recorded occurrences in some Iraqi provinces by 5.47% in Erbil province and 4.83 and 4.41% in Karbala and Qadisiyah provinces, respectively, the percentage of his occurrence was 1.4% in Sulaymaniyah province and 1.26 in Najaf. The rest of the provinces did not record his occurrence. As for the genus Rhizopus sp, it appeared on wheat grains in most of the Iraqi provinces in different proportions, the highest percentage of its occur-rence was in Basra Province, with 11.11%, did not record his occur-rence in the province of Qadisiyah, while the results showed that A. flavus was the most frequent fungus at the level of the provinces under study, with a frequency of 22.77%. The fungus Alternaria sp ranked second with a frequency of 16.22%, where it was observed that the highest frequency was for A. flavus in the provinces of Muthanna and Najaf Al-Ashraf by 43% and 34%, respectively.The process ofmolecular diagnosis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technol-ogy for the most frequent isolate showed that it belongs to the genus Aspergillus flavus, it showed a 90% concordance with global isolates. The nucleotide sequence of the isolate has been deposited in GenBank under accession number ON932490.

Five isolates of Aspergillus flavus were isolated from casing soils, com-post and fruiting bodies of Agaricus bisporus from several culture sta-tions in Iraq. According to the pathogenicity test, the highest percentage of inhibition was recorded for isolate A.flavusB1 .It was molecularly di-agnosed to the level of A.flavus on the basis of the nucleotide sequence analysis of the ITS genome region and I was recorded globally on the NCBI data base under the accession number ON738705.1. The effect of the hot aqueous extract of Cloves and Conocarpus, and the efficacy of the biocide VEROX on the production and phenotypic characteristics of the white edible fungus A. bisporus was studied in present of the patho-genic fungus. The results showed that the treatment of the combination of plant extracts + biocide + pathogenic fungus was recorded the highest rate of growth inhibition of the pathogenic fungus compared with other treatments ,and it was increased the number of fruiting bodies up to 505 compared with the control treatment of pathogenic fungus was 195. The total yield of the same treatment was 19.894 kg compared to 4.933 kg in the control treatment, and the biological efficiency was recorded by 33.7% compared to 12.6% in the control treatment. In general, this com-bination increased production and improved the qualitative characteris-tics of the fruiting bodies, as the average diameter of the cap was 43.1 mm and the stalk length was 39.1 mm compared to 28.5 mm and 23.5 mm in the control treatment, respectively.

Five isolates of Penicillium citrinumwere isolated from casing soils, copmpost and fruiting bodies of Agaricusbisporus from several culture stations in Iraq. According to the pathogenicity test, the highest percentage of inhibition was recorded for isolate P.citrinum(B1). The causal agent was molecularly diagnosed to the level of P. citrinumaccording to the nucleotide sequence analysis of the ITS genome region and it was recorded globally on the NCBI data base under the accission number ON738710.1.The effect of the hot aqueous extract of cloves and conocarpus, and the efficacy of the biocide VEROX on the production and phenotypic characteristics of the white edable fungus Agaricusbisporus was studied with the presence of the pathogenic fungus. The results showed that the treatment of the combination of plant extracts + biocide + pathogenic fungus led to the highest rate of growth inhibition of the pathogenic fungus, increasing number of fruiting bodies up to 435 compared to the control treatment of pathogenic fungus 140. The total yield of the same treatment was 16.398 kg compared to 3.343 kg in the control treatment, and the biological efficiency was recorded by 37.2% compared to 10.2% in the control treatment. In general, this combination led to an increase in production and an improvement in the qualitative characteristics of the fruiting bodies, as the average diameter of the cap was 40.6 mm and the stalk length was 37.3 mm compared to 27.8 mm and 23.5 mm in the control treatment, respectively.

This study aims to produce a therapeutic milk product (yogurt) to improve and treat many different digestive problems, using the lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgar-icus) supplemented with aqueous extract of the plant (basil) with three concentrations of 1%, 3% and 5% [v/v] basil, they were repre-sented by R1, R2 and R3 treatments respectively, as well as the con-trol [C] treatment in which the yogurt was made without any addi-tion. The treatments were stored for 21 days at [5±1] °C. The physi-cochemical properties were studied, which included measurement [pH, total acidity, syneresis, viscosity, and hardness] and microbio-logical examinations, as well as sensory evaluation on the first day of manufacture and after 7, 14 and 21 days of cold storage. The re-sults showed that there were no significant differences in pH values immediately after manufacturing for all treatments. As for the per-centage of total acidity (TTA), it was close to immediately after man-ufacturing for all the different yogurt treatments, while during stor-age, a clear increase in their values was observed for all transactions. Results showed a significant difference in syneresis, viscosity and hardness immediately after manufacturing and during cold storage for all treatments. R1 and R2 treatments improved the viscosity, hardness and syneresis of yogurt. The R2 and R3 treatments recorded the highest numbers of starter bacteria compared to the other treat-ments. Also, the results showed that the superiority of R2 treatment in the sensory evaluation of the characteristics of taste, flavor, texture and general acceptance.

A total of 1553 individuals who were diagnosed with hepatitis A, B, and C virus infections at Waist Health Centers between 2013 and 2020 were investigated. After using statistical program, the results show the viral hepatitis n male more than female also the disruption of type B viral hepatitis more when comparted with other types.

This study carried out in Kanipanka Agricultural Research Station Sulaimani governorate, Kurdistan region, Iraq. The experiment con-tained of three vines of each cultivar (Tre-rash and Rash-miree) were selected, and it was cultivated in two methods (irrigated and non-irrigated) previously. The total of vines were 12 which have about (15) years. Using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replicates. Duncan's multiple ranges (p ≤ 0.05) used to compare the means XLSTAT software used for data analysis. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the two methods for the cul-tivation on two grape cultivars aforementioned and their effects on the physical and chemical properties. Results indicated that Tre-rash cultivar superior Rash-miree cultivar in term of the number of berries per cluster, total sugar, pH value, number of seeds per berry, cluster weight and firmness. On the other hand, Rash-miree cultivar signif-icantly superior Tre-rash cultivar regarding the berry diameter and length, Titratable acidity, weight and size of 100 berries, anthocya-nin, weight of pulp per 100 berries. Concerning the cultivation meth-ods of grapevine where registered the highest vitamin C, TSS, total sugar, pH, cluster weight, weight and size of 100 berries, anthocya-nin and weight of pulp per 100 berries when cultivation non-irri-gated. Additionally, the interaction between Rash-miree cultivar with non-irrigated cultivation showed significant superiority more the studied traits.

The experiment was conducted at the lath house in the nursery of Bakrajo Technical Institute campus, Sulaimani Polytechnic Univer-sity, Bakrajo, Sulaimani city, Iraq, during 2021-2022, in order to study the effect of the date of taking cuttings (October 15th, Novem-ber 15th, and December 15th) and IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) con-centration (0, 2000, 4000 and 6000 mg. L-1) on rooting, some vege-tative and root growth characteristics of red tip photinia, Photinia x fraseri. A two-factor experiment was carried out according to a com-plete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The results showed that the cuttings taken on November 15th were significantly superior in most of the studied parameters; rooting percentage (10.0%), shoot length (7.00 cm), number of shoots per plant (1.0), number of leaves per plant (5.0), average leaf area (21.07 cm2), shoot fresh weight (1.32 g), shoot dry weight (0.39 g), shoot diameter (1.95 mm), longest root (7.33 cm), average root number per plant (1.67), root fresh weight (0.55 g) and root dry weight (0.20 g). While, IBA at 6000 mg. L-1 caused significant differences in most of the previ-ously mentioned parameters, giving the values 43.33%, 25.67, 1.67, 15.33, 77.28, 13.61, 5.39, 4.31, 27.33, 6.33, 2.48, and 0.71 respec-tively. Additionally, the interaction between the three cutting times; (October, November and December) and four concentrations of IBA; (0, 2000, 4000, 6000 mg. L-1), the interaction of concentration 6000 mg. L-1 of IBA and the date November 15th showed significant supe-riority in all studied parameters.

This research was implemented at vegetable field of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during fall seasons, 2018 and 2019. The experiment was conducted using factorial within Randomized Complete Block Design arrangement with three factors and replicates (3X3X2). The aqueous barley sprouts extract (B0, B1) (0, 100 g.L-1) represented the first factor. Trehalose (T0, T1, T2) (0, 50, 75 mmole. L-1) represented the sec-ond factor. Calcium (C0, C1, C2) (0, 1, 2 ml.L-1) represented the third factor. The research objectives are assessing the impact of the mentioned factors and their interaction on carrot growth and produc-tion. Results showed the superiority of three ways interaction treat-ment B1T2C1 in producing significant increases nitrogen percent in leaves (2.857, 2.9%), roots (1.273, 1.283%), and carrot production (161.6, 159 ton. ha-1) for both seasons respectively in compare with control treatment B0T0C0

This research was conducted determine the impact of spraying the increase regulator melatonin on the tolerance of some rootstock to salt stress. The results showed that Sour Orange root was significantly superior to the rest of the rootstocks, and recorded the highest increase in the rate (Height, diameter, quantity, and the area for leaves of plant), while the root Volkamer lemon was significantly the best by recording the highest rate of arid mass of the root system and plant life. Furthermore, irrigation with electrical connection water (1.7 ds.m-1) led to obtaining the highest values for vegetative plant girth growth characteristics (plant girth, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of the vegetative and root system and root length). Moreover, treatment with the growth regulator melatonin at a concentration of (100 mg.L-1) showed greatest percentage in the trait (plant height, diameter of the stem, number of leaves, size of the leaves, and dry weight of the vegetative both root system and root length). As well as, the binary and triple interactions between these study factors led to a clear significant superiority in the studied traits compared to the comparison treatment, as the triple interaction treatment (Sour Orange root + melatonin at 100 mg.l-1 as the concentration+ Irrigation of salinity water with concentration 1.7 ds.m-1) was the most significant treatment by giving the highest increase in the rate of vegetative characteristics. Finally, the treatment (rootstocks Volkamer lemon + melatonin at 100 mg.l-1 as the concentration + Irrigation of salinity water with concentration 1.7 dm. m-1) recorded the highest rate of length and weight of the root when it is dry system.

Two field experiments were conducted during the season 2021-2022 in central Iraq represented by the Al-Muthanna governorate - Al-Majd District and Al-Qadisiyah governorate / Al-Nouriah Research Station to determine the productivity of the Baghdad 3 cultivar from spray fo-liar fertilization of Macro and Micro elements with alcoholic sugars and half the fertilizer recommendation for addition floor, three treat-ments were used for fertilization: T1 as the control treatment and T2 with alcoholic sugar fertilization at a concentration of 20 g.L-1 + the fertilizer combination of Macro and Micro elements, and T3 with al-coholic sugar fertilization at a concentration of 40 g.L-1 + the fertilizer combination of Macro and Microelements, at irrigation 55% of the wa-ter is depleted available water. The results showed that the seasonal water consumption was 437.5 and 425 mm in Al-Muthanna and AL-Qadisiyah locations, respectively and spraying with alcoholic sugars and fertilizer combination (balanced mineral fertilizer and micro-ele-ments) during the different growth stages achieved significant differ-ences in plant height, leaf area, number of branches plant-1 and chlo-rophyll content and it showed the success of the integrated fertilizer combination to spray nitrogen, potassium and microelements in the presence of alcoholic sugars with sorbitol with fertilization with triple superphosphate before planting 20 kg ha-1, and urea fertilizer 156 kg ha-1 under the conditions of the current experiment. The total yield of wheat was (4000 kg ha-1) and (5300 kg ha-1) at T2 and T3 fertilization treatment, respectively, compared to T1 treatment (5780 kg ha-1) in Al-Muthanna province. In Al-Qadisiyah Governorate location, the weight of the total yield increased with the fertilization treatments T2 (3768 kg ha-1) and T3 (4332 kg ha-1) compared to the treatment of T1 fertilization (3264 kg ha-1).

to This study was carried out in the field of the College of Agricul-tural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Jadriya in the win-ter season 2019-2020 in order to study the genetic correlations of four varieties of barley (Amal, Ibaa 265, Ibaa 99, and Research 244) with the effect of three seed rates (130, 160 and 190 kg ha_1). The experiment was applied using the split plot design and with three rep-lications according to the randomized complete block design. The main plots included three seeding rates, while the Sub-plots in-cluded four varieties. The results showed that the genetic correlation was positive and highly significant between the traits of the number of spikes and the trait of the number of grains in the spike with the grain yield and for all seeding rates, so that plant breeders can rely on them as a selective evidence for high yield in barley

In this study, 20 genotypes of triticale (RWAIDA, AMAL, MO-HAND, FRAH, POLLMER, LIRON, HUI/TUB, HUI/TUB-1, CENT/1715, BW32-1-1, CMH80, CMH82, POPP-CAAL, CAAL, LIRON -1, LIRON -2, LIRON -3, LIRON -4, LIRON -5, and LIRON -6) were used the experiment was planted according to the design of randomized complete block design by the split-plot arrangement the plant dates putting in main plot (5 November, 20 November, and 5 December), and genotypes in subplot the results show: the first date exceeded the grain yield per plant, number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike, weight 1000 (g), as it reached 17.16 gm plant-1, 5.91spike, 86.33 grain, and 40.22 gm respectively. The LIRON-2 gen-otype was superior in the number of spikelets per spike with a mean of 40.15 and number of grain per spike with a mean of 97.28 and yield of grain with a mean of 18.71 gm plant-1 and the genotype of LIRON-3 in some spikes with a mean of 5.64 and biological yield of 47.65 gm plant-1.

A field experiment was conducted at the second agricultural experi-ment station of College of Agriculture- Al-Muthanna University dur-ing the agricultural season 2021-2022 to study some physiological and phenotypic parameters of three cultivars of bread wheat (Furat, Mawaddah, and Russi) by the effect of foliar apply of Nano silica (100 ppm) and irrigation with three levels of salinity (2.5, 5, 10 ds m-1). The experiment was carried out using the split-split plot design with three replications, the salinity factor (S) was included in the main plot, the Nano silica (N) was included in the secondary plot, and the sub-secondary plot were for cultivars (V). The results of sta-tistical analysis showed that some traits recorded a significant de-crease, such as flag leaf area, which decreased by 22.5%, root length, decreased by 16.83%, and the dry weight, by 19.2%, due to the influ-ence of salinity. The results indicated that although Nano silica had a positive effect on root length, which increased by 10.89%, but it had a negative effect on stomata width on the lower surface of leaves, which decreased by (8.75%). The Furat cultivar is superior to the other cultivars in terms of root length, dry weight, stomata width in the upper surface and stomata length in the lower surface.

field experiment was conducted at the Second Agricultural Exper-iment Station of Al-Muthanna University, during the winter season (2021-2022) in order to study the growth and yield of three cultivars of bread wheat (Furat, Mawaddah, and Russi) to study the effect of spraying with Nano-silica (0, 100 ppm) it was added in two stage and irrigation with saline water (2.5, 5, 10 ds m-1). The experiment was applied in a split-split plot design with three replications, where the most important factor was the cultivars and the sub plot was Nano-silica factor (N), the main panels included the saline irrigation (S). The results of the statistical analysis showed significant differences in the effect of salinity in some of the traits, a decrease was recorded as the number of days to maturity and the spike length, as well as most of the components of the yield also decreased, such as the spikes number, the grains number per spike, grain yield and the bio-logical yield. The Nano-silica also showed a positive effect on the spike length. Regarding the cultivars, Furat excelled in most traits such as plant height, number of tillers, number of days until 50% flowering and to maturity, and number of spikes, while Mawaddah cultivar excelled in 1000-grain weight trait

The experiment was held at the Warka Extension Farm in Al-Muthanna Governorate / Al-Warka District, during the season (2021-2022) to know the response of growth traits and yield of genotypes G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6, G7, G8, G9 of barley crop, in addition to Cultivar Aba 265 (G10) for planting dates (1, 10, 20, 30) November, the experiment was applied using randomized complete block design (RCBD)according to the Split- plot method and with three replica-tions, the results of the experiment showed: The two genotypes G4 and G9 were superior in the number of days from planting to 75% of flowering, with the highest averages of (113.75) days, while the two genotypes G6 and G3 were superior in the number of days from 75% flowering to physiological maturity, with their averages reaching (36.58 and 35.08). One day, the genotypes G1, G6, G10, G7 and G8 were recorded without significant difference between them the high-est average plant height reached (80.08, 79.98, 79.92, 79.80 and 76.78) cm, respectively. In contrast, genotype G5 recorded the high-est average of the leaf area of the flag reached (14.28) cm². For grain yield, the genotype G7 recorded the highest grain yield with an aver-age of (8.427) ton ha-1, and the cultivar Aba 265 (G10) recorded the highest biological yield with an average of (16.75) ton ha-1. The first date (1/11) outperformed in many of the studied traits, as it achieved the highest averages in both plant height and number of days from 75% flowering to physiological maturity, the flag leaf area and vital yield amounted to (84.26) cm, (35.67) days and (14.96) ) cm2 and (16.42) ton ha-1 respectively, and the third date (20/11) was superior in grain yield with an average of (8.014) ton ha-1 .

A field experiment was carried out during winter season of 2021-2022 to study growth and yield performance of four faba bean culti-vars (lo-cal, Spanish, Dutch and New Zealand) and evaluate their performance under three levels of phosphorus fertilizer (80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1). The experiment was applied in split plot design with three replications. results showed highly significant effects of fertili-zation on all measured traits, as the third level (160 kg ha-1) superior in all measured traits, and gave plant dry weight (171.33 g) and seed yield (4.403 Mg ha-1). local cultivar was superior in traits: plant height, total phosphorus content, phosphorus use efficiency and plant dry weight. As for New Zealand cultivar excelled in: number of branches, number of leaves, and phosphorus concentration in shoot. while Spanish cultivar was superior in total seed yield (5.295 Mg ha-1).

The current study aims of to estimate genetic action, heritability per-centage in its broad and narrow sense and inbreeding depression re-sulting from inbreeding. Five pure inbred lines of maize (ZA17WR, Zi17WZ, ZM74, ZM19 and ZM49W3E) were selected from fifteen different inbred lines with flowering dates and maturity in the spring season 2019 and were crosses according to the research target (late × late),( late ×early) ,(early ×late) and( early ×early). Genetic analysis was done for the components of genetic variance for the three criteria, for the traits of the Ear length, Ear diameter, number of rows per Ear, number of grains per row and number of grains per ear. Results showed the dominance gene action is dominant in the inheritance of the ear length trait in the four hybrids (All values of genetic variation are higher than Environmental variation. However, the heritability percentage in the broad and narrow sense differed among the four hy-brids for the studied traits. It possible to conclude that second hybrid was superior in most studied traits. As the influence of the dominance Genetic action had a vital role in the inheritance of the studied quan-titative traits, so we recommend following the hybridization method in the production of future hybrids with high yield