kufa Journal for Nursing sciences

Objectives: To find out the effect of bacterial urinary tract infection on prostate specific antigen levels in patients serum the secreted by the prostate gland.
Methodology: the present study was carried out on (113) patients suffering of urinary tract infection attending to Al-Sader Medical City and Al-Hakeem General Hospital in in Al Najaf governorate and Forty apparently healthy control males. Their ages ranged between (36-55) years, the period of study was in October 2012 to June 2013.With a examined urine analysis, urine culture on media and measure prostate specific antigen levels in patients serum. Data was analyzed using SPSS 17 for the analysis purpose of the data ANOVA test was used with the extraction of value LSD.
Results: Our findings were revealed high level of total prostate specific antigen in patients serum of urinary tract infection with positive culture (28.9%) and the absence of a rise in the level of total prostate specific antigen in patients serum with negative culture and apparently healthy control group, increasing in the normal levels of prostate-specific antigen in serum is associated with to increasing in age. The study showed that E. coli is the most common bacteria which is responsible for UTIs
Conclusion: bacterial urinary tract infection in men effect on total prostate specific antigen level, secreted by the prostate gland. The level of total prostate specific antigen increases with increasing age.
Recommendations: The study recommends the rapid diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection to avoid the complexity and the effect on the prostate gland , measuring the prostate specific antigen level before and after treatment.

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality amongst the gynecological cancers worldwide, Cervical cancer is potentially preventable, and effective screening programs can lead to a significant reduction in the morbidity and mortality associated with this cancer.
Objective: The study aimed to assess the barriers concerning uptaking the Pap Smear among nurse-midwives and determine the association between Barriers of uptaking Pap Smear and their demographic, reproductive variables in Baghdad city Hospitals.
Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out in September/ 1/2013 to December /30/ 2013 through a "non-probability" purposive sample of (170) nurse-midwives which was selected of (9) hospitals in Baghdad city. The data were collected by the investigator who interviewed the nurses-midwives and filled out the constructed a questionnaire formats which designed for the purpose of the study and comprised of two main parts: part one including: demographic, reproductive, past gynecology disorder and pap smear test history variables, part two including: Barriers for uptaking pap smear. The validity of the questionnaire was determined through a panel of experts in the specialist fields while the reliability of the questionnaire was determined by calculating the Reliability coefficient. Thereafter, the data were analyzed through the application of descriptive analysis measures (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics approach (chi-Square).
Results: The study findings indicated that most of the nurse-midwives had not implemented pap smear test for themselves because there are many of barriers toward doing the test, there were high mean of score of nurse- midwives barriers concerning pap smear for many reason such as feeling healthy, physicians does not request me, don't have discomfort or pain, lack advice of other health providers, lack encouragement of husband, family, friends, don't know suitable age of pap consequence while low mean score with other items
Conclusion: There are many of barriers that affect for uptaking the pap test among nurse-midwives for many reasons that need to be solving the problem by managed it and encouraging to taking the pap test by polices of our country.
Recommendations: The study recommends that need for advanced training course for nurse-midwives and other health care providers for uptaking pap smear, and initiation national screening program guidelines at best and free service and overcoming barriers to apply the test among nurse- midwives .

Background: Antibiotics are only useful for treating bacterial infections. Inadequate use of antibiotics includes overuse, inappropriate type, dose, duration and/or frequency of administration had been a major problem. Antibiotic use has been identified as a major contributor to the development and spread of antibiotic resistance.
Objectives: Assessment self-medication and inappropriate of antibiotics were used among people in Erbil city. To find out the associations between the antibiotic use and knowledge related antibiotic consumption.
Methodology: The study was used a cross-sectional study, which conducted on 500 randomly, selected adult residents in Erbil by using a face-to-face questionnaire.
Results: About half of the study samples (52.40%) did not know that antibiotics has adverse effect on humans body, 37.80% were agree to used antibiotic for headache treatment, 65.80% of them did not know that antibiotics kill normal flora, and 57.20% were did not know that bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. In addition, 46.00% were used antibiotics on advice of someone other than a physician or pharmacist, 46.20% of peoples were some time used antibiotics against colds and flu, 52.40% of peoples were some time used antibiotics as injection, and 57.20% of peoples were some time used antibiotic as one capsule when needed.
Conclusion: Self-medication and inappropriate use of antibiotics were problems among people in the community.
Recommendation: Strict precautions should be taken about antibiotics use and sale without prescriptions.

Objectives: Studying some Factors Affecting pregnancy outcome in subfertile couples subjected to intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
Methodology: study performed in fertility center in Al-Sadder teaching hospital in Al-Najaf city during the period between October 2012 and April 2013 , the study include 140 subfertile couples that subjected to intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI).
Results: the results show some factors that affect pregnancy outcome like women age, cause and type of infertility. The results revealed that the age of women was significantly affect the pregnancy outcome, also the results show that sperm quality more important than sperm count .
Conclusions: Multiple factors affecting ICSI outcome, the most important one is female age The cause of infertility and its type also affect the outcome , also the results show that sperm quality more important than sperm count.
Recommendations: studying other hormones related to fertility like leptin

Background:: Reports of open-Cholecystectomy (OC) or laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC) under general anesthesia (GA) in the surgical treatment of gallbladder disease are common, but those performed under local anesthesia (LA) are much more limited, especially for old aged patients unfit for GA.
Objectives: This study try to show that Mini-Cholecystectomy (MC) under LA for symptomatic gallstone disease is safe and effective in old aged patients, unfit for GA. This study tried to determine the safety and success of Mini-Cholecystectomy under local anesthesia for symptomatic gallstone disease in old aged patients unfit for GA.
Methodology: ninety patients with gallstone disease scheduled for Mini-Cholecystectomy under local anesthesia were included in this prospective study in Erbil teaching hospital and sardam private hospital. Seventy-three patients were female, with a median age of 70 years (range, 50-90). All of the patients had evidence of acute cholecystitis. Mini-Cholecystectomy MC was performed by a standardized technique and under the combination of local anesthesia (1% zylocain without adrenaline) and intravenous administrations of fentanyl (0.001-0.002 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.05-0.1 mg/kg). Statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Word Excel 2007.
Results: The median operative time was 45 minutes (range, 35-70). Local anesthesia was converted to general anaesthesia in seven patients owing to the severe discomfort caused by lysis of dense adhesions around the gallbladder, giving a success rate of 95.5%. Cholecystectomy was done successfully in 65(72.22%) patients, while cholecystostomy was performed in the remaining 25 (27.77%) patients because of the severe adhesions that rendered Cholecystectomy very difficult. The median hospital stay was 2.6 days (range, 2-7).
Conclusions: Mini-Cholecystectomy (MC) under Local anesthesia (LA) is an effective surgical procedure for old aged patients with acute calculus cholecystitis who are unfit for GA.
Recommendation: It is recommended to study a larger sample for long period to evaluate the late complications of the operation.

Background: Left ventricular meridional end systolic stress (LVMESS) is a quantitative determinant index of LV afterload which is an essential determinant of LV performance. The key factors influencing LVMSS, notably ventricular wall thickness, chamber size and configuration are shown to be altered by both obesity and type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There exist reports implicating high free insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) but not growth hormone (GH) levels, with increased left ventricular mass index (LVMI), abnormal LV geometric remodeling, and A1c levels.
Objective: to explore whether a meaningful link exists between LVMESS and free IGF-1 plasma levels, in obese middle-aged and elderly individuals with or without T2DM.
Methodology: In this cross sectional study, a total of 145 participants Involved. Middle aged and elderly obese individuals with or without T2 DM were matched with healthy lean subjects of the same age group, with or without T2 DM. LVMESS and IGF-1 levels were compared between groups; group differences were analyzed using unpaired t test and linear correlation test. Data were expressed as the mean ± S.D, using SPSS version 18).
Results: LVMESS values showed significant decrease in diabetic patients compared to control in both middle and old aged subjects. IGF-1, concentration levels were lower in the elderly obese diabetics compared to control, with significant (r=0.462; p= 0.04) negative correlation with LVMESS in healthy obese old aged, and a negative but non-significant correlation with LVMESS in lean old aged with or without diabetics
Conclusion: Nonlinear correlation of IGF-1 levels with LVMESS obtained. It could be hypothesized that because of its negative significant correlation with LVMESS in the elderly non diabetic obese, IGF-1 free level could be utilized to serve as a predictor of impaired LV systolic function in these subjects. In addition the results could shed some light on IGF-1- LVMESS relationship, when considering IGF-1 therapy in certain conditions.
Recommendation: It is suggested that using IGF-1 plasma levels in the elderly with or without T2DM could aid as predictor for LV global systolic dysfunction .However, larger sample size are to be considered.

Background: Myringoplasty is a procedure used to seal a perforated tympanic membrane by using a graft material; temporalis fascia graft was most commonly used.
Objective: To study the success rate of myringoplasty operation to close tympanic membrane perforation.
Methodology: A prospective study of (40) selected patients with tympanic membrane perforation had undergone myringoplasty in Al-Imamain Al-Kadimain medical city over a period of (18) months (January2011-June2012). Preoperative and postoperative examinations of the patients were done clinically, radiologically and audio logically. All cases operated under general anesthesia and temporalis fascia graft was used in all cases. At the end of follow up period (4-6) months, an intact graft and hearing improvement considered a rule of success. Data was analyzed by chi-square (X2).
Results: Generally from the whole number (40) patients whom undergo tympanoplasty type-1(myringoplasty), the success rate was (85%). With small perforation the success rate was (100%) while in total perforation was (75%). Also we found that the success rate in posterior perforation was high (91.6%) in comparison to the anterior perforation (83.3%).The patients were selected despite activity of the diseased ear with exclusion of all patients who had (cholesteatoma, ossicular dislocation or adhesion, granulation tissue and those with hearing loss of more than 40dB. Discussion was made with the presence or not of other procedures (exploration of mastoid bone) and its effects on the results of myringoplasty.
Conclusion: Temporalis fascia graft underlay technique of type-1 tympanoplasty is an effective method for closure of tympanic membrane perforation with a success rate of (85%).
Recommendation: Sealing of perforated tympanic membrane by using other types of graft materials and other surgical procedures can be done.

objectives: To study the sensitivity of Chromogranin A in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors from various locations in the body and its association with clinicopathological parameters like site and grade of tumors .
Methodology: This study is conducted in the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa from January - October 2013. A total of 50 patients with neuroendocrine tumors from different locations. their ages ranging between 22-80 years with a mean age of 48.3 years. Two step Envision TM flex method was employed for immunohistochemical detection of ki67 antigen (MIB -1) and Chromogranin A .
Results: Main site for patients with neuroendocrine tumors included in this study is gastroenteropancreatic system and there is female predominance, from 50 patients 44 (88%) cases was positive for Chromoranin A expression , there was no significant differences in expression of the Chromogranin A with location and grade of tumors (P value >0.05)
Conclusion: Chromogranin A is highly sensitive marker in diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors irrespective to tumors location and tumor grade .
Recommendation: We advise to use Chromogranin A immunohistochemical marker as a main marker in diagnosis of neuroendocrie tumors in addition to that this marker can be used as target for new modality in tumor therapy .

Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess menarche impression and perception among secondary schools students
Methodology: Cross-sectional study was conducted to select a sample purposely of fifty-five students in the first class of intermediate school in Baghdad city, and information was collected through a questionnaire form filled during the month of December 2012, descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that the highest percentage (37%) of the study sample their menarche were at age (13) year and (66%) of the adolescents had previously information about menstruation and used of sanitary napkin from their mothers. Regarding impression about menstruation the highest percentage (47%) of the study sample, their impression was fear and more than a third of the study sample was fear and crying when they saw the blood at the first time.
Conclusion: The study concluded that adolescent female their impression about menarche were fear and more than third of study sample their perception when they saw blood first time were crying and fear. The results of this study indicate a need for accurate education program of the adolescent female, parents and grandparents on menstruation because some misconceptions exist in the adolescent population about menstruation through mass media, and adding a sex education curriculum in schools to provide detailed information about growth and development of puberty, with appropriate and menstrual health hygiene as well as management of the menstrual cycle and menarche.
Recommendations: The results of this study indicated a need for accurate education program of the adolescent female, parents and grandparents on menstruation because some misconceptions exist in the adolescent population about menstruation through mass media, and adding a sex education curriculum in schools to provide detailed information about growth and development of puberty, with appropriate and menstrual health hygiene as well as management of the menstrual cycle and menarche.

Objectives: presented study aimed to evaluate the practice of nursing for patients with burns in the emergency units and to find out any relationship between the practices of nurses on years of experience, and level of education and training courses, and the percentages of burns.
Methodology: descriptive design study was conducted in the emergency units in the medical city and AL- Yarmouk Teaching hospital in Baghdad. Data was gathered by using a questionnaire to 40 cases for the period (the first of October 2012 to the first of April 2013).data was analyzed by using descriptive and Inferential data analysis.
Results: the results shows that the higher percentage of the sample (75%) were males, 50% of the samples fall in the age group 25-29 years and 55% of them are graduates from the Institute of medical technology. And 62.5% have experience of year more than 15 years. Most of the nurses have experience in the emergency units from 5-10 years, and the majority have 1-5 training courses in the field of care in emergency units was held inside Iraq, and the results showed that the highly significant difference between nursing intervention for patients with burns and gender (P-0.05).
Conclusion: Observational checklist for nursing intervention which provided to burn patients were high level in total means except the domains for maintain patients airway and adequate airway clearance intervention were have moderate levels in total mean and the intervention related to improved skin integrity for burn patients which have moderate levels in total means.
Recommendation: The study recommends to providing all facilities of nursing intervention for burn patients like medications, advanced machines and equipment's and increased awareness of families toward protective measures to avoid burns like T.V, posters.

Background: patient's right is the one of the basic issues in health care. Implementation of patient's rights law is intended to secure good medical practice and can improve the doctor-patient relationship if both of them are aware of it.
Objectives: To assess the level of knowledge and awareness of patients about their rights and duties.
Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted for the period from 1st December 2013 to 28th February 2014 among patients of both sexes aged 17 years and more attending 16 primary health care centers in Basra city using a self-administered questionnaire. The study included 886 out of 1010 patients invited to participate in the study giving a response rate of 87.7%. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 19. Chi-square test was used to compare the proportions among the various groups and a P-value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results: Eight hundred and eighty six (886) patients were included in the study aged 17-71 years with a mean age of 39.3 ± 13.8 years. Of them, 537 patients (60.6%) were females and 349 patients (39.4%) were males. Most patients (77.2%) didn't know about the existence of patients' list of rights, even though they were aware about some of their rights, 72.2% of them disagreed to be prevented from access to information related to their health status, and 76.6% of them were aware about the privacy of such information. Most of the patients (73.5%) disagreed to withhold some information relevant to their health conditions, and 83.2% of them agreed to notify the PHC Center if they change their residential address.
Conclusion: There was a lack of patients' knowledge regarding the patients' rights.
Recommendation: Extensive education of patients about their rights through mass media and legislation of such rights are recommended.

Background: the two main reasons for blood transfusion in sickle cell disease are to correct anemia so that the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is improved, and to treat or prevent painful vasoocclusive by lowering the proportion of sickle cell hemoglobin. Iron over load will be evitable.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to asses safety and efficiency of different chelation therapy.
Methodology: Fifty two patients divided in to two equal group, for treatment by combined Deferoxamine-Deferasirox therapy and on Deferasirox alone.
Results: both drug regimens proved to have no adverse effect on hepatic or renal function. The degree of descend of serum ferritin is significantly higher with combined Deferoxamine-Deferasirox therapy.
Conclusion: combined chelating agents have significant effect on serum ferritin, with acceptable level of safety.
Recommendation: combined therapy was safe regime and can be used with good efficacy for patients with iron over load.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia characterized by uncoordinated atrial activation with consequent deterioration of atrial mechanical function.
Objectives: To demonstrate the effect of the age on other risk factors of atrial fibrillation and the way of presentation of patient with atrial fibrillation.
Methodology: This is a descriptive cross sectional study carried out at Ibn-Al-Bitar Cardiac Center from 2nd of January 2012 to the 1st of April 2012.The study included all adults 18 years and above of both sexes with atrial fibrillation who attended the selected hospital for any complaint.
Results: A total of 191 patients, about ninety eight patients (51.3%) were male and ninety three patients (48.7%) were female. 48.7% were hypertensive, 24.1% had ischemic heart disease.19.9% had diabetes mellitus .2.6% had congenital heart disease, and 5.2% had pulmonary diseases. 78.5% were complaining from palpitation and 8.4% from dizziness with a significant p value in patients below 40years(p=0.007,0.025)respectively. Ninety nine patients (51.8%) were hemodynamically unstable and presented with (angina, and or hypotension, and or pulmonary edema). Hypotension was more frequent in patients below 65 years with a significant p value (p = 0.000). On radiological examination, 45.5% had cardiomegaly which was more frequent in patients below 65 years with a significant p value ( p = 0.035). On echocardiographic examination, 72.8% had dilated left atrium (left atrial dimension above 40 mm) with a significant p value (p = 0.000). 45% had diastolic dysfunction with a significant p value (p = 0.000),23 % had segmental wall motion abnormality with a significant p value ( p= 0.001).
Conclusion: The incidence of atrial fibrillation is age and gender related and it has an important effect on certain risk factors and certain clinical parameters.

Background: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media is a common infectious disease. the microorganisms commonly associated with and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns is important for its treatment.
Objectives: to study the microorganisms associated with chronic suppurative otitis media and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns among our patients.
Methodology: this descriptive study was carried out in January 2012 to December 2012 at ENT Department and microbiology department . of AL-Hakeem general hospital in Najaf city. A total of 100 patients with unilateral and bilateral active chronic suppurative otitis media attending the out patients clinic were included in the study, pus sample were collected of the discharging ears and sent to microbiological department .
Results: of 100 specimens there were 90 (90%) bacterial isolates and 10 (10%) fungi. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 40 (40%) was the dominant isolate followed by Staphylococcus aureus 19 (19%) and Proteus spp. 15 (15%) . Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that imipenem was active in 100% and Vancomycin was active in 100% of Staphylococcus aureus isolate .
Conclusion: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common isolates followed by Staph. aureus in the culture specimens of chronic suppurative otitis media. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasingly becoming more resistant to the commonly used antibiotic like cephalosporine Amoxicillin & Ampicillin.
Recommendation: We advise to do culture and sensitivity test for every patient with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and to describe systemic antibiotics according to the result of this test.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common condition in children. Approximately 1 in 10 girls and 1 in 30 boys will have a UTI by the age of 16 years . Renal scarring as a result of UTI may lead to hypertension, decreased renal function, provsteinuria and end-stage renal disease. This is especially true if the condition is not diagnosed, investigated and managed appropriately. However, UTI in children is a most challenging condition to treat in primary care because symptoms can be minimal in the early stages
Objectives: The aim of the study was to determining the prevalence of UTI's among the secondary schools students in urban and rural areas in Erbil .
Methodology: A descriptive study were carried out at two public secondary schools in Erbil city. During 1st Oct. 2010 to 30th June. 2011. A randomly sample size of 200 students was selected of urban and rural areas in Erbil ,the data was collected by special form and analyzed through the use of statistical package sciences (Spss 15).
Results: The present study found that the prevalence of UTI among female were higher (76.1%) in urban than in rural area (57%) in reversely to UTI among males students which is higher in rural area (45.3%) than males in urban area (23.9%), while roles of prevention in urban and rural area found that the large numbers of students in urban area were preventing themselves by hand washing (68.5%).
Conclusions: Significant difference was found between rural and urban area, age factors were initially to be responsible for the difference in prevalence.
Recommendation: Secondary school's students need for greater education and healthcare providers regarding the prevention of UTI .

Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of ambulatory blood pressure load as a predictor for LVH in comparison with echo in hypertensive patients.
Methodology: We report ECG, echo study, and then ABPM findings in 53 individuals during 1 year. All of the referred subjects were hypertensive with variable socio-demographic characteristics.
Results: We found 31 patients having LVH on echo study; most of them were male and significantly correlated with duration of hypertension, average 24-hours SBP and DBP, mean day-time and mean night-time SBP and DBP, and with the circadian rhythm. The association between LVH and BP load was also significant.
Discussion: Echo was more sensitive than ECG in detecting LVH and ABPM was rather more sensitive than echo. The study had found that BP load measurement had very high sensitivity with an acceptable specificity and an excellent negative predictive value in rolling out LVH. The association between LVH and parameters of ABPM was also significant.
Conclusions: Abnormalities on ABPM are very common in hypertensives and are strongly indicated to identify the BP profile.
Recommendations: ABPM was more sensitive than ECG and echo study in the detection of LVH. Echo, on the other hand is rather more sensitive than ECG for the same purpose. Male hypertensive should be offered an ABPM at every opportunity for early detection of LVH.

Objectives: The study aims to determine the extent of the spread of knowledge, attitudes direction of blood group mismatch between couples
Methodology: Conducted cross-sectional on 550 couple study in Rusafa in Baghdad, for the period of 15th of January through April 2012 in the three specialized centers for screening couples before marriage which is Alawite, July 14, and Jamal al-Moussawi. The examinations before marriage include the examination of immune deficiency, and examination Special syphilis in addition to the screening of blood type for married couples. The study included all couples who reviewed during this period, voluntarily and without exception, giving them a copy of the questions prepared in advance to find out some details about the subjects included age, sex , educational attainment , and blood type for each pair. Data was analyzed by using percentage and chi square.
Result: The highest prevalence rate among the holders of blood group (A) as it was 30.1 %, followed by holders of blood group (f) was 29.6 %, then the holders of blood type (b ) 27.2 % , and finally the holders of blood type ( AB ) it was 13.1 % The study found that the proportion of negative blood type was 4.2 % , including 3.6 % among females and 4.75 % for males. Also found that 41.7 % of the subjects knew about the nature of the tests performed as explained to them. Study that there is a relationship between the level of academic achievement for the pair and conviction Balmarjah examination , as was found to respond more educated couples ( 27.2 % ) while the least are illiterate ( 0.5 %).
Conclusions: Less than half of the study group knew about the blood test done for them. Subjects with higher education gave the highest rate of true response, the illiterate on other hand gave the lowest true response about which case results in incompatibility. young age group attends their families and relatives for counseling about incompatibility , while the older age group attend medical advice at a higher rate .
Recommendations: There is a great demand for a large sample to elevate the knowledge level about the Rh incompatibility. Premarital test should :be emphasized on for screening and education.

Background: the knowledge of the nucleic acid state before start to molecular detection have a great importance to make a math measurements by which the nucleic acid quantity and quality will be knows.
Objective: Conventional methods have limitations for extracting amplifiable DNA from specimens containing a small number of cells. DNA quality and quantity was evaluated by β-globin amplification and Nanodrop instrument respectively. DNA extraction from FFPT has become essential for molecular research specially with advances in molecular technology.
Methodology: The current study tested breast cancer FFPT specimens of Iraqi women which collected from AL-Sader teaching hospital histopathology and neoplasm units , and several privet histopathology labs in AL-Najaf province, the specimens were stored for the years (2008,2009,2010 and 2011). The specimens were included of BC 54 , fibroadenoma 21, mastitis 18, and ductectesia 19 samples.
Results: Specific primers were used to detect the activity of beta-globin gene by PCR technique and the results appeared that The mean of DNA quantity was (61.68 ng/ul) while the DNA extract quality which appeared positive by β-glubine PCR was 71.42% (80 of 112), BC 70.37% (38 of 54), fibroadenoma 85.71% (18 of 21), mastitis 77.77% (14 of 18) and ductectesia 52.63 % (10 of 19), there was a significant difference ( p<0.5). The beta-globin PCR appeared different results depending on the DNA stats.
Conclusions: the evaluation of the extracted DNA by Nanodrop system and beta-globin gene is the easiest and definite method compared with other researchers who worked of other evaluation methods.
Recommendations: This study recommends that every study performed on DNA should be started with beta-globin testing to avoid false negative results caused by degraded DNA.

Objective: The study aimed to study the effect antioxidant Glutathione adding to sperm Freezing Media ( Sperm Freeze) on Sperm Parameters and Malondialdehyde concentration and abnormal sperm chromatin percent of Oligozoospermic patients
Methodology: This study was performed in the laboratory of Intra cytoplasmic Injection and freezing of sperm in the fertility center of Al-Sader Medical City / Al-najaf Alashraf City during the period from May, 2012 to April 2013 , The study included 30 of Oligozoospermic patients, the statistical analysis of this study performed by using Student's t-test and paired t-test at the level of probability 0.05
Results: The study results shows that used of sperm Freezing Media ( Sperm Freeze) with adding of 1 mm from antioxidant Glutathione leads to a significant difference (p<0.05) in sperm parameters of study included patients, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the sperm progressive motility percent and sperm viability percent ,and there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) In The Malondialdehyde concentration and abnormal sperm chromatin percent and no significant difference (p<0.05) In the sperm concentration, normal sperm morphology percent and round cell concentration In comparison with their Means when used of sperm freezing media ( Sperm Freeze) alone.
Conclusion: It can be concluded from this study that sperm rapid freezing and thawing processes had a negative effect on the semen and sperm parameters and Malondialdehyde concentration and abnormal sperm chromatin percent in all samples of study included patients and adding of 1 mm from antioxidant Glutathione shows resistance to this negative effect leads to a significant increase (p<0.05) In the studying parameters .
Recommendation: using of antioxidant Glutathione with sperm Freezing Media (Sperm Freeze) in sperm cryopreservation processes

Objectives: The study aims to assess the impact of (migraine) on the daily activity of patients with migraine at primary health care centers in Baghdad city, and to find out the relationship between their demographic characteristics which as age, sex, occupation, family history .
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted to assess the impact of (migraine) on the daily activity of adult patients in primary health care centers in Baghdad city. The study was conducted in 1st September, 2012 to March 18th, 2013. The study sample included 100 patients were collected of four centers of primary health care in Baghdad city. The data was collected through the use of constructed questionnaire, which consists of two parts. Part I : deals the socio-demographic characteristics which as 6 items: gender, age, marital status, occupation, using of drugs and duration of headache attack. Part II: quality of life questionnaire assessment tool was used to measure the extent to which chronic headache are affecting the ability to function.
Results: The results showed that more than half of those study males (60%), while their age for more than one-third of the sample ranged between 20-30 years (38%). More than half of them are married (58%). The study also showed that nearly half of the study sample was employed (56%), while the use of the vast majority of the study sample use medications (90%).
Conclusions: Most of the affected by headache were males, greatest of clients who suffer of chronic headache was using medications. Majority of the patients have headache attack lasted less than one day.
Recommendations: The study recommended the need to conduct regular monitoring of chronic headache in order to help to reduce the problems and complications that can arise as a result of a headache, and there will be a need to the implementation of educational programs for the diagnosis of headaches and how to treat.

Objectives: The main aim of the study is to determine the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of workers about the cervical cancer and Pap smear in college of nursing. (Teaching and employers staff in Baghdad and Al-Mosul nursing college).
Methodology: Ninety two women was deals in present study. The study was conducted during April/2013.The participants were categorized into 2 groups according to their occupation: teaching-staff (n= 44) and employer's staff (n= 48). The knowledge, attitude and practice of cervical cancer and Pap smear are assessed through answers of participants to a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of demographic variables, risk factors, knowledge and practice of cervical cancer and Pap smear. The data were analyzed by using the SPSS, version16. Frequency, percentage and chi-squared test
Results: The results of this study shows that the knowledge of the teacher sample is low (40.5%), Just over (35%) had heard of cervical cancer and the main source of information about knowledge is the doctors (36.6%). Almost (7.2 %) had down a pap smear test at least once, only (26.8%) of women wanted to be done the pap smear test and (50%) answers had fear of test of causes did not done pap smear.
Conclusion: Our conclusion is that educated women of sample have deficit knowledge, attitude and practice toward cervical cancer and Pap smear.
Recommendation: Efforts to increase coverage in cervical screening programs needs to be directed towards medical practitioners as well as towards women. Long term education programs should be made available to motivate the female population in the Iraq. In addition, training should be supplied to nurses and primary care physicians to encourage optional screening.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a common health problem of a chronic nature that requires continuing care and education. For this reasons, health care providers especially nurses, irrespective of the discipline in which they work, need to have knowledge of inpatient type II diabetic with insulin therapy.
Objective(s): The study aims to assess the knowledge of nurses concerning type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) management with insulin therapy in intensive care units and to finding out the relationship between the nurse's knowledge and the demographic characteristics that includes (age, gender, level of education, years of experience, and training session).
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted at Baghdad Teaching Hospital; In-Alnafes Teaching Hospital, Ibn-Albettar Teaching Hospital, Al-khademia, and al-kharkh hospitals starting in September 15th 2013 up to the March 30th 2014. To achieve the objectives of the study, A non-probability (purposive) samples of (60) nurses who was consisted of all nurses who provides an insulin therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and according to special criteria. Data were collected by an application of direct interview as a means of data collection. Nurses were interviewed while they are working in the Intensive Care Unit during the day. Instrument validity was determined through content validity, by a panel of experts. Reliability of the instrument was determined through detected of Cronbach's alpha via split half technique on sample of (10) nurses, which was (0.74). Analysis of data was performed through the application of descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean of score, Relative sufficiency) and inferential statistics, significance and correlation coefficient.
Results: The results of the study indicated that the mean of scores and relative sufficiency for nurse's knowledge regarding DM management with Insulin therapy for patients in the intensive care unit was out of comparison and there is no significant association between training session of sample and nurses' knowledge. While there is high significant association between ages, gender, level of education, years of experience in cardiac care unit and nurses' knowledge.
Conclusion: The study that the most of nurses whom work in intensive care unit have knowledge deficit about insulin therapy. However, the findings of the study indicated that there is a knowledge deficit of nurses in some aspects related to insulin therapy.
Recommendations: The study emphasize that hospitals and health organizations should be applying flexible and responsible steps to facilitate passages for better level for junior nurses and those who need high graduated level to improve their skills and knowledge towards insulin therapy for patients with type II DM. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary in order to assess nurses' knowledge toward DM management with insulin therapy in ICUs and demonstrate the errors that occur, which are lead to fatal complications.

Objectives: This Study was designed to investigate the role of the auto antibodies against thyroid peroxidise (TPO-Abs) and thyroid Hormones (T3, T4, TSH) in pathogenesis of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease (AITD).
Methodology: Blood parameters of (90) individual who were attended to hormonal center at AlSadder Medical City, in the period of January 2013 to June 2013 were measured, which includes Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine or Tetraiodothyronine (T4), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and auto antibodies of thyroid peroxidise (TPO-Abs), the biostatic use difference between the maximum and minimum values (range).
Results: the search results showed no significant increase in the rate of thyroid hormones (T3, T4, TSH) (p>0.2).
Conclusion: The auto antibodies of thyroid peroxidise has no rule in function of thyroid hormones.
Recommendations: Further studies with numerous sample are needed.

Objective: The aim of this study to evaluate the effectiveness of the aquatic extract of Zizphus spina Christi, leaves on the viability of the protoscolecies in the larvae stage of Echinococcus granuloses in vitro.
Methodology: Hydatid cysts were collected from the sheep livers in AL-Najaf abattoir and the number of protoscolecies were counting by added (1 ML ) of protoscolecies suspension to (1ML ) of each concentration from plant extract for a different period of time and the percentage of the viability of the protoscolecies was measured by using the Eosin aqueous stain (0.01%) .
Results: The results of the In vitor. study reveal-ed reducing the mean of protoscolecies in 87 to 9 at the sixth day of the experiment with the (10%) concentration and from 89 to zero at the second day with the(30 %) concentration. the cool aquatic extract while the hot aquatic extract the mean reduced from 87 to zero at fourth day with (10%) concentration and from 85 to zero at first day with (30%) concentration.
Conclusion: The extract leaves zizyphus warm and cold aquatic have had a clear impact in reducing of protoscolecies, which is directly proportional to increase concentration and reduce the duration of protoscolecies.
Recommendations: a future study using organic solvents such as methanol to extract the active compounds of the plant zizyphus and study its impact on leaves on the viability of the protoscolecies in the larvae stage of Echinococcus granuloses in vitro.

Background: Pneumonia remains the leading killer of young children despite the availability of: simple, safe, effective and inexpensive interventions to reduce its capacity to kill.
Objective: The aim of the study is to tracing of pneumonia disease in relation with some socioeconomic factors in children under five years.
Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out in Al-Zahraa and Al-Hakeem Hospital for the period of 1/10/2012 to 28/3/2013. A purposive (non-probability) sample of (100) patients was included. Questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of the study, data were collected through the application of the questionnaire and interview technique. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistical approach ( pie and bar chart) and inferential statistical approach (t-Test) by using of (SPSS version 17).
Results: The study results indicated that the highly percentage of pneumonia patients was in age group of (0-1 year), (83 %) and it gave a highly statistical significant deference (HS=P<0.001). The highly percentage of pneumonia patients (86%) was in low income more than another incomes and it gave a highly statistical significant deference (HS=P<0.001). The highly percentage of causes of pneumonia was bacteria (90%), in comparison with another causes and it gave a highly statistical significant deference (HS=P<0.001). The highly percentage of pneumonia patients was in male (62%), than female (38%), and it gave a statistical significant deference (H=P<0.05). The highly percentage in distribution of pneumonia patients was in urban area (91%), than rural area (9%), and it gave a highly statistical significant deference (HS=P<0.001). The highly percentage of pneumonia occurrence was in a history of family smoker (30%, 38%) respectively, than non-smoker (32%) and it gave a statistical significant deference (H=P<0.05).
Conclusions: pneumonia was common in the following statuses:- age group of ( 0-1 year), in low income, in bacterial infection, and urban area. While pneumonia was less common in the following statuses:- between gender and effect of cigarette smoking.
Recommendation: Strengthening of pneumonia health care to make its reaches to the majority of Iraqi mothers through the following : Training of doctors and medical workers and use the mass media as a health education about the disease.

Objective: The frequency of bacterial, parasitic and fungal enteropathogens among 596 children and adults patients who attended to Al-Sweara hospital and to health centers in Al-Sweara city were investigated. And the possibility of the influence of some factors such as residence, Sex and Age on the incidence variation of diarrhea and the diversity of its microbial etiology.
Methodology: the study achieved in the beginning of November 2013 until the end of September 2014 and involved 596 patients of both sexes and deferent ages, all stool samples were collected in sterile containers and conducting to macroscopic and microscopic examination and various laboratory tests to determine the type of the causative agent, whether parasitic or bacterial or fungal, also an informative questionnaire form was fill for each patient which included age, sex, place of residence and subjected these data for statistical analysis using spss.
Results: Total number of positive samples were 376(63%) of these 177 (47.07%) had parasitic etiology, of which Entamoeba histolytica was found in the majority of cases 100(26.5%) while Giardia lambila represent 77(20.4%). Bacteria represent 156(41.4%) which of 49(13.03%) were. Escherichia coli, 38(10.1%) were Salmonella species, 36(9.5%) were Shigella species and only 43(11.4) of the samples were positive for yeast. The majority of positive samples in this study 119(31.6) were under the 5 years. While the lost positive samples 44(11.7) mad up the 46 years old. Male members were affected more than the female, where are the infection percent in male was 200(53.1) while in female176 (46.8). The rate of positive samples was 143(23.9%)in urban. While the rate of positive sample was higher 233 (39%) in rural area.
Conclusion: The result of this study concluded that most of the causative agents of diarrhea in the subjected patients in Al-Sweara hospital and to health centers in Al-Sweara city are of parasitical origin, where Entamoeba histolytica ranks first followed by Giardia lambila and Escherichia. coli, SalmonellaSpp. and Shigella Spp. represented the bacterial etiology and Candeda albicans was the fungal cause.
Recommendations:- For future studies, we recommend further investigations such as: prevalence of various serotypes, electropherotypes and genomic analysis of enteropathogens, and ELISA methods for all patients with diarrhoea to identify the causative agent involved.

Background: Major thalassemia is the most inherited hemoglobinopathy that caused severe and progressive anemia. Iron overload due to repeated blood transfusion cause organ damage such as heart, liver, endocrine gland and skeletal system. Desferal, as an iron chelator is used to eliminate iron in the blood that despite its side effects is few, visual problems due to it is exactly known.
Objectives: 1-Assessment of visual problems among thalassemia major patients 2- To find out the impact of the visual problems on patients quality of life 3- To compare between thalassemic major patients quality of life for case and control study.
Methodology: A descriptive design study was carried out in Ibn-Al-baldi hospital and AL-Karama hospital, starting in 1th November 2013 to the 1st Jun 2014. A non- probability (purposive) sample of 70 adults thalassemia major patients who have visual complication (Case) were attending to the hospitals, and 70 thalassemia major patients not have visual complication as a control study sample. The study instrument was composed of three parts and page of patents agreement to participate in the present study, which as socio- demographic information was included; age group, gender, marital status, level of education, occupational, economic, part two consist of medical information was comprised of (15 ) items, which deals(The past and present medical history), and the Indian Vision Function questionnaire. (IND -VFQ) which consist of (33-items) to measures the quality of life. The researchers used the appropriate statistical methods for data analysis which include the descriptive data analysis, and inferential data analysis, by using the SPSS version 19.
Results: the results of present study revealed that 47.1% of the study sample have visual problems since 5-20 years, 45.9%, 23% of these problems was cataract and myopia respectively, and the quality of life for control group batter than quality of life for case groups.
Conclusion: High percent of the study sample have visual complication for 5-20 years ago, most of them have cataract, most of the study sample have defect in both eyes, and there were significant relationship was appear between eye problems and patients wear class, and there were highly significant between patients feel batter after operation and their problems in both eyes at p-0.05 value.
Recommendation: the researchers recommends to all thalassemic patients should be screened for such complications. However, the results were not conclusive on whether these complications are attributable to the anemia, the iron overload, or a side effect of the iron chelating agents, and works to rehabilitation of patients with visual problems to cope with the situation by training patients to daily life activities.

Objective: The aim of present descriptive study resumption to appear extent prevalence of burn in female in Mosul city.
Methodology: The sample was collecting of review the register for burn unit in AL-Jaumhory Teaching Hospital during one year (2012). It registry (244) burn case. Where (115) male, and (129) female with ages ranged between (1 - 80) years old for period of (1st January 2012 to 31st December 2012). Data was analyzed through inferential statistical approach were used. This approach is employed through (Percentage, Mean and Standard deviation).
Results: The present study found high burn percentage at patient aged between (21-30) year (34%), its percentage were (21-30%). Flame the main causes of burn with percentage (53%), while scald with percentage (46%). Face and chest more than another part of the body were (33% and 23) respectively, the duration of staying in burn unit (1-5) day were (31%). Death of children of the female including (21%).
Conclusion: The study showed that the maximum incidence of burn injury seen in females. Most of the patient were in the age group of (21-30) years. Most burns were domestic, in low socio-economic class and in house-wives. Most of the burn injury caused by flam.
Recommendation: The study recommended guidance to community to preventable, educational programs might to reduce the incidence of burn injury. Guidance to family to put directories of gas service station should be maintain at home so as to ensure immediate repair of any fault in the cooking appliances

Background: Hemophilia is a coagulation disorder arising of a genetic defect of the X chromosome; the defect can either be inherited or result in spontaneous gene mutation. In each type of hemophilia (A, B, and C), a critical coagulation protein is missing, causing individuals to bleed for long periods of time before clotting occurs.
Objectives: 1-Assess the pediatric nurses' knowledge toward hemophilia in children. 2-Find out the factors that affecting the knowledge of the sample. Subjects and methods A descriptive study was conducted on pediatric nurses who were dealing with the children who have hemophilia, carried out in Kirkuk Governorate / teaching hospitals starting in July / 2012 to September 2013 .
Results: Based on the results the researcher found that Most of study sample (78%) is males and (42%) at age between (31 and more ) years old. Most of the nurses (60%) graduated of nursing institute and around (38% ) of them have (1-5) years of experiences in their job as a nurse while (42%) of them have (1-5)years of experiences in blood diseases wards. The (68%) of the sample had no opportunity to be involved in training courses.
Conclusion: the study indicated that the nurses have high rates of acceptable level in knowledge related to definition, type of hemophilia, the hereditary role in the transmission of hemophilia and treatment process of the disease the finding showed that the nurses have a unacceptable level in the knowledge, regarding the type of bleeding in hemophilia is internal and external, place of internal bleeding, the incidence of hemophilia in the families don't have history of the disease, types, other names of hemophilia B, the samples information about genetic roles for males and females to be incidence with hemophilia and the clotting process with the role of factors VIII , IX And these results have a bad effect on quality of care which provided for the pediatric patient. The result of the study found that most of the sample have uncertain information regarding the effect of hemophilia through bleeding on the life style of the carriers and the main complication to replacement therapy is the antibodies respectively.
Recommendations: Special training courses should be designed and constructed for nurses in relation to hemophilia. Nurse in hematological units must take their opportunity for continuing education. Increasing the number of professional nurses assigned to work in the pediatric and blood disease wards. Motivate the nurses to improve their knowledge and practices which help improve their performance with the patients. Providing scientific booklet, publication and journal about hemophilia in nursing educational program.

Background: The changes in cardiac function are associated with heart failure which result in a decrease of cardiac output. This results of a decline in stroke volume that is due to systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction or a combination of the two. Nurses can play a role in prevention of heart failure disease by being knowledgeable of the risk factors associated with disease and also, the nurse may be a teacher-motivator for the patient.
Objectives: The aim of the study is to find out the association between nurse's knowledge about modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of heart failure.
Methodology: A non-probability purposive sample was 20 of February, 2014 to 20 of April 2014, 64 subjects, were selected in medical wards and coronary care units in both Hawler and Rizgary Teaching Hospitals. The study instrument contained of two parts. Part one included socio-demographic characteristics and part two was observational check list which contained 21 items for nurse's knowledge about modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of heart failure patient. Data was analysis by the statistical package for science service (SPSS version 17) was used for data entering and analysis such as S= significant (<0.05), very highly significant (<0.000) and non-significant (>0.05), Percentage, frequency and Chi-square test were used to interpretation.
Results: According to the results, that majority of the sample (67.2%) were within age group 23-32 years old. Male were more than female, the majority 83.8% of them were married and 75% of them graduates ofa nursing institute. Most of them had 1-7 years of experiences. The study shows very highly significance association of gender and highly significances association of marital status, levels of education and years of experiences in medical ward and coronary care unit.
Conclusion: According to the results, the majority of the samples were within young age group, male more than female, the majority of them were graduated of nursing institution. Concerning statistical association between age group and nurse's knowledge about heart failure risks shows non-significant, while shows very highly significant within gender and highly significant between nurse's knowledge with their marital status, levels of education and years of experiences in medical ward and coronary care unit.
Recommendation: Training session, continuous education and work shop by world health organization should be conduct for nurses at coronary care unit and medical ward to provide best nursing care for heart failure patient. Further study should be done to find out the gap between nursing practices and theory topics