Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences

This study was conducted to the isolation and identification of spicesborne fungi and Estimation of natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1at different areas in local markets in Tikrit city. Fungi were isolated from spices during this study's period. Six types of Aspergillus were detection Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergilllus niger and Five different genera of fungi were isolated Fusarium moniliforme, Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp. and Alternaria isolation on the three types of media Czapek Yeast extract Agar, Rose Bengal agar and PDA. The results show to the aflatoxin B1 concentrations between 1.05 - 7.90 part per million by using ELISA method.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of adding biochar to the diet and litter on growth performance, gas concentration, hock burning and dermatitis in the foot pads of broilers. In the experiment, 300 One day old chicks were randomly distributed to 5 treatments 3 replicates each treatment , with (20) birds .T1: as control treatment. T2: (2) kg biochar / 100 kg feed). T3: (4 kg biochar l / 100 kg feed). T4: (2 kg biochar / 100 kg litter). T5: (4 kg biochar / 100 kg litter) . The results of the statistical analysis of the average live body weight and feed conversion factor of broilers showed a significant superiority of the treatments with added biochar to the feed compared to the treatments with added biochar to the litter and the control group. While the results for ammonia gas NH3 levels, the hock burn and footpad dermatitis suggested that the addition of biochar to the litter treatments produced the best results compared to the biochar-added diet group and the control group.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of adding biochar to the diet and litter on growth performance and broilers the hock burn and footpad dermatitis. In the experiment, 300 One day old chicks were randomly distributed to 5 treatments 3 replicates each treatment , with (20) birds per replicate and with an average weight (39.7) g. T1: Without adding biochar in the diet and litter. T2: (2) kg of biochar / 100 kg of diet). T3: (4 kg of biochar l / 100 kg of diet). T4: (2 kg of biochar / 100 kg of litter). T5: (4 kg of biochar / 100 kg of litter) . The results of the statistical analysis of the weekly diet consumption rate indicated a significant superiority of the treatments of adding biochar to the diet over the treatments of adding biochar to the litter and the control group . While the results of relative humidity, level ammonia NH3 level indicated that adding biochar to the litter treatments recorded the best results compared to the group adding biochar to the diet and the control group. As for the results of the microbial characteristics, it was shown that the treatments of adding biochar to the diet recorded the best results compared with the group adding biochar to the litter and the control group, which recorded a decrease in the number of colon bacteria and an increase in the number of lactic acid bacteria. While the relative humidity results indicated that adding biochar to the litter treatments recorded the best results compared to the group adding biochar to the diet and the control group.
The aim of this study is to evaluate biochar as a food additive and a positive stimulant of the intestinal flora in maintaining the health of the broiler digestive system. Besides, due to its absorbent properties, it can reduce the moisture content of the litter and improve the overall environment of broiler breeding halls.

Using of antibiotics it has started nearly eighty years ago since 1940 the purpose of using for increasing the immunity against microbes, diseases and to enhance growth in poultry production. The development in bacteria to become resistant against drugs results from using antibiotics for long period it may transformed to humans as well. "Biotic" feed additives, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, are one potential option for increasing poultry development and health. More attention has recently been paid to modern dietary solutions, especially probiotics, postbiotics and prebiotics. A300 one day old Ross 300 chicks distributed randomly into five treatment three replicates twenty birds in each one. The treatment groups include: negative control (a basic diet), positive control (a basic diet) + oxytetracycline 0.05%, T1= a basic diet + 0.3% lactobacillus plantarum (postbiotic), T2= a basic diet + 0.3% Bacillus licheniformis (probiotic), T3= a basic diet + 0.3% Fructo-oligosaccharides (prebiotic). As a result of adding the natural additives to the feed, Birds fed T3 gained more live body weight and had significantly higher (p<0.05) than negative and positive control groups at the same time had lower (p<0.05) FCR. Moreover, carcass weight and bursa of fabricius were higher (p<0.05) in birds that were fed with T1 when compared with negative control. The group of birds that fed with T1, T2 and T3 decreased (p<0.05) drip loss and coocking loss. These natural supplements can be added to enhance growth performance and meat quality in chicken production.

This study was conducted in the farm of the Department of Animal Production, college of Agriculture –Tikrit University for the duration of 19/11/2021 to 23/12/2021. The aim this to study the effect of colour plumage and breeding system on the traits reproductive of Japanese quail Use in this experiment 180 A quail bird of age 21 Days were divided into two groups according to the colour of plumage 90 brown bird and 90 Black birds, each group divided that was raised in two breeding systems (batteries and floor). each breeding systems Contain 45 bird and is divided into three replicates, each replicate contains 15 the bird, and the sex ratio was used 2:1. The results showed no significant effect of plumage color and breeding system on the hatchability from total eggs, hatchability from fertilized eggs, fertility rate, embryonic mortality, superiority of brown quails over blacks in the weight of the first egg, while black quails outperformed brown ones in weight at maturity sexual.

This experiment aimed at studying the qualities and carcass of Sheep meat Awassi after a being dose of apricot seed oil to the animals field in the Department of Animal Production at the college of Agriculture - University of Tikrit. This experiment used 16 local sheep , ranging in age from 4-5 months, transaction. animals weighed weekly to adjust the amount of feed provided depend on the new weigh Animals were dosed apricot seed oil daily orally in proportions (0.5 ML and 1.0 ML and1.5 ML ) Relative to the weight of the live animal For the second, third and fourth treatment , using the syringe , the proportion of apricot seed oil given per week changed according to the weekly weight gain , At the end of the experiment, 12 lambs were slaughtered
The results of the analysis showed significant differences in the weights of the main cuts and as the weight of the thigh , where the third and fourth treatment recorded a significant rise. The third and fourth treatment recorded a moral rise. The results of the analysis showed significant differences in the weights of the secondary carcass parts in cuts the weight of the for shank , where the third treatment recorded a moral rise. The results of dosing animals with apricot seed oil showed moral differences in the Palmatic fatty acid ratio, where the fourth treatment recorded significant . For The recipe of Linolic fatty acid the fourth treatment recorded significant , The recipe for Lenolinic fatty acid recorded the fourth treatment significant , The characteristic of Stearic fatty acid illustrated the superiority of the fourth treatment by registering significant . The characteristic of Stearic fatty acid illustrated the superiority of the fourth treatment by registering significant.

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of Iraqi Sodium bentonite into decrease the negative influences of Fumonisin B1(FB1) and Aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in some broiler physiological parameters, one hundred and twenty broiler chicks 1-day-old (Ross 308) unsexed were used. The chicks were randomly distributed into four treatment groups with three replicates for each treatment contain ten birds and to 35 day olds, the experimental treatments were conducted as follows - T1. Basil diet (BD) no other addition (Control). T2. BD containing 300 mg FB1/kg diet + 2 mg AFB1/kg diet; T3. BD + 0.4% Iraqi bentonite kg/diet containing 300 mg FB1/kg diet 2 mg AFB1/kg diet; T4. BD+ 0.8% Iraqi bentonite kg/diet containing 300 mg FB1/kg diet+ 2 mg AFB1/kg diet. Treatment two (T2) represent the effect of (FB1) and (AFB1) contaminated the broiler diets on some physiological characters, the statically results shows significant (p≤0.05) decrease in the RBC, PCV and Hb significantly while the WBC and H/L ratio were increased significantly (P < 0.05). The Heterophils (H) result shows that T2 was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than result of T1 (control group), in addition, T3 shows that However, T4 was shows no significant different result compare to control group. That mycotoxins reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the concentrations of Total protein, Albumen, Globulin, Glucose and Triglyceride in treatment in T2 compare to control group. Other results present in Cholesterol values and Uric acid were significantly increase. Treatment T4 that included adding Iraqi sodium bentonite illustrate no significant different compare to control group in most experimental parameters. © 2022 TJAS. College of Agriculture, Tikrit University

This study was carried out at the College of Agriculture Horticulture Department Tikrit University for the 2021 growing season, in order to show the effect of spraying glutamic acid in different in three concentrations, and adding a balanced fertilizer (NP K) (20 20 20) in three quantities, on some characteristics of the mineral content of Tecoma stans. Spraying plants with three concentrations of glutamic acid (0.50, 0.25, 0) mg L -1, and adding a balanced fertilizer (NP K) in three quantities (1, 0.5, 0) grams of fertilizer / anvil and the interaction between them to show their effect on the characteristics of the mineral content in the leaves For Tecoma stans, according to a randomized complete block design. The results of the study indicated that the plants treated with a concentration of (0.50) mg L -1, and the addition of (1) g/anvil of (NP K) fertilizer for Tecoma tree recorded a significant increase in all studied traits compared to With the control treatment, the percentage of the mineral content characteristics was (1.975%) for the nitrogen concentration in the leaves, and (12.493%) for the protein content, and the phosphorous concentration was (1.841%) and (1.84%) for the potassium concentration, while the electrolyte concentration was (7,925%). Compared with the lowest values recorded by the control treatment of no spraying with acid and without adding fertilizer, it was (1.850%) and (11.303%), (1.723%), (1.752%), (6.64%) in the leaves. for (nitrogen, protein, phosphorous, potassium and carbohydrates) respectively.

The experiment was carried out in the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping – College of Agriculture – Tikrit University for the autumn season 2021 , the experiment included studying the effect of tow overlapping factors , the first being spraying with chemical fertilizer NPK ( 0 , 1.5 gm L-1 ) and the second factor included the spraying of compost tea fertilizer ( poultry manure extract ) at levels ( 0 , 50 , 100 gm L-1 ) . The experiment designed by randomized complete block design ( RCBD ) with three replicates , the results showed the superiority of plants that were sprayed with chemical and organic fertilizers over plants that were not sprayed with either of them . The superiority of spraying with chemical fertilizer NPK at the level of F1 ( 1.5 g L-1 ) in plant height cm , number of leaves leaf plant-1 , leaf area cm2 , number of flowers flower plant-1 , weight of flowers mg , as it gave the highest values reached ( 69.25 cm , 2729.37 leaf plant-1 , 792.87 cm2 , 492.99 flower plant-1 , 0.529 mg ) straight , the lowest values were for the comparison treatment . Also , the same treatment outperformed in the mineral content of the plant , the percentage of volatile oil and the active ingredients . Also , the treatment of spraying with compost tea was superior in the mentioned characteristics at the level of E2 ( 100 g L-1 ) . The results of the interaction showed that there were significant differences in which the treatment was distinguished F1E2 ( 100g L-1 poultry offal extract + 1.5 g L-1 NPK ) it gave the highest values for the traits ( plant height 71.84 cm , number of leaves 2978.30 leaf plant-1 , total leaf area 862.92 cm2 , number of flowers 525.44 flower plant-1 , weight of flowers 0.556 mg flower-1 , N 2.520% , P 0.396% , K 2.020% , volatile oil 4.52% , Cymen 13.414 mg , Myrcene 3.129 mg , Sabinen 3.319 mg ) , the comparison treatment F0E0 gave the lowest values for the mentioned traits , which amounted to ( 57.41 cm , 2179.20 leaf plant-1 , 546.54 cm2 , 428.56 flower plant-1 , 0.418 mg flower-1 , 2.346% , 0.296% , 0.997% 3.47% , 11.622 mg , 1.407 mg , 1.508 mg ) straight .

The aim of the study to estimate soil uniformity and development using B horizon, Three pedons were selected within Nineveh Governorate (Rashedyia, Talafar, and Telkaif), The morphological description was carried out according to the principles followed in soil survey staff, (2014), then each pedon was divided into depths and soil samples were taken from these depths to be transferred in to laboratory for physical and chemical analysis, also some of sand particles separated by different size of sieves. The results showed an increase in sand particles values downward to the third depth and then decreased again in the fourth depth in most study sites. A parallel curve was reached at Talafar 's location within the deepest except for the fifth depth, which showed an intersection in the size of the very coarse sand (VCS), which gave a lower proportion of the rest of the depths, due to the fact that the sampling was taken advantage of the grazing area and there was no equal movement of that size between the depths, albeit slight. The values of the ratio of fine sand to the total sand showed that they were relatively lower than the values of the ratio of fine sand to coarse sand for all locations, its rates ranged (0.41 - 0.83), the standard deviation values from the arithmetic mean were less than 21% in all locations except the surface layer at Telkaif, which amounted to (30.61%).

A field experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) to study the effect of inoculation with R. leguminosarum at two levels (with and without inoculation) and The compost made from the azolla plant and the interaction between them in efficiency of the root nodule formation and growth and yield of the faba bean plant grown in gypsiferous soil after being isolated and identificated by phenotypic, biochemical and molecular methods, the results showed that there was a significant increase in all plant characteristics of the fertilized and inoculated treatments compared to the non-inoculated treatment, as outperformed the compost treatment with azolla on the control treatment in all growth and yield traits, and significantly superior the inoculation treatment with Rhizobuim leguminosarum in all studied traits compared to the control treatment, and gave the inoculation treatment with Rhizobuim leguminosarum and compost made from the azolla the highest values compared to the control treatment, as the averages were in the number of root nodules, their wet weight and number of the bacteria surrounding the roots (15,000, 2.274 and 6.400 x 104), the plant height and the dry weight of the vegetative part (39,000, 24.995), (gm plant-1 cm plant-1 ) and concentration of the nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in the vegetative part (1487, 238 and 1819) ppm respectively.

This research was conducted to study potassium buffering potential behavior in some burned soils of Baweza – Mosul and Zawita- Dohuk , in north of Iraq. Potassium forms and the buffering potential phenomenon were studied by using thermodynamic parameters according to quantity- intensity ratio (Q/I) at 298 oK) The main results could be summarized as follows A great affection for the firing processto cause a high potassium availability and lost by leaching. The ARKe value ranged widely from 0.02 to 0.08 (mol L-1)1/2, the potassium labile pool (LK) rangedfrom 7.951 to 27.919 cmolc kg-1, the potential buffering capacity (PBCK) ranged between 285.47 and 369.48 cmolc kg-1 (mol L-1)-1/2, the free energy of exchange (-G) were range between 3291.8 and 4819.8 kJ mole-1 and the Gapon selectivity coefficient (kG) values fluctuated within the range 8.44 to 12.88 (L mol-1) 1/2.PF values were 0.018 to 0.025 .

In this study 30 samples were collected from the root nodules of Faba bean plants (Vicia faba L.) grown in gypsiferous soil in the College of Agriculture / Tikrit University / Salah al-Din Governorate in 5/12/2020, and the isolation process was carried out on selective mediumYeast Extract Mannitol Agar , and the phenotypically pure isolates were identified based on the culture, microscopic and biochemical characteristics, and the phenotypic identification results showed that 23 isolate gave the characteristics of Rhizobium sp. ,it was color of the colonies between white, cream and yellow, shiny, convex and smooth, gram-negative and most of able to move and has color between light pink and white on Congo red stain medium (0.025%) and it most of fast growing giving them yellow color on bromothymol blue medium and unable to grow on Hofer alkaline medium, and the efficient isolate was selected in the production of indole acetic acid, chelating compounds, and identificated molecularly by PCR, the 16SrRNA gene was amplified, then the sequence of nitrogenous bases, the results showed that there is a 99.69% similarity with the Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Viciae strain SMV12a, and therefore the isolate is genetically close to Rhizobium bacteria.

Four phosphorus fertilizer rates (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha-1) were evaluated for the nine common vetches (Vicia sativa) varieties ,Clima, Hanka, Mikaela, Lujiliana, Marrianum, Mery, Beybi, Nigra, and Namoi. Experiments was conducted during the winter season of 2019-2020 in the Sulaimani governorate at Qlyasan locations. The experiment was designed in Factorial and conducted in CRBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) with three replications. Means comparison was carried out by the least significant difference (LSD) at a significant level of 5%.Control treatment (no fertilizer application) results in the best value for the plant height, number of leaves plant-1, and leaf stem ratio with 90.106 cm, 104.156, and 0.810, respectively.The application of 30 kg ha-1for the character 100 seed weight recorded a maximum value of 19.064.While the variety number 4 produced the best values 130.083 for the characters number of leaves plant-1, 4.659 for the characters number of branches plant-1, 93.781 for the characters Days to 50% flowering .However variety number 5 gave the maximum value for the characters dry leaf weight and dry stem weight 3.093(g) and 5.08(g) respectively.Variety number 4 recorded a maximum value for the characters Seed yield reached 6840.425(kg ha-1).The character Dry stem weight (g) showed the highest value with 7.407for variety number 5 by Control treatment (no fertilizer application),followed by variety number 6 with values of 2.031 for the character leaf stem ratio. The application of 30 kg ha-1for the character days to 50% flowering recorded a maximum value of 94.953 days by variety number 6.in which the interactions between variety number 7 and the application of 60 kg ha-1 a maximum value for the character no. of branches plant-1 followed by variety number 2 with values 149.443 for the character days to maturaity . The phosphorus fertilizer application of 90 kg ha-1 showed the maximum number of pod plant-1with 22.073 by variety number 7.The phosphorus fertilizer application of 90 kg ha-1 showed the maximum value for the character no.of Pods plant-1by variety number 7.The character seed yield with 7774.053 kg ha-1 recorded by variety number 6 under the phosphorus fertilizer application of 30 kg ha-1.

An experiment was carried out at the Department of Field Crops laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit, in order to know the effect of stimulating the stored seeds of triticale Farah cultivar by α -amylase enzyme using a complete random design (CRD) in a factorial experiment. The first factor was the storage periods of 6 months, 1.5 years and 2.5 years (S1,S2 and S3) and the second factor was α -amylase enzyme concentrations of 0 (dry seeds), seeds soaked in distilled water, 1 and 2 mg L-1 of the enzyme (C1,C2,C3 and C4). Results showed that increasing the storage period reduces the viability of seeds and their ability to germinate and seedling characters. The percentage of germination, plumule length, radicale, seedling vigor, plumule dry weight and radical dry weight reduced from 93.5%, 10.68 cm,11.05 cm, 2033.42, 0.1149 g and 0.1231 g in S1 treatment to 83.88%, 7.53cm, 7.5 cm, 1267.1, 0.0977 g and 0.1022 g in S3 treatment. The concentration 1 mg L-1 was superior in germination, plumule length, seedling vigor and plumule dry weight and the values were 92.44, 9.46cm, 1805.78 and 0.1111 g. However the concentration of 2 mg L-1 was superior in radical length and its dry weight. The best interaction was between storage period S1 and enzyme concentration C3 with values of 96.6%, 11.50 cm, 2212.33 and 0.1288 g for germination percentage, plumule length, seedling vigor and plumule dry weight and with the concentration C4 that recorded 11.67 cm and 0.1353 g for radical length and dry weight respectively.

A field experiment was carried out in Al-Hajjaj district- Salah Al-Din Governorate, during the autumn season of 2021. The experimental design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. It had three ABA concentrations of 0, 9 and 12 mg L-1 that sprayed on plants at 4 and 8 leaves and at the beginning of flowering. Results indicated that a concentration of 12 mg L-1 was superior in shortening the number of days from sowing until 50% of tasseling (male flowering) 38.33 days and silking (female flowering) 41 days. The same concentration recorded the highest stem diameter of 2.47 cm, seeds number per ear 682.89 seed ear-1, 1000 seed weight 373.77 g, single plant yield 165.64 g and seed yield 11.04 tons ha-1, protein content 9.80% and ash percentage 1.39%. However, control recorded the highest germination percentage and speed of 95.89 and 64.80, respectively. Spraying ABA at 4 leaves was superior in recording the least number of days from planting until 50% of tasseling 38.50 days and silking 43.55 days and also excelled in giving the highest stem diameter 2.35 cm. However, foliar application of ABA at the beginning of flowering showed the highest means of number of seeds per ear 664.99 seed ear-1, 1000 seed weight 361.80 g, single plant yield 158.70 g, seed yield 10.57 tons ha-1, protein percentage 10.03%, and ash percentage 1.36%. Hence, foliar spray at 4 leaves recorded the highest mean 84.81 of germination speed.

The research was carried out in a mushroom farm, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, five microelements were tested, namely, iron, manganese, molybdenum, Zinc and boron, and a combination of these five elements, in addition biological agent, Pseudomonas fluva, to control of the brown blotch disease caused by pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas tolaasii on the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus. The results showed that all the treatments of the micro-elements as well as the growth-promoting bacteria P. fluva led to a significant superiority in the higher productivity of A. bisporus fruit bodies compared to the treatment of the pathogenic bacteria P. tolaasii only. The highest productivity of the fruit bodies was reached in the treatment of the elements mixture with beneficial bacteria P. fluva, which amounted to 2675.6 g / 20 kg compost, with a biological efficiency of 79.59%. At the level of elements, molybdenum (without bacteria) and with P. fluva outperformed the other elements by recording the highest productivity of 2533.2 and 2527.4 g / 20 kg compost with a biological efficiency of 80.26 and 79.0% , respectively, compared to the lowest productivity of 1404.3 g / 20 kg compost with a biological efficiency of 45.7 in the pathogenic bacteria P. tolaasii. The results showed that all treatments of the elements individually and in combination led to a significant decrease in the infection rate, no infection rate was recorded in the treatments of the elements mixture with the presence of pathogenic bacteria P. tolaasii with beneficial P. fluva compared to the highest infection rate of 32% in the treatment of P. tolaasii.