Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences

The aim of the study was to find out the effect of adding several levels of yeast on digestibility of nutrients, some characteristics of rumen fluid and a number of blood parameters. It was achieved in the animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine / University of Tikrit from 15/7/2017 until 01/10/2017. 16 Awassi rams were used with (36±0.34 kg) initial weight, and (10-12 months) of age. The animals were distributed into four experimental groups (4 lambs per group), and fed on four diets to which the yeast was added. The diets were included in the second groups T2, the third T3 and the fourth T4 on the yeast at rates of 3 g, 5 g and 7 g head /day respectively. It was provided with wheat hay as roughage feed in libtum form, and concentrated feed at a rate of 2.5% of the live weight measured weekly for a period of 75 days. The digestibility of organic matter increased with an upturn in the percentage of yeast in the diet (56.022, 60.529, 64.402 and 63.843), as well as the fiber digestibility factor (59.461, 62.325, 68.568 and 67.413). While the protein digestibility index decreased in T2 and T3 compared with the control group (56.403, 64.955, and 68.853 respectively) while the differences were not significant for the digestibility of dry matter and fatty matter. Rumen pH was increased to 9.675 after hours after eating the feed for the group that added 5 g / day of yeast to its diets. As for the blood parameters, the protein level decreased to 4.825 mg / 100 ml blood for the group that added 5 g / day. A day of yeast to its diet, compared to the control group, which was 5.550 mg / 100 ml of blood.

Soil reflectance spectroscopy has become a pioneering technique for quantifying soil properties that provide data for soil classification and digital soil mapping studies. This work was conducted with the aim to analyze the spatial variability of soil spectrometric properties between surface and subsurface soil under three land use patterns namely; pine, barren land and oak in Sherawa village, northeast Iraq.
Soil samples were collected from the three land types at two depths: surface soil at 0–15 cm and subsurface soil at 15–30 cm in duplicates totaling 6 collected soil samples. The elemental composition and mineral phases of soils were determined by X-ray fluorescent XRF and X-ray diffraction (XRD) respectively for qualitative and quantitative characterization. Magnesium oxide (MgO) was highest detected concentration in the surface soil layer reaching 34.16%, 36.75%, and 33.63%, respectively for pine, barren land and oak compared to 41.57%, 38.54%, 33.94% of the respective concentration in the subsurface soil layer samples of pine, barren and oak. Whereas, calcium and iron were the lowest percentages of pine in the surface and subsurface soil layer samples by (2.19%, 4.85%, 3.39%, and 4.55%, respectively). At the same time as, the percentages of oak in the surface and subsurface soil layer samples were (2.24%, 4%, 2.99% and 4.93%, respectively).The results indicate that the use of spectrometric analysis of soils in the field or in the laboratory can positively enhance soil characterization and typification surveys. Moreover, the influence of the silicates near 1400 nm by Al or Mg-OH and OH group were very apparent in the SWIR spectral regions of oak and pine in the subsurface soil. The results also showed the differences in soil color and reflectance between surface soil samples and subsurface surface soil for all site locations. Further studies are proceeding for more investigation at larger scale concerning analyzing the spatial variability of soil spectrometric properties with depth under different land use patterns..

The study was conducted during the two growing seasons (2019 and 2020) on grape vines (Halawani and Kamali varieties) in the vine yard of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design- College of Agriculture- Tikrit University. The vines cultivated in 2016. The experiment was conducted with three factors, the first, is the varieties (Halawani and Kamali), the second is agricultural Sulfur (S) with three levels, (S0:, S1: 250 g. vine-1,and S2: 500 gm. vine-1) and the third factor is the spraying of “Super Docson” nutrient solution with three concentrations (P0 : spraying with distilled water, P1 : 1.2 ml. L-1 , P2 : 2.4 ml. L-1). The spraying was done in Early morning to until complete wetness. The experiment was carried out with the split plot system in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The varieties took the main plots, while the sulfur and nutrient treatments were randomly distributed on the sub plots, by three replications and the results showed That, the Halawani variety was excellence on Kamali in most studied traits, and which included (leaf area of vine(m2.vine -1) , main branch length(cm), leaf chlorophyll content, vine yield(kg) and total yield(tons.ha-1). And the results showed excellence at concentrate 2.4 ml. L-1 for nutrient and at level 500 g for sulfur in most studied traits.

A comparative agronomical experiment was conducted at research station/ Department of Horticulture and Landscape/ College of Agriculture/ Tikrit University, to study the effect of two different soil textures (loam and silt loam) on growth and yield of six varieties of okra. The two soil textures were analyzed for pH, nitrogen, organic matter, phosphorous, Ca, K, Mg etc. at the Central Laboratory of Soil Science and Water Resource Department, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University. Six okra varieties of okra were used in this experiment (i. e., Clamson, Hussainawia, Sultani, Btra, Clemson and Clemson spinless). The experiment was carried out with a Randomized Complete Block Design with Split plot arrangement with four replicates. Data were recorded for plant height, stem diameter, branches number on main stem, total number of branches, pod length, pod diameter, pod weight, pods number, yield per plant and percentage of dry matter in pod. Results indicated that plant height, branches number on main stem, pod weight, pod number and yield per plant produced in Loam soil were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those produced in Silt loam soil. Irrespective of soil texture, the stem diameter, branches number on main stem and total branches produced in Btra variety, whereas, pod diameter, pod weight, pod number and pod yield per plant produced in Hussainawia variety were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those produced in other varieties. But, pod length did not differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05) between six varieties. It can be concluded from the present findings that Btra and Hussainawia cultivars may be produced in different soil..

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of five levels of soil water depletion from field capacity (30, 40, 50, 60, and 70%) on some growth, yield and yield components of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) VAR-ACSAD/65, with testing ten stress and drought indices to indicate the suitable index that could be simply used to interpret drought stress conditions. Results indicated significant effect of soil water depletion levels on wheat plant height, tillers per plant, spikes per plant, spike length, and total chlorophyll content, increasing water depletion levels decreased all recorded data. The effect on spike numbers per plant; spike length; number of seeds per spike; 1000 seeds weight (gm); seed yield per plant; straw yield per plant; biological yield per plant and harvest index were negatively dependent on drought stress to the level of no seed yield under the highest water depletion level 70%. Drought indices could classify to three categories; unity to zero, zero to higher value, high values to lower values. The relationship between drought indices were either positive or negatively correlated to plant seed yield. All studied crop drought indices were suitable for studying crop drought cases. The wheat variety acsad/65 was sensitive to drought stress.

The study was carried out in Sulaimani region at Qliasan location during the winter season of 2019-2020. A factorial experiment was conducted by using randomized complete block design with three replications. It was aimed to evaluate the effect of three sowing dates on growth, yield, and its components of grass pea varieties under rainfed conditions of Sulaimani Region. Three levels of sowing dates: 15th October (S1), 1st November (S2), and 15th November (S3) 2019 was applied for four varieties of grass pea (IF003, IF133, IF102, IF067), originated from different regions. The results of the experiment showed significant values for plant height (59.391cm), days to 50% flowering (125.307), days to maturity (174.333), seed yield (4013.920 kg ha-1) and biological yield (18004.514 kg ha-1) at the third sowing date (S3). The second sowing date resulted in the highest no of pods plant-1 (27.417) harvest index (0.403). The first sowing date had recorded the highest number of seeds (4.333) and seed yield (5599.141 kg ha-1).

This study aims to study the population density of the Peach Aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer and compared the efficiency of color traps with some insecticides Acetampride (ACelan 20% SL), Imidacloprid (Confidor 20% SL), Tiamethoxam (Actara 25 WG) and cold aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica seeds and Ricinus communis seeds in the insect control, The study was conducted in the Ishaqi city, Salahedin Governorate famous which known the cultivation of tomato Soalnum lycopersicum.The highest average of insects caught during May 2020 was 85.42 adult/plant, while the lowest insects reached 12.50 adult/plant during March 2020 in the first site while the highest average of insects caught during May reached 86.21 adult/plant, while the lowest rate was 22.35 adult/plant during the March in the second site This study show that the yellow color more attractive colors than white and red and shows that the red color less attractive colors. The highest mortality rate of acetampride was 92.3% after 24 h of treatment ,while the highest mortality rate of thiamethoxam and amidacloprid was 85.65% and 55.52%, respectively, after 24 h of treatment.The results showed the effect of cold water extracts on mortality of M .persicae Sulzer was 67.42% for the A.indica seeds, while the mortality rate was 78.59% for the R .communis, after 24 h, highest mortality rate of acetambride was 87.1% after 72 h of treatment, while highest mortality of thiamethoxam and amidacloprid was 71.3% and 49.2%, respectively, after 72 h of treatment. The results showed the effect of cold water extracts on mortality of M. persicae Sulzer, causes a mortality rate of 45.23% for the cold water extra of A .indica , while the mortality rate was 58.46% for the cold water extracts of castor plant R .communis after 72 h of treatment.

The research aimed to determine the extensional-epistemic needs of the agricultural staff in the management of the extension units of the agricultural department in the Agricultural Salah Al-Din directorate and identification of the extensional-epistemic needs in each of the areas of research (planning, organizing and decision-making, communication, coordination, observing and evaluation field). The research also aimed to identify the correlation between the extensional-epistemic needs and each of the following independent variables: (gender, academic degree, specialization, number of years of agricultural extension work, period of employment, sharing in training courses and administrative responsibility). A simple random sample (20%) was pell of the total community, where the total of its members reached (89) respondents. The questionnaire was used as a mean to collect data and it consist of two parts, the first part included some independent variables while the second part included (25) items related to the process of managing the extension units distributed over five areas, in front of which was a five-step scale (very high need, high need, medium need, low need, very low need) The results showed that the level of extensional needs in all areas is high we conclude from this research that agricultural staff lack information and skills in all areas of extension unit management. The results also showed a negative correlation between the level of needs and the variables studied; therefore, we conclude the importance of these variables and that they inversely affect the level of needs. Researcher recommends that the Salah Al-Din Agriculture Directorate should prepare educational and training activities for agricultural employees to develop their administrative skills and provide them with the necessary expertise.

The research aimed to identify the level of farmers ,decisions towards attending some agricultural extension activities in the area of Al-Alam in Salah al-Din Governorate in general, and to identify the level of wheat farmers decisions towards attendance in each of the research fields (the extension meeting, the seminar, the field day), finding the correlation between the level of wheat farmers decisions and each of the independent variables, So the area of Al-Alam was chosen as a region for conducting the research, due to the presence of a large number of wheat farmers, who numbered 704, a random sample of 10% was selected, with size of 70 respondents. The questionnaire was used as a tool to collect data from the respondents, consisting of two parts. The first part included some independent variables and, The second part included(34) standard paragraphs, to measure the level of wheat farmers decisions distributed in three areas, Using three-Level scale (high, medium, weak). The results showed the the study about decision not interest of farmers in the indicative activities directed to them in general, as well in every field of research and found relationship correlation between farmers decisions and the variables studied, which indicates the interest of farmers in their various personal and communicative characteristics in the extension activities. The local extension focuses the content of extension activities on the agricultural crops in which the region is famous as wheat crop and meet the knowledge and skill needs of farmers about serving this crops, which contributes this effectively in their attendance to various extension activities.

The research aimed to identify the level of knowledge of eggplant farmers with the most important scientific recommendations for growing it in greenhouses in the Zaliya village of Samarra distric and its relationship to some variables. The research population included all eggplant growers in Zalaya village which number (133) farmers, a random sample of (75%) was selected, bringing the number of farmers to (100) respondents. The data were collected by the personal interview method using a questionnaire form specially prepared for this purpose. consisting of two parts. A part is concerned with the independent factors for the respondents and a second part is related to the dependent factors The paragraphs in this part were of the type (choice of alternatives,). The first field: Establishing a greenhouse includes (12) paragraphs. The second field agricultural operations / soil service includes (10) field paragraphs. The third agricultural operations / crop service includes (21) paragraphs. The fourth field includes marketing operations (7) paragraphs. After verification of the face and content validity of the measuring tool. and presented to the specialists, the reliability was calculated using the Alpha Cronbach method. And used in displaying and analyzing the data: Percentage, arithmetic mean, simple correlation coefficient (Pearson), correlation coefficient (Spearman), and t-test to analyze research data using statistical analysis program Spss. The most important result of the research came as follows:
● 61% of the respondents had their level of knowledge within the intermediate category, with an average of (30.6) degrees, and this means that most of the respondents had a lack of knowledge of eggplant farmers with the most important scientific recommendations for growing it in greenhouses.
● There is a correlation between the knowledge level of eggplant farmers and the most important scientific recommendations related to cultivating eggplant in greenhouses and each of: age, educational level, and land tenure.

The study aims to define the problems facing rice farmers in Aqra, as well as to identify the relationship between the problems and each of the independent variables (age, educational level, cultivated area, number of working years). The final research sample reached (100) respondents excluding the sample of pre-test of (20) respondents, data were collected by means of the questionnaire form which consisted of two parts, the first of which, the independent variables studied, and included the second part, the dependent variable and included (30) problems, and the validity of the form was confirmed by presenting it to specialists in agricultural extension and was distributed to a sample A preliminary (pre-test) to ensure its reliability.
The results of the study showed that the highest problem take the first rank was (the lack of support and interest of the state in the crop and rice growers) and the least problem was (the lack of modern techniques used to harvest the rice crop), and the study showed a significant correlation between the problems and each of the following variables, age ,The educational level, the cultivated area, the number of working years, and the researchers recommended the need to address the problems facing the farmers through appropriate treatments for each problem as well as the state's interest in farmers by providing their requirements and needs And support them financially and morally.

The extracted Oryzanol under the optimum conditions were determined , Five temperatures were used which are 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 degrees Celsius and the results showed that the ideal temperature for extraction is 40 Cº and Five heating times were used which are 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes and the results showed that the ideal heating time for extraction is 20 minutes . As for the volume of the solvent mixture used in the extraction, five sizes were used, which are 15, 35, 55, 75, and 95 ml, and it was found that the best volume for extraction is 95 ml in addition fife ratios of Solvent Hexane : Isopropanol were used for extraction 1:1 , 1:3 , 3:1 , 3.5:0.5 , 0.5:3.5 V/V and the ideal ratio for mixing the hexane solvents: isopropanol 1: 3 volume : volume.

The experiment was conducted in the laboratories of the Food Science Department - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University, the study aimed to produce cookies by replacing the wheat flour with the pomegranate peels by 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5%, and study its impact on the chemical, physical, sensory properties and antioxidant activity of the produced cookies. The results of replacing cookies with different percentages of pomegranate peels showed a change in the chemical estimates of its components, as the proportions of moisture, ash, fat, protein, fiber and carbohydrates for the control sample (TO) (4.13, 0.58, 22.64, 6.89, 0.54, 65.22) %, and (3.56, 0.61, 22.12, 6.84, 0.80, 66.07) % for the sample (T1) replaced by 1.5% pomegranate peel, and (3.48, 0.65, 21.97, 6.78, 0.95, 66.17) % for the sample (T2) replaced with 3% pomegranate peels, And (3.36, 0.69, 21.79, 6.71, 1.18, 66.27)% for the sample (T3) replaced with 4.5% pomegranate peels. The effect of substitution on the physical properties of the cookie product, it showed a significant decrease in the diameter of the additive sample of 1.5, 3, and 4.5% of the pomegranate peel, reaching 4.71, 4.66 and 4.56 cm, respectively, and a decreased in the thickness with increasing the concentration, as the thickness reached (1.41, 1.36, 1.35, 1.33) cm for the parameters T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively, while, the diffusion ratio was 3.46, 3.45 and 3.43 cm for T1, T2, and T3 parameters, respectively. The results of estimation of phenols indicated that the concentration of total phenols in the cookies product was 74.92 mg/100 g, 78.89 mg / 100 g, 83.39 mg/100 g, and 88.85 mg/100 g for samples (T0, T1, T2, T3), respectively, while the percentage for free radical inhibiting activity in cookies samples with different concentrations of pomegranate peels added was 21.20% in the control group (T0) and in the treatments T1, T2 and T3 (24.07, 25.18 and 27.12), respectively. The results of the sensory evaluation of the cookie product under study showed, transaction T1 outperformed the rest of the transactions in overall product acceptance, the results showed that there were no significant differences (P≤0.05) in the taste quality between the treatments (T0, T1, T2) and also between the two treatments (T2, T3), The results also showed that there were no significant differences between the treatments (T0, T1) and the coefficients (T1, T2), and between the treatments (T2, T3) in the color, while the results showed that there were no significant differences in the parameters T0, T1, T2 and T3 for the crispiness, also, the results showed of the sensory evaluation that were no significant differences (P≤0.05) between all treatments for the characteristics of texture and overall acceptability.

This study was conducted in at the Biotechnology Research Center / Nahrain University / Baghdad Governorate, for the period 2/8/2020 to 15/9/2020, the follow of the effects of dosing with ethanolic extract of pomegranate peels on 30 male rats of (2-3) months of age and weights (170-220 g) were included, it was divided into two parts, one of which is intact and the other in which diabetes was introduced by using alloxan at a concentration (90 mg / kg) of body weight, The results showed of the biological study that the development of experimental diabetes showed significant increase (P <0.05) in the concentrations of Glucose, Total cholesterol (TC), Trigleserid (TG), low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C), Very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and the enzymes of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase (AST وALT), and malonedialdehyde concentration (MDA), Compared with a intact control group, while it led to a significant decrease (P <0.05) in body weight, insulin concentration, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), in the affected control group. Dosing in intact rats with ethanolic extract of pomegranate peel at a concentration of 75 and 150 mg / kg of body weight led to a significant decrease in the concentrations of glucose, TC, TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C, as well as AST, ALT, and MDA enzymes, compared with a healthy control group, Significant increase in body weight, insulin and HDL-C concentrations for all treatments compared with the healthy control group. Dosing of diabetic rats with ethanolic extract of pomegranate peels at a concentration of 75 and 150 mg / kg of body weight led to a significant decrease in the concentrations of glucose, TC, TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C, as well as AST, ALT, and MDA enzymes, compared with the infected and untreated control group, a significant increase in body weight, insulin and HDL-C concentrations, for all treatments, compared with the affected control group.

To isolate the common bacteria present in urinary tract orifices, and skin of rabbits, 18 adults rabbits of either sex, of 1-2 kg b.wt. local and albino breed were depended. In current study the isolated symbiotic bacteria from the skin and urinary tract exit of rabbits were identified based on their morphological, cultural, physiological and biochemical characters in addition to their sensitivity to ethanol extract of pomegranate peel, Melia azedarach stem, Lantana cammra fruit, L. cammara flowers and L. cammara leaves using well diffusion methods.The results showed that the most common isolates were Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Bacillus and E. coli. The ethanol -aqueous extracts of pomegranate peel and L cammara leaves were of the more inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus , E. coli and Streptococcus .