Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences

The current study was conducted in a poultry farm at the College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mosul University. It aims at studying the effect of adding different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the fodder and drinking water on the production characteristics and the number of intestine bacteria of the local quail. The levels 0, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5% of yeast added to the fodder and 0.5 g/liter of drinking water. In the research 432 one-day old quail chicks were used and distributed randomly into six treatments, each of which included 72 chicks (72 chicks/treatment) and six replicates (12 chicks/replicate). Statistical analysis results showed a significant increase in the average living weight, weight increase, average consumption of fodder and the coefficient of the feed conversion ratio for the fourth, fifth and sixth treatments (2, 2.5 yeast in the fodder and 0.5 g. liter of water) compared to the other treatments and the control treatment. There were no significant differences in the dressing percentage and moralities for all the experimental treatments. From the other hand, it was observed that there was a significant decrease of the total number of bacteria in the birds fed with the fourth treatment compared to the other treatments and there was no significant difference when adding the yeast to the drinking water and the treatment involving 1% of yeast on the total number of the bacteria. There was also a significant decrease in the number of E. coli and Salmonella in the treatment that involve all the levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the fodder. Also, a significant increase was observed in Lactobacilli bacteria for the treatments involving 1.5 and 2% of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae compared to those in other treatments.

The effect of a liquid methionine source provided through the drinking water on broiler chick performance, water intake, and carcass characteristics were studied using 264 unsexed broiler chicks (Ross 308, 7 days old). Methionine was added within three replicates in four treatments with 22 birds in each as follows: T1 (control treatment): without adding liquid methionine, T2: adding 0.25 ml of liquid methionine/litter of drinking water, T3: adding 0.50 ml of liquid methionine/litter of drinking water, and T4: adding 0.75 ml of liquid methionine/litter of drinking water. Live body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, water intake, and carcass traits were taken. The results showed that adding liquid methionine in drinking water were significantly increased (P≤0.05) live body weight, total feed intake, and body weight gain, as well as carcass traits also were significantly different among the treatments. Within the limits of the study, liquid DL-methionine provided in the drinking water was effectively assimilated by broiler chicks and increased total methionine intake, which increased the growth rate of the chicks.

The experiment was conducted at the research station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University for the 2019-2020 season, to study the effect of spraying organic fertilizer (seaweed extract) and growth regulator (cytokinin) on the growth and yield of the cauliflower plant. The experiment included two factors: spraying seaweed extract in three levels, (S0) 0 ml l-1 as a control, (S1) 3.3 ml l-1, (S2) 6.6 ml l-1. The second factor was spraying cytokinin in three levels: (G0) 0 mg l-1 as a control, (G1) 10 mg l-1, (G2) 40 mg l-1. The experiment was carried out according to the Randomized Complete Block Design R.C.B.D with three replications and the averages were compared according to Duncan's multiple range tests at a probability level of 5%.The results showed that spraying seaweed extract (S2) increased the percentage of phosphorus, potassium and boron significantly compared with all other treatments. Meanwhile, the application of cytokinin did not affect significantly on all the studied characteristics. The interaction traetments caused significant effect in fresh weight of leaf, phosphorus%, and potassium% with S0G0, S2G2, and S2G0 respectively compared with S2G0, S0G0, and S0G2 treatments which had the lowest values for previous characteristics respectively.

This study was conducted at College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region-Iraq so as to investigate some nut traits in 10 bitter almond genotypes, capacity of them to release from dormancy and finally germination ability. Nut traits were calculated, and stratified in a sand medium at 6±1°C in a refrigerator for 55 days, then they were sown in fine sand on August 22, 2021 for 29 days to calculate germination percentage. There were great discrepancies among genotypes in nut traits. Nut length was between (23.66-32.73 mm), nut width (18.77-21.84 mm), nut size (3.16-4.26 cm3), nut weight (2.67-4.13 g), kernel weight (0.6-0.99 g), shell weight (1.94-3.27 g) and shell thickness (2.31-3.37 mm). The results of release from dormancy and calculation of germination percentage trials showed that the highest nut numbers from G6 (100%), G4 (86.11%) and G2 (65.22%) were released from dormancy and the same genotypes gave the best germination percentage, particularly G6 and G2 both gave (73.33%) germination. Depending on the results of release percentage from dormancy and germination percentage, G6 and G2 along with G4 were the best genotypes

Different age of chicken manure may create a different effect on growth and production of plants. The reason for conducting the study was to determine the response of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) for mature chicken manure (old); its age was 6 months, and immature chicken manure; its age was less than 10 days. The research consisted of eleven treatments. Five deferent levels included 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 grams per plant (g plant-1) were used for each type of chicken manure (mature and immature) plus control treatment, and three replications were conducted for each treatment. The parameters of fresh weight (edible part only), leaves number, head diameter and plant length were recorded, at harvesting period. Also, the fresh weight has been converted to lettuce's yield ton hectare-1 (ton h-1). The result indicated that applying the old chicken manure (except 50 g plant-1) caused a significant decrease (P< 0.05) in fresh weight, leave number, head diameter and the yield of lettuce. However, lettuce supplied with high levels of immature chicken manure exhibited significant increase (P< 0.05) in fresh weight, plant length and the yield. Lettuce fertilized with 150 g plant-1 of immature chicken manure produced 68.48 ton h-1 which was 18 tons higher compared to only 50.20 ton h-1 in control’s plot. Based on the obtained result, avoiding application old chicken manure and utilization fresh manure in order to stimulate vegetative growth and lettuce yield are recommended.

Twenty-eight isolates of Lactobacillus were isolated from the rhizosphere of pea cultivated in the fields of five districts in Salah al-Din, which included: Tikrit, Al-Alam, Al-Sharqat, Samarra and Al-Baiji. The isolates identified according to molecular diagnosis using the analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences and were divided into five species: 7 Isolates of L. fermentum, 3 isolates of L. casei, 9 isolates of L. plantarum, 4 isolates of L. herbarum and 5 isolates of L. paralimentarius. Antagonism tests were conducted for these isolates against the pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum, the highest rate of inhibition was by isolates of bacteria L. paralimentarius 1981 reached 2.7 mm, followed by isolate L.plantarum 1982 with an inhibition rate of 2.5 mm. In the antagonism test using bacterial filtrate of L. paralimentarius 1981, the concentration of 30% was the highest in inhibiting the pathogenic fungus, as the fungus colony diameter reached 3.22 cm, followed by the concentration of 20 and 25%, as the colony diameter reached 4.47 and 3.68 cm, respectively. L. paralimentarius 1081 was recorded in the databases of the World Genetic Bank within the accession number MW149434.1. This is the first record of this bacteria in Iraq. L. paralimentarius 1081 showed the highest production of the antibacterial active substances including siderophores, total phenols and bacteriocin reached to 61.24%, 1.05 mg/ml and 18.02 mg/ml, respectively, as well as pH decreased to 4.5. The results also showed there are a strong correlation of pathogenic fungus inhibition with high concentrations of siderophores, total phenols, bacteriocin and low pH in the bacterial filtrate.

Self-purification capacity of a river is a significant indicator for the river health and it is in great importance in polluted water. Tanjero River lies southwest of Sulaimani city formed by linking two streams (Qiliasan and Kani-Ban streams) along its path the sewage of wastewater is discharged into the river that causes serious pollution and threatens the quality of water. Samples of water were taken from six stations (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6) along the Tanjero river. The data obtained from sample locations include velocity, depth, river discharge, water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and BOD. The De-oxygenation coefficient (k1) and re-oxygenation coefficient (K2) are then used to estimate the deficit value of predicted oxygen using the Streeter Phelps equation. The maximum de-oxygenation rate (K1) and reaeration (K2) rate (8.259541 day−1) and (15.22917day−1) were recorded in site (4) respectively. The fair ratio (f) or self-purification factor, for the Tanjero river was determined. The maximum fair ratio (f) value of (2.219) was recorded at site (2). The average fair ratio (f) was found to be (1.507) which classifies the river into large streams of low to normal velocities. This study revealed that using Streeter-Phelps method the natural self-purification occurred along the river as a result of continuous increasing of DO value and decreasing BOD value.

The study aimed to determine the perception level of agricultural employees to the concept of Sustainable Agricultural Development in the Sulaimani Governorate, determining the level of their perception towards it’s fields of (Sustainable Agriculture and Sustainable Development) according to its dimensions social, environmental and economic dimension, also determining the correlation between the perception level of agricultural employees to the concept of sustainable agricultural development and some of the personal and functional variables. The study population included all of the agricultural employees who work in agriculture directorate of Sulaimani and affiliated agricultural departments in all districts of Sulaimani governorate, where totaling (2778) agricultural employees. A stratified proportional random sample was selected of them with the percentage (10%) in all the agricultural sections and departments, thus the sample size became (278) agricultural employees. Study results showed that the perception levels of agricultural employees to the concept of sustainable agricultural development in general were medium tends to rise, the percentage of respondents within the medium and high categories reaching nearly (97%), results also showed that the (60.8%) of the respondents have a medium level of perception to the concept of sustainable agriculture. The results of the study also showed that there was a significant correlation between the perception levels of agricultural employees to the concept of Sustainable Agricultural Development and each of the following variables: age, specialization, duration of employment service, Socialization, location of job, exposure to sources of information related to sustainable agricultural development, attitude towards sustainable agricultural development). Whilst there was no significant correlation between the perceptions level of agricultural employees to the concept of sustainable agricultural development and each of the variables (gender, educational level, duration of agricultural extension service and previous developmental experiences).

The research came with the aim of analyzing the government support provided by the state to farmers for the purpose of increasing the production of the wheat crop and trying to reach the stage of self-sufficiency, and the time period (1992-2019) was adopted as the basis for this analysis. And as it turned out after applying the corrected least squares model (FMOLS), the results of the model showed that the significant variable (Y) represents the production of the wheat crop and the variable (X1) the support provided to the wheat crop, and the relationship was direct between the amount of support provided to wheat and the amount of production, and its parameter was (0.000708). As for the parameter of the independent variable, the local price of wheat (X2), there was a significant and direct relationship between the local price of the crop and the quantity of production, and its parameter was (0.003796), while the parameter of the independent variable was the global price of wheat (X3), the relationship was significant and negative with the quantity of production, and its parameter was (-8.174128). The parameter of the independent variable (X4) represented the cultivated area and its positive and significant relationship with the amount of production, and its parameter was (0.418500), while the parameter of the independent variable represented the size of loans for wheat crop (X5), its relationship was significant and negative between the size of loans and the amount of production, and its parameter was (0.014039). The analysis proved that the policies that the state operates in Iraq towards the wheat crop had a positive impact on the product and the produced quantities of the wheat crop, and at the same time it achieved a positive impact on the degree of consumer welfare in providing food. He concluded that the government support policy in Iraq played a successful role in stimulating the agricultural production process and increasing the production of the wheat crop, and had a positive role in increasing the quantity supplied of wheat, but it did not reach the level of satisfying the actual demand. The research recommends preventing the arrival of quantities of the wheat crop to Iraq informally or legally and of inefficient quality, which affects the prices of the local product and creates unbalanced competition.

The corn crop is one of the main crops in Iraq and is of great importance in terms of food and industry, as it is used in the manufacture of corn flakes, starch, oil, etc., and is used as animal feed. The research aimed to estimate the supply function of the maize crop in Iraq for the period (1990 - 2019) and to determine the factors affecting the production of the crop, represented by the price and non-price factors. The Nerlov partial adjustment model was used for a set of explanatory variables, namely, corn production as a dependent factor, the price of the crop for the current and previous years, rains, corn production in the previous year, price risk, technology variable, and the qualitative variable represented by the economic blockade as independent factors. The method of least squares was used in the analysis of several functions including linear, double logarithmic, half logarithmic and inverse logarithmic. The results indicated that the double logarithmic function is the best in terms of its conformity with the logic of economic theory and statistical criteria. The value of the coefficient of determination R2 was (0.89), and this indicates that the independent factors affect by (89%) the dependent variable, and that (11%) are due to other factors outside the model whose impact is absorbed by the random variable. The results of all parameters appeared significant according to the t-test at a level of significance (1%) to express the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables, and that the calculated F value is greater than the tabular F value, which amounted to (76.69), which indicates the significance of the model as a whole. The results indicated that corn supply is elastic in the short-run and inelastic in the long-run, which indicates that corn growers are less sensitive to price changes. And it was found that the supply of corn increases by (0.14, 0.19, 0.27) when the cultivated areas and prices of the current and previous year increase by one unit in order, and the research concluded that the supply of corn depends on several factors, the most important of which are prices in the current and previous year and the areas planted with the crop and to a lesser extent on the amount of rain And the production of corn in the previous year and the technological factor and other factors despite their positive impact on the production of the crop. The study recommends adopting policies that focus on non-price factors as a means to stabilize and increase corn production.

Field study applied during the 2019-2020 season in the fields of the college of Agriculture, University of Tikrit, in order to study the combined effect of residues of plants sunflower Helianthus annuus L. cultivated in different plant densities with using different spraying rates of chevaller herbicide in developing efficient weeds with wheat crop Triticum aestivum L. as well as in the growth of the crop and yield.Field experiment was applied according to randomized complete block design RCBD in split plot. Plant densities of sunflower were but in main plots by three densities (53000,66000 and 88000 plants. ha-¹) with treatment without the cultivation of the plants. These treatments have been growing during the summer season of 2019 in order to obtain the residues of sun flower plants during the cultivation of wheat. While spraying rates applied of herbicide were four rates (without herbicide, 50% 75% 100%) of the recommended rates of chevaller herbicide spraying, (300 ml/ha-¹) in the sub plots. Characters studies of wheat crop and weeds which grow with developing wheat crop were (weed control %, dry weight of weeds, wheat plants height, total number of tillers, number of spikes, number of grains spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield). The results that have been obtained from this research are as following:
-Chevalere herbicide spraying under recommended amount (300 gm-h-¹) gave the highest weeds control percentage by (91.2%) comparing with the treatment without herbicide (22.0%).
-High plant density of sunflower plant (88000 plant. ha-¹) gave the highest percentage of weeds control compared to other densities (53000 and 66000 plant).
-The best weed control it was given by using a high density with spraying rate 75 % of recommended of herbicide
-Dry weight of weeds were decreased significantly by using high density of sunflower residues, as well as with increase rate spraying of herbicide while the treatment which used a high density of plants with the 75% of the rate of spraying of the herbicide has achieved clear results in reducing the number of the weeds.
- Some growth characters of wheat have been affected by the factors applied in the experiment significantly by decreasing the characters with increase the density of residues like (plant height, number of tillers total number of spikes, number of grains spike, grain yield), while others characters influenced positively with increase rates of spraying herbicide like the (the total number of tillers m-², number of spikes m-², 1000 grain weight and, grain yield).

The study aimed to replace 3 and 4% of wheat flour with grape seed powder to improve the nutritional value of wheat flour and improve the rheological properties of wheat flour paste. The results of the chemical composition of wheat flour and grape seed powder showed that the moisture content in wheat was 11.5%, while its percentage in grape seed flour was 7.16%, ash 0.46% and 2.36%, protein 12.42% and 12.59%, fat 1.50 and 14.49%, fiber 1.43 and 42.98%, carbohydrates 72.69 and 20.42%, respectively. The Amylograph results showed that the gelatinization starting temperature of wheat flour dough replaced by grape seed flour for 3 and 4% reached 63.4 and 63.4 °C, respectively, with a significant difference from that of wheat flour dough. While the gel end temperature differed significantly for wheat flour dough that was replaced by 3and 4% of grape seed flour and reached 91 and 90.3°C, compared to wheat flour dough. The addition of grape seed powder showed a significant increase in the maximum viscosity to 1369 and 1433 °C compared with wheat flour dough. The addition of grape seed powder improved the farinograph qualities of wheat flour dough, for all 3 and 4% substitution ratios of grape seed powder, compared to wheat flour. Wheat flour replaced by 4% of grape seed powder, had a higher water absorption rate compared to wheat flour and reached 69.7%.

Sunflower oil, butter ghee and their mixtures at two levels 10 and 20% were studied. The density of samples was estimated at 0.92, 0.91, 0.914 and 0.916 g/cm3 for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. While the value of the smoking point was 240, 269, 271 and 278 ° C for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, and the value of the flashpoint for oils were estimated to be 292, 295, 297 and 310 ° C for all treatments, respectively, which directly affected the point of ignition value for all samples were 310, 316, 318 and 325 °C for all treatments, respectively. Sensory evaluation was conducted for French fries, and the Score values were 100%, for models 68, 80, 84 and 94 percent for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively.

This study was conducted at the Iraqi Center for Cancer Research / Al-Mustansiriya University / Baghdad Governorate, for the period from November 2020 to January 2021, to know healthy effects of different fat ratios mixtures of Omega-3 to Omega-6 in male mice with type 2 diabetes induced by Aloxan at a concentration of 100 mg / kg of weight. 32 mice aged (2-3) months and their weight (25-30) g were included. Four mice were isolated from them as a healthy control group and the remaining mice were injected with alloxan. Infected mice were divided into seven groups, one of which was untreated group (infected control), while the rest were treated with mixtures of different proportions of omega 6 and 3 fats. After the 30-day experiment, the biological study showed that the introduction of experimental diabetes mellitus with alloxan led to a higher Significant (p>0.01) and (P>0.05) in the concentration of glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) compared with the proper control group. While it led to a significant decrease (p>0.01) and (p>0.05) in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations in the affected control group, but when using mixtures of different proportions of omega-6 fats: Omega-3 led to a decrease in the concentration of glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) compared with the infected and untreated control group and an increase in concentrations of high-density lipoproteins (HDL-C) cholesterol.

This study was included isolation and identification Bacillus spp bacteria from childrens milk powder under 2 years of age .45 milk sample were collected with 3 replicates per label. Dialak , Novolac AD, Similac 1, Nactalia 1, Celia2, Sunny baby1, Nursoy, Primalac1, Alpha1, Biomil plus, Dovelac1, Liptomil plus2, DoveGER, S-26 LF, S-26 AR ,of the various pharmacies from the location of Baghdad for the period from 1/11/2018 to 30/4/2019. Isolates were examined by microscopic, agricultural and chemical test, as it was possible to obtain 8 isolats, all of which belonged to the various strains of wax and included 3 isolates of Bacillus cereus of milk samples contamination of 1.35% and two isolates of bacteria in Dialak 1, B.stearothermophilus from Novolac AD milk sample with 0.9 contamination and isolation of one B.stearothermophilus from each of the Nursoy,sunny baby1,Celia 2 (0.45%).

Orange juice is one of the most popular juices on the market. The bulk of accessible fruit drinks are synthetic and may include a number of toxic and poisonous substances those are harmful to customers' health. This study compares the physicochemical parameters, sugar content, organic acids, and sensory evaluation of commercial and fresh orange juice samples. The orange fruit was treated to produce fresh juice, which has 100% fruit content and no sugars or diluents. Packaged juice samples were obtained from a local store, and all testing was completed prior to the expiration of the juice's shelf life. Total solids, ash content, and pH were among the physicochemical properties investigated, with values ranging from 9.507–13.145%, 0.110–0.447%, and 4.360–5.970, respectively. Sugar content was observed to be in the ranges of 2.118–5.278, 2.641–4.317, and 2.563–4.184 g/100 ml for glucose, fructose, and sucrose individually. Organic acids (ascorbic, acetic, and citric acid) were found to have concentrations ranging from 25.170–43.981, 1.307–5.760 and 311–411.33 mg/100 ml separately. Sensory evaluation revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) between homemade and commercial orange samples. According to the acquired results and cluster analysis, there is a significant difference between handmade and commercial juice parameters. Commercial items include more sugar than fresh samples. The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of the nutrition and quality of commercial and homemade orange juice samples. Commercial samples are not recommended for regular intake due to the significant differences between artificial and fresh orange juice samples.

The Genomic DNA had been extracted from the liver tissue of the experimental rat groups following 15 weeks of treatment with partial purified L-glutaminase enzyme from E.coli in relation with ethylamine. The DNA samples of all the six treatment groups were amplified by PCR using three different primers specific for determining the presence of P53, bax and G3pdh genes and detect the effect of Ethylenimine and L-glutaminase on the animals at the molecular level. The agarose gel electrophoresis technique used to analyze the PCR amplification products. The result revealed the presence of P53 gene in all treatment groups except for diseased group (T2). This finding demonstrates the mutagenic effect of Ethylenimine that lead to mutation at P53 gene sequence, and therapeutic beneficial of L-glutaminase. Also, there is no PCR amplification product which represent Bax gene sequence for T2 and T5 groups which were administered doses of Ethylenimine, indicating that low doses of L-glutaminase failed to prevent the mutagenic effect of Ethylenimine. While, the G3pd genes is presented only in T2 and T5. Finally, analysis the DNA sequences of the PCR amplified products extracted from liver samples of T2 group treated with Ethylenimine was carried out, then the results were compared with NCBI. The expected mutations were found at thirteen locals and there were only three mutated sequences with the DNA of liver samples from T5 group, while the DNA of animals in group (T6) were showed no mutated regions. The results of this novel study make clear the therapeutic effect of L-glutaminase and how suppress the mutagenic and carcinogenic effect of ethylenimine on P53, Bax, and G3pd genes, and its effect was dose dependent..