AL- Mouhaqiq Al-Hilly Journal for legal and political science

Technological advances have led to the emergence of different and new types of weapons that have contributed to the widespread prevalence of violence and crime in society. The use of such weapons has led to some malfunctions, forcing those who own them to repair them. Of the existing Arms Act No. 51 of 2017 in Iraq, the Regulations for the Organization of Shops for the Sale and Repair of Firearms and Prejudicial Weapons No. 8 of 2000 regulate the granting of permits to shops for the sale and repair of firearms. If the person does not obtain such permit, the offence of repairing the firearm without a permit shall be regulated by the legislator. (24/3) of the Weapons Act, the elements of which are the firearm and the second element is the absence of leave. The general element of the crime is the physical element, which is the repair of the weapon and the moral element and is the criminal intent as a deliberate crime.

The constitutional designer is required to outline a constitutional framework for formulating the topics of the federal system by examining the material requirements that influence the drafting of federal system texts and then leveraging the technical capabilities of constitutional drafting. The formation of the federal system is achieved by dividing power into two levels of government, with the idea of division stemming from fundamental principles. It's worth noting that the design is influenced by the approach taken by drafters in forming political units within the federal state, and this depends on the necessity of establishing both the external and internal structure of the federal system, including the creation of standards for the formation of units that impact the constitutional status of constituent units.

Legislative drafting has a major role in implementing the law, which makes it necessary for the drafter to improve the engineering of the design because controlling the drafting process leads to facilitating its application and closing the door to diligence in interpreting the clear text on the other hand. However, if the drafting is reflected in a negative outcome due to the technical defects it contains, which will lead to... To open the door to political jurisprudence, especially the issues of distributing constitutional powers between federal and state authorities. Therefore, applying the requirements of constitutional drafting to the federal system requires the drafter’s ability based on his understanding of the requirements related to the drafting process, otherwise the defect in it will lead to creating interference in the application.

In light of modernity and the tremendous and accelerating scientific and technological development, applications of artificial intelligence have emerged for us, which today have become indispensable to us in running our daily lives. It is certain that the contract is the first source that enables us to benefit from these applications. It is possible that contractual liability will arise from these contracts, except... It is a responsibility that faces several problems and difficulties that had to be attempted to be diagnosed and addressed legally.
We concluded that it is possible to establish contractual liability for artificial intelligence applications on the basis of a defect in the application, whether old or an accident, unless it is proven that this defect arose due to the wrong use of the user, and all of this is according to an analytical study compared to the new Egyptian Consumer Protection Law No. (181) of the year 2018, as well as Article (1245) of the French Civil Code.

Parliamentary committees contribute to enhancing the strength and effectiveness of parliamentary work. Parliamentary committees undertake important work on behalf of the Representative Council. Although attention is focused on plenary sessions, most of the work undertaken by the Council is accomplished within the committees. Parliamentary committees are the effective device for improving In parliamentary work and the main tool that parliamentary councils rely on in their work, as it is considered the pillar and foundation of the Council’s work, and it is inconceivable that there would be a parliamentary council without parliamentary committees, as it is considered a research center that studies and audits all work that falls within the jurisdiction of the House of Representatives, based on the idea of dividing parliamentary work. On small bodies or groups of Council members who enjoy experience and competence, if the Council with all its members is not able, during plenary sessions, to study and discuss topics within its jurisdiction, without studying them in advance by one of the committees, which is responsible for studying the topics referred to it, and then submitting its report. To the Council, committees represent an indispensable necessity in legislative and oversight work.

The legal actions conducted by the administration take two forms. The first is contracts, which are carried out by agreement of two wills between the administration and individuals, and the second is administrative decisions that are issued by its sole will. These are the most widely used of all by the administration, as it cannot do without it, and is even unable to carry out its tasks without it, and in line with technological development. In the current era, in various aspects, we find that the administration may strive to modernize the means available to it regarding its administrative decisions, including electronic means of communication to implement them against individuals, such as electronic publication of the administrative decision or electronic notification of it, but some difficulties may arise that the administration faces in this regard Among them is the failure to stipulate in the legislation the use of electronic means of communication to implement its administrative decisions, despite the existence of specialized electronic legislation, as is the case in the Iraqi Electronic Signature and Electronic Transactions Law No. 78 of 2012. From this standpoint, I decided to study the electronic means of communication that the administration may use in every situation. From Iraq and Egypt and the extent of its effectiveness in enforcing administrative decisions against individuals.

This study aims to investigate the applicability of international humanitarian law to the relationship between armed conflicts and climate change. Among the findings is the impossibility of applying rules of international humanitarian law to climate changes that contribute to armed conflicts in the pre-conflict stage, whereas the impact of armed conflict on climate change is governed by international humanitarian law, given that such an impact may occur through military action. This is evident when examining the legal protection of sites intended to address the causes of climate change or those involved in mitigating its effects, or even the feasibility of applying protective rules to victims of climate change. However, this protection is not effectively realized due to the nature of climate changes caused by various factors and over a long period of time.

Determining the applicable law to international sales contracts is one of the important means of reducing conflict of laws in various countries around the world. This research deals with the scope of application of the applicable law in international sales contracts in accordance with the 1980 United Nations Convention. It also researches the ability and freedom of individuals to choose the applicable law. Application in international sales contracts. Is it the right of individuals and parties to the contract to choose the applicable law? Is there a real connection between the chosen law and the contractual relationship? The existence of the connection is what justifies the choice of the chosen law. If the will of the contracting parties is directed to choosing an agreement based on application to their contractual relationships, such as the United Nations Convention on International Sales for the year 1980.
Research into international contracts is considered one of the most accurate topics of private international law. Despite the multiplicity of approaches, conflicting solutions and their instability, international contracts raise legal difficulties that do not have stable solutions in national legislation. At the forefront of these difficulties is determining the applicable law in international contract disputes, which leads countries to join the agreements. International law to determine the applicable law in sales contracts, including the United Nations Convention of 1980.

The human right to public health is one of the most important human rights. This right has been stipulated in many international conventions and treaties, starting with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, and then the International Covenant on Economic and Social Rights in 1966. The charters are considered an alternative to human rights, so it has become obligatory for the Iraqi legislator to It must be relied upon when drafting legal texts, and health organizations must adhere to it, especially those campaigning on public health as a participant in society
The judicial administration must possess the capabilities necessary for people to fulfill their needs to carry out public health matters, in order to carry out its duty to others by using its public facilities established by the state for the purpose of achieving the public good, especially providing medical services to patients, other than getting sick, which is the protection of public health.

Regional integration is the process of interfering with neighboring countries in an agreement to improve cooperation through common institutions and rules. The goals of the agreement can range from economic to political to environmental, while the new regional is a modern wave of regional economic and commercial integration organizations, which began to appear from the mid -eighties in the form of major regional economic commercial blocs, which led to new regional and regional integration to improve economic performance in Participating countries, and increased political stability rates and societal cohesion, between those countries, so most countries in the world seek to establish regional gatherings in order to benefit from the advantages that may arise from these economic blocs, including the Mercosur in Latin America, which is considered one of the most important gates Latin America to join the developed countries and its global economic blocs. The Mercosur Group aims to achieve a kind of economic integration between its members by promoting free trade and facilitating the movement of people and goods.

The research discusses the problems raised by the nature of the decisions issued by the Committees of the Martyrs Foundation between the judicial nature and the administrative nature, which both the institution and the judicial authorities faced, because of their prejudice to the public interest, public money and the families of the martyrs. The research problem lies in the participation of committees to compensate those affected by war operations, military errors, and terrorist operations, and the review committees of the Martyrs Foundation with the administrative committees of judicial formation in the component of their presidency which is assumed by a judge.