Journal of Al_Anbar University for Language and Literature

This research discusses the critical reading that show the stylistic value of deviation of descriptive disharmony in Khlid Mahadeen poetry. Especially after reading become asign for the reader's presence and a focal which the text appears the deviation of descriptive disharmony represents assign of beauty and important an element of the technical construction elements his poetry. This deviation bears signs of the poets technical vision.
It also uncovers his feelings as a source of dialogue and interpretation, as wellas a symbol for his sorrow and happiness for what it includes off, psychological and social and symbolic signs. The readers must study this deviation by referring to the text which determines its role and its stylistic value. Through descriptive deviation, the poet becomes able to know the language capabilities, invention and renewal in its words. This research contains two parts: The first one is the descriptive deviation between abstract and concrete things. The second deviation between the colorful attribute and its described object.

Taboo words are widely used in American movies that manifest cursing and obscene denotations. The problem that should be tackled is that Arab subtitlers translating these movies are obliged to avoid translating these words literally due to certain social and religious bearings. In lieu, they adopt euphemistic strategies that mitigate these taboo words. Objective: this paper aims at determining the euphemistic subtitling strategies Arab professional and amateur subtitlers adopt when translating taboo words in two American movies into Arabic. Methodology: a corpus-based approach has been adopted based on picking out the English taboo words spoken in the dialogues, and revealing their Arabic equivalents subtitled by Arab professional and amateur subtitlers. To categorize the taboo words into types, the qualitative content analysis method was applied in the analytical framework and Khalaf and Rashid’s (2017) model of strategies employed in attenuating swearwords has been followed with some modifications. The semantic change occurring in the field of taboo words, mollified due to adopting different strategies of euphemization in the subtitling process was considerably verified. Findings: the analysis shows that deletion, semantic field change, euphemized expressions, lexical generalization, and metaphorization are the commonly adopted strategies in rendering taboo words in the movies. Several taboo words were partially euphemized, while others were totally euphemized, yet others were deleted all together.

The study addresses the Parenthetical Sentence falling within certain grammatical structures, which is a broad field in Arabic grammar, as the interception in the sentence is included in various places, whether the sentence to which the interception is entered is a nominal sentence or a verbal sentence, so it is occurs in different locations in the Arabic sentences so as between the adjective and what it described, the Relative Pronouns and the completed sentence, and the parts of the conditional sentence. So the data for analysis are collated from Quranic texts to clarify the grammatical structures containing intercepted Sentence and identify the semantic purposes stemming from these sentences. The Quranic text covered the most types of interception which succors in the Arabic grammar and I collect the different opinions of scholars in these text with a statement of the moral purpose for which this interception came out. The research concluded with a summary representing the most important findings of the research then a list of research sources.

Generally, literary texts in general acquire the characteristic of encyclopedism due to the availability of diverse and absent inputs in their contexts, whether they are inherited or contemporary. They harmonize with each other within an interactive relationship that achieves mutual benefit between both parties. The absent is revived in the present (the new text), which is strengthened to achieve the intellectual integration due to the absent. This is the basis of Intertextuality studies, which follow up the missing texts seated in the structure of the present text. Moreover, observing how they are localized in it, the nature of their presence, their purpose for existing, and their impact on its construction, consolidation, and even completion.
Objectives: This research aims to investigate the patterns of poetic presence in the prose of Ibn Hujjah al-Hamawi, via selected examples within his letters found in his book (Qahwat al-Inshāʼ), through a temporally framed intertextual study that begins with the Seljuk era and ends with the Mamluk era, which represents the era of the author himself.
Methodology: The method was based on the analytical descriptive approach, as well as the historical method.
Results: The results were summarized by the clarity of the diversity of poetic presence patterns in Al-Hamawi's prose in terms of time. He adopted both external and internal Intertextuality, besides self-intertextuality. In addition, the diversity of poetic patterns according to the nature of the presence of the absent poetic text, and how it was employed. The Intertextuality mechanisms were used by Al-Hamawi represented in four mechanisms: rumination, absorption, dialogue, and allusion mechanism. The studied examples were classified according to these mechanisms during their presentation and analysis. Bearing in mind that all of the above reflects a lucid portrayal of Ibn Hajjah's awareness regarding the importance of absent texts in the structure of his writings, his acumen to select them clearly, and his proficiency in integrating them into the contexts of his letters, where they appeared harmoniously with them, through the various methods he admitted in employing them. This gave them a semantic and aesthetic value simultaneously.

Environmental criticism has acquired a significant position in literary and critical studies. It is a relatively new branch that emerged in the 1990s which focuses on interpreting environmental representations in creative works. Consequently, several critics have sought to analyze literary texts that depict humanity's destructive role towards nature. One of the writers who aspired to address this issue is the novelist Subhi Fahmawi. We have chosen his novels as a sample for the environmental study through the term "imageology" as a cultural connection between peoples. The importance lies in the environmental issues and their representations, as well as the observed environmental imagery in Western countries compared to the Arab ones in terms of development, environmental sustainability, and environmental awareness, which confirms the author's environmental consciousness and culture.
The research aims to study a theoretical subject that requires practical aspects in the relationship between environmental criticism and the term " imageology." And then to uncover the close connection between human relations and the environment, highlight the author's environmental vision and its manifestations in his novels, and examine how environmental awareness and ethical commitment shape the self and the other.
The study is divided into two parts. The first part is theoretical, discussing the concept of environmental criticism and its philosophical roots, as well as the concept of " imageology" and its relation to environmental criticism. The second part is practical, focusing on environmental critical analysis and the observation of environmental aspects. The conclusion summarizes the most important research findings, followed by a list of sources and references.
The study adopts an environmental criticism perspective, which is an interdisciplinary approach intertwined with various social, cultural, and interpretive contexts. Through these contexts, we examine environmental representations in the study sample, utilizing methods such as analysis and context to reveal the underlying environmental implications in Fahmawi's novels.

The article is devoted to the problem of the ambiguity of the term denoting the phenomenon of euphemization in Russian and Arabic. The efforts undertaken by linguists to unify and standardize the term "euphemism" are highlighted, the main obstacles that hinder the achievement of terminological identity are indicated. The attempts of ancient and modern and Arabic linguists and also Russian scientists to formulate the term "euphemism" are considered. In the course of the work, a distinction was made between the term euphemism and some other linguistic terms, such as metaphor, trope, and metonymy, used by some scholars to nominate the term euphemism. Achieving terminological unification is an indispensable condition for linguistic progress, and this can only be achieved by overcoming the obstacles that have dominated the terminological field at all levels. . Exploring the positions of scientists in this matter, the author comes to the conclusion that the work on streamlining the meanings of the term is associated with the revision of the concepts and definitions related to this semantic field, their systematization and classification in the context of rapid progress.