Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences

This study was conducted in the Animal Production Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Bagh-dad for 35 days to evaluate the effect of adding different levels of grape seed oil to the broiler diets on the growth performance charac-teristics of the carcass. A total of 180 chicks one-day-old of commer-cial broilers Ross 308 were purchased. The birds were randomly dis-tributed into four treatments and three replicates per treatment with 15 birds in each. The treatments were as follows: T1 control treat-ment (free of grape seed oil) and T2, T3 and T4 included the use of grape seed oil at rates of 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75%, respectively. The re-sults showed a significant superiority (P <0.05) for the treatment of grape seed oil supplementation for the treatment T3 in the body weight and cumulative weight gain at age 35, compared with the con-trol treatment. While no significant differences were observed among the treatments of feed intake and feed conversion ratio. No significant differences were observed in the percentage of the yield and the relative weight of the birds. No significant differences were observed in the relative weights of the edible internal organs. In con-clusion, the use of grape seed oil by 0.5% has improved broiler per-formance.

To investigate the best N fertilizer application regime for the envi-ronment and the economy. Therefore, a field experiment was con-ducted for one year (2020–2021) under the rain-fed condition at two locations in the Sulaimani region; Qlyasan research field of the Col-lege of Agriculture Engineering University of Sulaimani and the Ka-nipanka research station in the Sharazoor valley to determine the ef-fect of the application of 120 kg ha-1 N in four split doses (T6) at four growing stages, sowing, tillering, booting, and spiking, respec-tively. Were T1 (60 kg ha-1 N at sowing, 60 kg ha-1 N at tillering) used as a control, T2 (60 kg ha-1 N at sowing, 30 kg ha-1 N at tiller-ing, 30 kg ha-1 N at booting), T3 (60 kg ha-1 N at sowing, 30 kg ha-1 N at tillering, 30 kg ha-1 N at spiking), T4 (60 kg ha-1 N at sowing, 20 kg ha-1 N at tillering, 20 kg ha-1 N booting, 20 kg ha-1 N at spik-ing), T5 (40 kg ha-1 N at sowing,30 kg ha-1 N at tillering, 30 kg ha-1 N at booting, 20 kg N ha-1 N at spiking) and T6 (40 kg ha-1 N at sowing, 40 kg ha-1 N at tillering, 40 kg ha-1 N at booting) and their effect on grain yield and it’s components of bread wheat cultivars (Adana-99, Hawler-4, and Sulaimani-2). A split plot arrangement within Randomimized Complete Block Design with three replicates was used. The possible comparison among the means was calculated following the Duncan test at a significant level of 0.05. As part of grain yield, no. of spikes m-2, no. of grains.spike, thousand-grain weight (g) (TGW), grain yield ton ha-1 (GY), biological yield ton ha-1 (BY), and Harvest Index (H.I) were all calculated. As the aver-age of both locations of the results showed that the impact of Culti-vars on agronomic traits was significant, Sulaimani-2 produced the maximum values for all characters, with the exception of (TGW) and (H.I), which were provided by Hawler-4. All the bread wheat char-acters were significantly influenced by the time of application of ni-trogen, where T5 produced the maximum value for all characters with the exception no. of spike m-2, where T6 had the ultimate value. The no. of spikes m-2 had a significant effect on the T4, and T5 study characters. Based on what we've found, the best combination isSulaimani-2 with T6 and T5 except in Qlyasan location with T6 only when rain is guaranteed. This increases both the yield and its com-ponents .

The study was conducted on 100 dairy cows in Tag-Alnahrain sta-tion, located in Al-Qadysia province, post parturition (after 40-60) days after calving. The aim of the study was to test the relationship between oxidative stress, particularly protein oxidation, and uterine health during the puerperium. The cows are divided into four groups according to intense clinical sighs of merit. In order to distinguish between degrees of inflammation, in this study, the cutoff value of PMN %. was set at 8% to distinguish between degrees of inflamma-tion. The group (H) was (54). The SCE group consisted of 22 cows infected with subclinical endometritis, the EM1 group consisted of 11 cows infected with clinical endometritis Grade 1, and the EM2 group consisted of 13 cows infected with clinical endometriosis Grade 2. The advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) was esti-mated in plasma and vaginal mucus discharges by using a commer-cial laboratory method to detect the dityrosin formation, which is the major content of AOPP. AOPP, a good marker of protein oxidation, was visualised by western blot,. The study demonstrated that there was an increase in plasma AOPP in the EM2 group with a significant value of p 0.01.The study also showed a significantly increased con-centration of AOPP in vaginal mucus discharges in the group of an-imals infected with (SCE). The study clarified that there was an in-crease in neutrophil point age of more than 8% in vaginal mucus dis-charge after collecting mucus by metrecheek in the (EM1) group with a significant value of p≤0.0l while it was significantly(p≤0.01) in uterine mucus collected by cytobrush.

The current study was performed to investigate the hepatoprotective potential of Callistemon viminalis (AECV) on paracetamol –induced liver damage in male rats. Twenty-four male Wister rats (150–200 gm) were divided into 4 groups (6 animals each). Paracetamol was given at a dose of 2g/kg once daily for one week to induce liver in-jury, while AECV was administered via oral gavage at a dose of 200mg/kg B.W. for 4 weeks. Silymarin was given orally as reference hepatoprotective drug at a dose of 100mg/kg B.W. Liver enzymes such as ALT, AST, ALP, and total bilirubin were used to determine the level of hepatic injury recovery. SOD and CAT were measured as antioxidant enzymes. Both AECV and silymarin were successful in preventing the liver damage caused by paracetamol in male rats. The extract's hepatoprotective properties were demonstrated by a significant decrease in the blood enzymes ALT, AST, ALP, and TB and an increase in the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT.

Cowpea leafhopper Amrasca biguttula is one of the important pests that afflict the cowpea crop in Iraq and cause economic losses. There-fore, chemical control was studied in the laboratory and its effective-ness in control was demonstrated, as a pesticide was used imidaclo-prid ;Confider of the Neonicotinoid schemical group Confider con-centration was used for spray treatment 25ml/L,50,75,100ml/l. The concentration used for soil treatment is 100g/ml,200,300 ,400g/ml. The results were the treatment of the lowest hatching rate was ob-tained in leafhopper eggs for spray treatment when using a concen-tration of 100ml (reached 79.44%), observed that the average of mortality rate resulting from the use of a the pesticide Confider reached to (33.47%) , It is noted that the highest mortality rate was achieved after the passage of time 72 hours of treatment and reached (39.73%).

The study conducted to use the encapsulation of Nigella sativa oil to increase its thermal stability and making it more resistant to oxida-tion, lipolysis and use it to enrich soft cheese. Nigella Sativa oil par-ticles was prepared by encapsulating oil with chitosan nanoparticles (NSP) by using the ionotropic gelation technique. The prepared size of the nanoparticles was 70.93 nm. This study included Four treat-ments to produce soft cheese. In the 1st treatment(M1) 0.5% of the solution was added to NSP particle pasteurized milk (m1), while the 2th treatment(M2) treatment 1% of liquid solutions to NSP was added to pasteurized milk. A 0.5% and 1% of liquid solutions NSP were added to cared treatments (M3 and M4), respectively. The 5th treatment (M5), the soft cheese was used as a control and left without additions. All treatments were kept in cooling at a temperature of 7 ± 2o C for 14 days for conduct the physiochemical and microbiolog-ical examinations. The results showed that the coating of Nigella sa-tiva oil with chitosan and in the nano capsulate form increase the resistance of this oil to the manufacturing conditions, which led to an increase in its resistance to heat and oxidation processes. Also, the addition of nanoparticles to soft cheese in two percentages 0.5 & 1% caused increase the preservation ability of cheese during the 14 days of cooling storage.

A field study was carried out during the growing season 2020 in one of the private field in Sufia area / Ramadi district in order to deter-mine the best combination of adding poultry manure and spraying with dry yeast on the growth and yield of lettuce plant (Lactuca sa-tiva L.) Polaris cultivar. The study included the addition of poultry manure and dry yeast spraying, where a combination of treatments was made as follows: 1- the control treatment 2- 10% poultry Ma-nure3- 15% poultry Manure4- Three grams dry yeast per liter for the experimental unit 5- Six grams dry yeast per liter for the experi-mental unit 6- 10 % poultry manure + 3 gm per liter dry yeast 7- 10% poultry manure + 6 gm dry yeast per liter 8 - 15% poultry manure + 3 gm dry yeast per liter 9- 15% poultry manure + 6 gm dry yeast per liter. The experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design with three replications, and treatments means were compared according to the L.S.D test at a significant level of 5%. The results showed that the combination (15% poultry Manure+ 6 g L-1 of dry yeast) was significantly outperformed of the following characteristics: head height, number of leaves, average head weight, leaf area, percentage of nitrogen in the leaves, with 42.69 cm, 70.493 leaves plant-1, 1.860 kg, 1451.33 cm2, and 3.15%, respectively. The combination (10% poultry Manure+ 6 g L-1of dry yeast) outper-formed in percentage of carbohydrates (40.80%). It is concluded from this study that these fertilizers were characterized by giving positive results in vegetative growth characters, leaf content of nu-trients and productivity.

This study was conducted to find out the concentration of heavy met-als (lead, cadmium, and mercury) in human and sheep blood along the Tigris River (Mosul, Salahuddin, Baghdad, Wasit, and Misan). Blood samples were taken from different regions to study the effect of heavy metal pollutants on human and sheep health. Lead and cad-mium concentrations in the blood of humans and sheep in Baghdad, Mousel, and Misan governorates were significantly (P< 0.05) higher compared with their concentrations in other governorates; on the other hand, the concentration of lead in the blood of humans and sheep was lowest in Wasit governorate. Mercury were significantly higher (P<0.05) only in blood of the human and sheep in Misan gov-ernorate.

This study was conducted to find out the effect of adding pomegran-ate seeds (PSP) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) to the diet of local lambs on their lipid profiles. (Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyc-eride (TG), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL-C), Low Density Lipo-protein (LDL-C), and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (vLDL-C)) It was implemented in the animal field of Baghdad University's veter-inary medicine college and ran from 12/1/2022 to 12/6/2022, with 20 lambs aged 2-3 months divided into four groups, with G1 serving as the control group fed concentration diets. G2 fed the same ration and 3% dried pomegranate seed pomace powder (PSP), G3 fed the same ration and 4% PSP with 3g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), and G4 fed the same ration and 6% PSP with 3g of Saccharomyces cere-visiae (SC), water supply at Libdum . Samples of blood were taken from all lambs monthly to measure some biochemical characteristics, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lip-oprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C) statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were discovered in the results of The administration of PSP and SC with diets revealed a remarkable effect between treated and untreated groups for lipid profile aspects in some periods of the ex-periment when compared to the control group, so it could be con-cluded from this study that using PSP and/or SC to treat groups could contribute to improving lipid profile traits in male lambs

This study evaluated the effect of spore suspension and fungal filtrate against different developmental stages of Tribolium castaneum third and fifth larval instars and adults. Two isolates of entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae were used (commercially (Met 52 EC), and domesticly). For the two isolates, the effectiveness of vari-ous conidial concentrations were (1 × 104 ; 1 × 106 ; 1 × 108 conidia/ ml) and various concentrations of fungal filtrate (100,75,50%) were evaluated. It is observed that the fungal filtrate at a concentration of 75% and the conidial concentration of 1 x 108 conidia /ml for both isolates were the most effective in causing the highest mortality rates to the third and fifth instar larva and adults of T. castaneum. Addi-tionally, it resulted in less eggs produced by females treated with co-nidial concentration and fungal filtrate compared to control treat-ment. The results of this study demonstrate that the fungus can be used as a biological control agent against T. castaneum, which in-fects stored products. However, further research studies under stor-age conditions are required

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae is one of the most harmful agricultural pests worldwide. Therefore, understanding the morphological variations among populations are important for the management of this pest. samples were collected from 11 locations in Iraq to compare among ten characteristics of collected populations. The most important differentiation characteristics are the length of the antenna, body, mouth parts and femur. The antenna length was greater in the aphids which collected from North areas of Iraq; however, the length of the body was greater in the aphids from locations in the mid of Iraq. the length of mouth parts was larger among the aphids collected from southern locations. Current results offer more evidence suggesting that there may be more than one genotype of M. persicae in Iraq. However, further studies on the genetic variations among collected populations are required

This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Animal Production Techniques at the Technical College in Mussaib (TCM) from September 2021 to January 2022 to study the relation-ship between Interleukin 1 beta (il-1B) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) with ovarian follicle size on local cows. 150 reproductive sys-tems were collected from non-pregnant local cows, which slaugh-tered in the abattoirs of Babylon Province and were transported to the laboratory within two hours. Ovaries were removed (300 ova-ries) and their dimensions were measured. The follicles were meas-ured and classified into three categories. Follicular fluid was drawn from the visible follicles (2-8) on the surface of each ovary and placed in an Eppendorf tube to measure the concentration level of Interleukin 1 beta (il-1B) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) in the fol-licular fluid. The results showed a significant high superiority (P<0.01) of an increase in the level of interleukin-1beta over the size of large, medium and small follicles. A significant high effect (P<0.01) of increasing the level of the ovulation hormone on follicle size was observed for all small, medium and large groups. We con-clude from this study that the concentrations of cytokines (interleu-kin-1beta) and hormones (Luteinizing hormone) are influenced by the size of the ovarian follicle

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the integrated control program for the peach fruit fly. Different attractant pheromone traps and treatments of fungi, biocides and some agricultural operations to attract and catch adult insects in citrus orchards in Karbala during the fall season 2021-2022. The fungi Beuveria bassiana, Metarhizum anisopliae and the pesticide Balizin S165% were used with different pheromone traps Delta trap (Jackson red trap), Tefrey yellow trap, Spanish Olipe trap, and the local trap. Also, within the integrated control program, a study was conducted on the efficiency of attractant pheromone traps with the pesticides Tondexir EC80%, Success 0.02CB, and some agricultural operations such as wrapping the fruits in paper bags, tilling the soil, cleaning the weeds, and covering the soil with polyethene. The treatment of M. anisoplia with the two traps of Jackson (fruit fly pheromone) and Tefrey trap (a new peach fly pheromone) gave 95.8 % of effect through attraction within 6 days. As for the two treatments of the B. bassiana fungus and the pesticide Balizin with the two traps of Jackson and the Trap of Tefrey, the pheromone traps were almost identical in the same effect in attraction and entrapment reached 74.5 and 73.09, respectively. There were significant differences in the number of adults attracted to the traps in the study site, where the efficiency of pheromone traps was characterized by the agricultural operations of covering the soil with polyethene, soil ploughing and cleaning weeds with two Jackson traps (fruit fly pheromone) and the local trap gave the highest rate of effect by trapping the most significant number of adults over 6 days. In a study of the efficiency of all the treatments used in the integrated insect control program in reducing the infection rate on citrus trees, it was noted that all the treatments used caused a decrease in the average number of infected fruits during the first, second, and third weeks. The statistical analysis proved that the rate of infected fruits of citrus trees in the different treatments did not differ statistically among them. Based on the study's results, attractive pheromone traps can target adult insects as one of the components of integrated control programs for the peach fruit fly.

The research was conducted in the Iraqi Equestrian Club (15 km west of Baghdad city center) for the period from 10/1/2021 to 11/30/2022, with the aim of detecting polymorphism in the ACTN3 gene (pro-moter region) in original Arabian horses (WAHO). There were two variants (2 SNPs) in the Promoter region, which are rs1150531051 with polymorphism of TT, TC and CC, and the frequency of the two alleles T and C amounted to 0.34 and 0.66), and the variant rs1144978872 with polymorphism of GG, GA and AA, and the fre-quency of the two alleles G and A amounted to 0.68 and 0.32. It was observed that there is a positive and significant regression of the depth of respiration after the exercises on the concentration of alpha-actin 3, and the regression of the number of respiration times after the exercises on alpha-actin-3 and the ratio of alpha-actin-3 to the RNA level is positive and significant and reached 0.905 and 0.569, and there is a positive and significant regression (P≤0.05) for the speed of horses on the concentration of α-actin 3 (0.552 m/min) as well as on the ratio of α-actin 3 to RNA level (0.617 m/min) in pure-bred Arabian horses. We can conclude, through studying the genetic features in the ACTN3 gene, the promoter region, that it can be adopted in setting strategies for genetic improvement in horses. The rates of velocity and the number of body dimensions increased with the increase in the concentration of actin, and some values of the co-efficient of determination (R2) were moderate

The study was conducted in the sheep farm of the Al-Fayhaa station in the Jableh sub-district / Al-Musaib project (55 km south of Bagh-dad), as well as the Biotechnology Laboratory in the College of Ag-ricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad for the pe-riod from 5/1/2022 to 30/10/2022. With the aim of detection the ANXA9 gene polymorphism and its relationship to Daily milk yield (DMY), Lactation period and milk composition, as well as the Pol-ymorphism distribution and allele frequency in 52 Awassi sheep and its lambs, three polymorphism appeared in this variant (T>G SNP) which are TT, TG and GG, and their percentage were 51.92, 40.38 and 7.69%, and the differences between them were highly significant (P≤0.01), with a frequency of 0.72 and 0.28 for the T and G alleles, respectively. the daily milk production rate of Awassi ewes was af-fected significantly (P≤0.05) by the ANXA9 gene polymorphism, the first variation (T>G SNP), for ewes with the TG polymorphism (1128.65 g), while the components of milk were not affected signif-icantly except for the percentage of Fat, which was maximum in the milk of ewes for GG and TT genotype (5.67 and 5.64%).We can con-clude by studying the ANXA9 gene polymorphism that they can be adopted in developing strategies for genetic improvement of sheep, and the application of the study to a larger sample and to several sites and extracting the interaction between two SNPs would give more accurate results and determine the best method for managing and im-proving sheep flocks.

The common house mosquito, Culex pipiens, is a worldwide insect that is known as a vector of several human and animals’ pathogens that cause critical diseases, such as malaria, yellow fever and enceph-alitis. The mitochondrial genome knowledge can supply a foresight for evolutionary biology and phylogenetic analysis. Thus, in the cur-rent study, the complete mitochondrial genomes of the Iraqi C. pipiens were first sequenced, assembled, annotated, and analyzed us-ing high throughput sequencing techniques. The results revealed that the length of the complete mitochondrial genome is 14,856 bp, com-prising 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, and two ribosomal RNA genes. The A + T content was 77.09%, while the G+C content was only 22.1%. All PCGs open with the start co-don ATN, except the cox1 gene and end with the stop codon TAA. A phylogenetic relatedness with other different species of Culex spp. was achieved by operating the molecular evolutionary genetic anal-ysis based on the whole mitochondrial genome sequences. The re-sults showed that C. pipiens from Iraq shares a close ancestry with C. pipiens from Tunisia and France. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Iraqi C. pipiens. As a consequence, this conclusion may provide a new profound insight into the evolution of C. pipiens in Iraq

Potato is an economically important crop, considered the fourth major crop worldwide. However, it has been exposed to many pathogens that cause significant yield loss. Bacterial soft rot diseases caused by Enterobacter cloacae is one of the most devastating on potatoes. The pathogenicity test conducted on several bacterial isolates isolated from potato tubers showing soft rot showed that 4 of these isolates could cause disease in potatoes. The size of damaged segments of potato slices ranged between 5.50 and 7.93 cm. The isolate H.B1 caused the most significant damage of 7.93 cm of tuber slices.
Furthermore, the inoculation was carried out on 5-week-old potato plants. The bacteria were added through irrigation water at a concentration of 1x106 CPU. After 20 days of infection, symptoms of wilting and yellowing were observed on the inoculated plants. The biochemical tests displayed that the bacteria are negative for Gram stain and positive for the catalase test, gelatin liquefaction, starch hydrolysis and facultative aerobic.
The nucleotide sequence analysis of 16 S marker results exhibited a similarity rate of 94%. Thus, isolate H.B1 was recorded in NCBI under registration number OP936020.