Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences

Cold plasma technology has developed in recent decades as a method of processing meat that functions as a bacteriostatic and bactericide, and it is used to treat meat as a non-thermal technique to preserve the sensory qualities of meat. Yet, one of the disadvantages of this ap-proach is lipid oxidation. The purpose of this research is to investi-gate the effect of aqueous grape seed extract at a (1%) concentration after spraying it onto meat (100 ml/kg) and then treating it with cold plasma (plasma jet) using argon gas at a frequency of 23 kHz, a volt-age of 150 kV, a distance of 2 cm, and a time of 5 minutes, as well as to demonstrate the extent of its effect on the sensory evaluation (penal test) of meat at 4 ℃ for 12 days. We separated 100 samples of minced beef into three groups. Group (1)- Control (Con), group (2)-Cold plasma (Cp), group (3)-Grape seeds extract (GSE), and group (4)-Cold plasma mixed Grape seed extract (CP+GSE): Each group has 25 samples, and all parameters were measured. In conclusion, up until the end of the storage period at 4 °C, an analysis of sensory quality revealed that the beef samples treated with GSE and Cp+GSE, respectively, had the highest panel test score

This study evaluated the efficacy of commercial formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillium muscarium against different stages of T. castaneum. All commercial formulations were tested against the insects using a topical spray under laboratory conditions. Insects were sprayed with conidial concentration 3 × 108 conidia/ml of B. bassiana or M. anisopliae and 2 × 107 conidia/ml of L. muscarium. Mortality was recorded daily for seven days while insects were kept on wheat flour. All commercial formulationsshowed an effect on T. castaneum; however, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae were more effective than L. muscarium at the concentrations tested. However, susceptibility showed significant differences in percentage mortality at the end of the experiments between first, third, and sixth instar larvae and adults treated with all three commercial formulations. First and third-instar larvae were most susceptible, and sixth-instar larvae and adults were least vulnerable to infection. In all experiments, the temperature had no significant effect on insect mortality caused by B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and L. muscarium. There was a small difference in the insect mortality level for each fungus between 25°C and 30°C. All fungi were slightly, but not significantly, more effective at 25°C. The strains of all fungi tested caused significant mortality of T. castaneum by contact.

Female fertility is significantly impact by the common endocrine health issue known as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in the childbearing years, Due to their ease of use and reduced cost-ef-fectiveness when compared to chemical medicines generated via synthesis, therapeutic wild plants and herbs have been prized agents in the management of different illnesses for ages. Premen-strual syndrome, mastalgia, infertility, and menstrual cycle con-trol are among the numerous conditions and diseases that can be treated with Vitex agnus-castus, a well-known medicinal plant that is native to the Mediterranean region and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and North Africa. The purpose of the study is to learn more about Vitex agnus catus and evaluate its efficacy in treating polycystic ovaries induced by letrozole in comparison to clomiphene citrate therapy. Since the effects of herbal activity are assessed by, observing histopathological changes in rabbit ova-ries. The incidence of subcapsular ovarian cysts, capsular thick-ness, incomplete luteinization, and the quantity of corpora lutea were all higher in the research groups' ovaries. Compared to the group with a positive control (treated with normal saline only and administered orally). Histopathological study of the rabbit ovaries for both treatment groups revealed hyperplasia of the surface ep-ithelium and congested blood vessels of the ovaries.

Charmo, Maroof, and Alla are new promising rust-resistant wheat va-rieties were had been tested for their salinity tolerance through seed water uptake, germination percentage, and germination mean, as well as the growth of radical and plumule. The varieties were tested for their salt tolerance level by using salt solutions concentration levels with a control, 0.01, ,0.03.0,05, 0.07, and 0.09 mol, which are the an-swer to 0.0, 0.58,1.75,2.9,4.01 and 5.26 gL -1, that symbolized as C0, C1,C2, C3, C4and C5, which are equal to 0.9, 2.7, 4.6, 6.3, and 8.2 EC dS m−1 respectively.. The results showed significant effects of varsities on water uptake, germination percentage germination meantime, and wet and dry radicals, but no significant effect on radi-cal number and length as well as plumule length and wet dry plu-mule. What is concerning the effects of salt levels on germination pa-rameters and growth of seedlings, noted a significant effect of salt on germination meantime, germination percentage, growth radical and plumule length as well as on wet radical weight. And the interaction between varieties and salt levels, result has shown a significant effect of the interaction between varsities and salt levels on dry radical weight. Salt levels from C3 have indicted to have a significant effect on the germination of wet radicals but not a significant effect on wa-ter uptake, dry radicals, as well as on wet and dry plumule. The re-sults of the effect of varieties on germination and growth parameters showed, that charmo and maroof are better than Alla, Charmo, and Maroof are tolerating C2 –C3/ 4,6 dS m−1 -6.3 dS m−1 but Alla does not, which is why it cannot be recommended to be used in soil with EC 4,6 dS m−1 which answers to C2.

The purpose of this research was to determine if Nigella sativa (NS) seed extracts have antibacterial properties. In male mice infected in-traperitoneally with 0.1 mL of Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli suspensions (Standard McFarland tube No.0.5), the aqueous (AE) and methanol (ME) extracts of NS seed were compared to gen-tamycin (positive control) and normal saline (negative control). Af-ter 24 hours, the infected mice were given varying doses of AE and ME. After 24 hours, a sample of the intraperitoneal fluid that had been aspirated was cultured on a nutrient agar plate. In mice infected with S. aureus and E. coli, the methanol extract of Nigella sativa showed more antibacterial activity than its aqueous extract, espe-cially against gram-negative bacteria. Nigella sativa seed extracts have shown antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; however this action is dose-dependent.

Hypercholesterolemic diet (HCD) is unusually high lipid levels in blood and is strongly linked to brain damage and cerebrovascular ill-nesses. HCD is a chronic brain disorder characterized by cognitive impairment, inflammation, β-amyloid(Aβ) deposition. The goal of this study to investigate behavioral changes caused by the HCD in male rats. The experiment employed sixteen male rats, which was randomly split into two groups, the control group (8/ group) and the treated group (8/ group), which received a 1% cholesterol daily for 28 days. Results of behavioral test showed a significant increase (P≤0.0001) in Morris water maze test (MWM) and Elevated plus-maze test /open arm in treated group compared to control group , while a significant decrease (P≤0.0001) in Elevated plus-maze test / closed arm treated group as compared to control group. Fold change comparison between the groups expressed amyloid beta precursor protein (App) gene, this shows significant downregulation of the treatment group compared with control group. We concluded that a HCD has negative behavioral alteration that are linked to gene ex-pression changes

The present study aimed to reveal the biological vitality of squalene supplements and in combination with statins. Statins are a class of drugs that are regularly administered to decrease cholesterol. The main cause of statin discontinuation is the development of statin-associated muscle symptoms. Because of the statin-related myotoxi-city phenotypes that are getting worse have been proposed, the study was conducted to examine the effects of squalene supplements in combination with statin. In the experiment, thirty male rats were di-vided into two group, (experimental one) five rats dosage with nor-mal saline only and other rats administrated with cholesterol 1%/BW for 28 days. Then the second group was randomly divided into four groups (experimental two). The experiment lasted about during two months, the rats were administration as the following groups, first group: six rats used as a negative control group dosage with normal saline only; second group: six rats used as a positive control group dosage with normal cholesterol 1% only; third group: six rats admin-istrated with cholesterol 1%/BW for 28 days then treated with simvastatin 40 mg/kg dosage orally every day for 4 weeks; forth group: six rats administrated with cholesterol 1%/BW for 28 days then treated with squalene 0.2 mg orally every day for 28 day, and fifth group: six rats will have administrated with cholesterol 1%/BW for 28 days then treated with simvastatin 40 mg/kg dosage orally with squalene every day for 28 day. In conclusion: we found from the study effect of squalene supplements on rats treated with statin to avoid side effect and protecting the muscles from damage caused by statin.

The experiment was carried out in the agricultural fields of the Col-lege of Agriculture/ University of Kerbala, during the winter agricul-tural season 2022-2023. The experiment included adding three levels of zeolite 0, 10, and 20 t ha-1 (Z0, Z1, Z2) and spraying three con-centrations of nano-potassium 0, 1, 2 g L-1 (K0, K1, K2), and the treatments were applied on two types of radish, the Spanish black radish (B) and the local red radish (R), according to a factorial ex-periment with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed a significant effect of zeolite and nano-potassium, either alone or in combination, in improving the chemical content of the two types of radish The treatment BZ1K1 was superior in both the percentage of carbohydrates in the roots 5.19% and the content of the roots of sulphate 68.00 mg 100g-1, while the treatment BZ2K1 had a significant effect on the content of the roots of the medically active substance sulforaphane, reaching 12.36 μg ml-1. It can be concluded from this study that, in order to confront the environmental pollution, it is possible to rely on natural soil con-ditioners such as natural zeolite and reduce the quantities of added fertilizers through the optimal use of nano-fertilizers, but their long-term environmental and health effects should be concerned.

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of various concen-trations of growth regulators added to the MS on the propagation of Chrysanthemum plants outside the living body, a study was con-ducted in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala. The findings of study can be summed up as follows:The best treatment for sterilizing the vegetative parts was by using a concentration of 4.5% of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 15 minutes. The concen-tration of the benzyl adenine gave 2 mg L-1 highest percentage in the number of shoots, length and number of sheets of 6.80 sections -1 and 4.30 cm and 25.00 leaves, respectively, comparison by the compar-ative processing given by Lowest rates, when grow shoot tips meas-urement of 1 cm on the MS media. When growing vegetative shoots from the multiplication stage on the MS nutrient media, which is equipped with various concentrations of NAA for rooting, the con-centration exceeds 1 mg L-1 of it to achieve the highest percentage of rooting, the number and length of roots, the length of the shoot, and the fresh and dry weight of the shoot reached 100%, respectively, 18.50 root, 5.50 cm, 13.30 cm, 2.80 and 0.98 mg), compared with the control

The study aimed to use integrated control factors to control the life aspect of whitefly on crops and evaluate the efficiency of chemical and biological pesticides against pests. Chemical pesticides were sprayed on the leaves. Alafsket chemical pesticide recorded the highest mortality rate with the increase in the period of exposure to the pesticide, as it recorded mortality (5-15) days from the treatment of the plant with the pesticide. All pesticides were used on the plant with three concentrations of Baronas the treatment - Oxymatrin to test the effectiveness of the pesticide against the insect, and the chemical pesticides used (Alafsket - the corrected percentage mortality for egg mortality when using the Afiskat pesticide after five days of treatment reached 94.4 compared to the rest of the other chemical treatments. Either in the primary nymphal stages, the offset pesticide recorded corrected mortality within five days of treatment, with an average of 95.2. As for the adult experience, the corrected percentage of mortality during three days of treatment was 86.6. As for the biological pesticides used in the experiment (Bacillus thuriengiensis - Beauveria bassiana - Entomopathogenic nematodes for both sexes - Heterohabditis sp - Steinernema sp- Basilomyces lilacinus) The treatment results of the used biocides were revealed by the superiority of the suspension of insect-pathogenic nematodes of both sexes in giving them high mortality in eliminating the treated insect stages. The results of the treatment for the first stages of the nymphs were recorded with the superiority of the nematode suspension, which gave corrected mortality for the nymphs amounted to 93.6 within five days of treatment. As for the adult experience, the nematode suspension had higher mortality than other biological treatments. The adult mortality was 77.7 within three days of treatment.

This study was conducted to find out the therapeutic effect of Omega-3 and the zinc oxide nano-loaded propylthiouracil drug in the treatment of thyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism. The results show a significant increased (p<0.05) in serum of Triiodothyronine(T3) and Thyroxine (T4) hormones with a decreased Thyroid stimulating hor-mone (TSH) level in T1 group compared with the control group. On the other hand, the results showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in (T3) and (T4) with increased (TSH) levels in (T2, T3) groups com-pared to (T1) group. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA)with a decrease in the level of antioxidants Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Cat-alase (CAT) in the (T1) group in comparison with the control group. Also, the results showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the level of MDA with an increase in the level of antioxidants (GSH, SOD, CAT) in the (T2, T3) groups as compared to the (T1) group. The results of the current study showed that there was a significant in-crease (P < 0.05) in the level of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), As-partate aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the (T1) group as compared to (C) group, also, these results showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the level of ALP, ALT, AST in the (T2, T3) groups compared to (T1) group. Several methods were used in the examination of the drug propylthiouracil nano-loaded on zinc oxide, as they included the following tests on the Fourier trans-form infrared Spectroscopy (FT – IR) and X-ray diffraction X-ray diffraction spectrum (XRD) as well as the use of atomic force micro-scope Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), the process of intercalation of the drug between layers of zinc oxide was carried out by the direct ion exchange method. This technique showed that propylthiouracil gave spectra indicating the success of the intercalation process, which was used in the subsequent stages of the study.