Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences

The infection of insects with symbiotic bacteria has significant impli-cations for the evolution and ecology of the hosts. Maternally inherit-ed symbionts associated with B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum white-flies play a vital role in their fitness and survival. Whitefly symbionts have been identified in many countries, but no study has been under-taken in Iraq and the UK. For the first time in both countries, the mo-lecular identification and diversity of the symbionts of both white-flies have been investigated in the present study Fourteen popula-tions of B. tabaci from Iraq and twenty populations of T. vaporario-rum from the UK were used to detect and identify seven common endosymbiont bacteria associated with whitefly using the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA nuclear markers. All females and males of B. tabaci harboured one primary symbiont, Portiera aleyrodidarum, and almost all of both sexes of all B. tabaci species have the two secondary sym-bionts Hamiltonella sp. and Rickettsia sp. The primary symbiont P. aleyrodidarum was also detected in both sexes of T. vaporariorum, whereas only one secondary symbiont, Arsenophonus sp., was de-tected in almost all females but not in the males. Additionally, an in-vestigation into genetic diversity using three genes of the Ar-senophonus sp. populations showed no variation among different populations. The results supported the notion that Arsenophonus sp. might play an important role in the survival of T. vaporariorum fe-males and maybe a killer of male whiteflies. Also, secondary symbi-onts Hamiltonella sp. and Rickettsia sp. with B. tabaci could support their host’s fitness and survival These findings reveal the endosym-bionts associated with B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum in Iraq and the UK, respectively. Further investigation is needed to understand the roles of these symbionts in both countries.

The experiment was carried out in the College of Agriculture - Uni-versity of Karbala at the beginning of September of the year 2022 according to a randomized complete block design to study the effect of the bacterial biofertilizer Azotobacter and a solution of gibberellic acid (0, 150 and 300 mg. L-1), and kinetin (0, 25 and 50 mg. L-1) in changes of metabolic some physiological processes of Psidium guajava L. seedlings. The results showed that the single effect of the Azotobacter was superior in all studied characteristics, except for the relative moisture content compared to the control treatment, as for the gibberellic acid solution, the concentration (300 mg.L-1) was su-perior by giving it the highest significant increase in all studied traits except for the relative moisture content compared control treatment, while the treatment of seeds with chitin solution excelled, and the concentration (50 mg.L-1) recorded the highest significant difference in all studied traits except for the characteristic of the degree of sta-bility of cell membranes

The study was conducted to investigate the behaviour and develop-ment of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana exposed to UV-C rays and exposure periods under laboratory conditions in pupae of the apple moth Cydia pomonella L. The results indicated that fungus exposed to UV-C rays for 5 minutes became more effec-tive in controlling moths, compared with concentrations (2.25× 104, 105, 106 and 107 spore/ml) of fungus exposed to UV-C rays for 10 minutes. The results also showed that pupae and insects emerging from them at the age of (1-2) days were more sensitive to fungus concentrations than pupae at the age of (10-12). As the percentage of emergence decreased, with the increase in fungus concentrations. Furthermore, the levels of proteins in the blood for insects produced from pupae aged (1-2) and (10-12) days decreased to 8.30 and 16.10 μg/ml ,respectively, when were exposed to the irradiated fungus B. bassiana for 5 minutes at a concentration of 2.25x107 spores/ml. Compared to insects produced from pupae exposed to non-irradiated pathogenic fungi, that was 20.12 and 25.15 μg/ml, respectively, and in comparison with insects produced from pupae exposed to the fun-gus for 10 minutes at the age of (1-2) and (10-12) days, respectively, as it reached 12.50 and 26.10 μg/ml and for the same concentration. In addition to a decrease in the levels of sugars in the blood, reaching 20.00 and 24.00 ml/ μg in insects produced from pupae aged (1-2) and (10-12) days, respectively, exposed to the irradiated fungus for 5 minutes and with the same concentration. The percentages of blood components decreased quantitatively and qualitatively, as the num-ber of hemocytes for insects that emerged from pupae exposed to the irradiated fungus for 5minutes reached 70 and 95 cells/ml, respec-tively, compared to 92 and 110 cells/ml for insects that emerged from pupae exposed to the irradiated fungus for 10minutes and with the same concentration

In order to assess how effectively different herbicides work in controlling the wild radish weed that are connected with the growth of the wheat crop, The experiment included one factor he four types of chemical herbicides: Navigator, Tatsteler, Decimate and Mark zone,in addition to comparison treatment. and with three replica-tions, according to the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D). When the process of preparing the soil of the field was carried out, artificial infection of the wheat seeds the Al-Wafia variety was car-ried out, by adding 0.5 gm of wild radish weed seeds. After that, the polluted wheat seeds were sown, and when the wild radish weeds reached the appropriate stage for control, herbicides were added ac-cording to the recommendation of the producing company some characteristics were taken from the wild radish weed after 60 and 90 days of control, as well as some characteristics of the wheat plant and its yield components, results were as follows: excellence the two herbicide, Navigator and Decimate, were superior in reducing most of the studied traits of wild radish weeds, as shown the results show Navigator excelled by giving it the highest average of chlorophyll index, which reached 50.71 SPAD, and in flag leaf area, which av-eraged 49.64 cm, in ddition to its superiority in grain yield, with an average of 5.83 tons. ha-1 and in the harvest index also gave the high-est average of %36.92, as it was noted that Tatsteler herbicide was superior in the tillers number with an average of 472.33 tiller m-2 and in the spikes number of also excelled with an average of 423.57 spike m-2 . as for the Mark zone herbicide, it excelled in the weight of 1000 grains, with an average of 40.10 g. also it was noted that Decimate had superiority in biological yield with an average of 15.13 ton ha-1, but it did not differ significantly from the averages of Navigator and Tatsteler, which were 15.09 and 15.06 ton ha-1 respectively.

T Many plant extracts could be considered natural, effective methods for controlling insect pests instead of synthetic chemicals. The cur-rent examination was designed to assess the mortality percentages of the plant-based pesticide Tondxir on the date moth Ephestia cautella. A series of experiments were carried out in the laboratory to evaluate the pesticide Tondxir's effectiveness in controlling the second and fifth larval stages and the adults of t he date moth. The highest per-centage of mortality rates for the second larval stage reached 100% after 5 days at a concentration of 3 ml/liter. However, the mortality rates of the fifth stage and the adult of E. cautella reached 42.14% and 17.50% after two weeks of treatment. A direct relationship was found between the increase in mortality rates with increasing pesticide concentration. The highest percentage of mortality was in-creased in the fifth larval stage of E. cautella, and they reached 42.14% at the third concentration, compared with the rest of the concentrations. The lowest mortality rate was for the concentration (1ml/liter), as the mortality rate reached (26.07) after 14 days of treatment

Nanotechnology, consider as one of the newest important methods towards improve the production of callus using plant tissue culture. The objective of the current work was to create a unique callus induction methodology. and proliferation from Capisum annum in vitro. Therefor different concentrations of Mg nanoparticles were used which synthesized using green method. For callus inducement, young foliage, and stem from the sterile germinated seedlings using Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) 6% for 10 min were used as explants. They were cultivated in MS media supported by several combinations of kinetin and 2, 4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic. The maximum per-centage responsive reached 100% from leaf explants at 2, 4-D 1.5 mg/L and Kin 1.0 mg/L. While 2, 4-D 1.5 mg/L and Kin 0.5 mg/L achieved the highest fresh weight for callus proliferation. The best MgNPs concentration for callus inducement and proliferation of cap-sicum leaves and stem explants was MS media supported with 1.0 and 0.3 ml/L respectively. While the highest proliferation mean value for callus was recorded at the concentration of 6.0 ml/L MgNPs in MS medium reached 6.1 gm. AFM photographs prove that MgNPs were in nanometer size and had the spheres and the rods shape. The average grain size of the MgNPs was 23.8 to 38.24 nm.

The present study aimed to reveal the biological vitality of the immune suppressant medicine azathioprine (AZA), which has been used to treat immunological illnesses like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), inflammatory bowel disease, and organ transplants, successfully lowers immune reactivity for liver and bone marrow. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the preventive effects of Aloe Vera extract in treating hematological and biochemical side effects brought on by azathioprine. Have been selected There were four groups of adult male rats. A mixture of azathioprine (50 mg/kg) and Aloe Vera (500 mg/kg) was given to group 4 in addition saline that group 1 received. Group 2 received azathioprine (50 mg/kg) orally for during a 30 days period. The findings show that azathioprine significantly reduced blood test results (RBC , WBC , PCV). While AST and ALT levels significantly increased in the biochemical test in contrast to the control group , Conclusions the Hepatotoxicity, or liver damage from immunosuppressive medications like azathioprine, is a possible side effect and Due to the damage that has happened to the hepatic tissue, the enzymes that assess the activities of the liver are raised

The black bean aphid, Aphis fabae is a significant economic pest with a global presence, impacting a wide range of plant species. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of ethanol extract derived from wild mint (Mentha longifolia) under laboratory conditions on various life performance criteria of A. fabae. The evaluation involved measuring mortality rates of nymphs and adults, as well as adult productivity, utilizing three different extract concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3% w/v). The results revealed that the ethanol extract of plant leaves had a substantial effect on all life stages of the aphid, with a more pronounced impact observed at higher concentrations and longer exposure periods. In the first nymphal instar, the mortality rate reached 81% at a concentration of 3%, and in the second nymphal instar, it was 80% at the same concentration. For the third and fourth nymphal instars, the mortality rates were 82% and 82.5%, respectively, at a concentration of 3%. As for adult aphids, the mortality rate was 81.333% at a concentration of 3%. Moreover, the extract significantly reduced the productivity of adult aphids, with rates of 1.68%, 1.82%, and 1% at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%, respectively.

The objective of this study is to conduct a survey comparing ten dif-ferent genotypes of corn. (zea mays L.) cultivated in Qlyassan re-search station of College of Agricultural Engineering Science, were to find out the type of crystalline form of starch extracted from stud-ied corn genotypes. There were significant differences between the studied corn genotypes in the chemical composition, especially am-ylose and amylopectin, in which the amylose range was between 19.935 and 31.095 there were also differences in the mean sizes of the starch granules which was 12.795 to 15.915 m, as well as for Gel consistency, despite of significant differences between corn gen-otypes starch, all genotypes undergo to soft gel consistency, but all of these were not have affects the type of amyloid crystal, which was type A.

The split-plot experiment was carried out in one of the agricultural fields- Al-Hussainiya district in the holy city of Kerbala for the fall season 2022, by planting the maize, Sumer cultivar was planted in a soil with clay loam texture. The experiment comprising two factors, and the first factor was the combinations of different levels of nitro-gen (0, 150 and 300 kg N ha-1) were identified with symbols, N0, N1, and N2, respectively, Three levels of potassium (0, 80 and 160 kg K ha-1) were symbolized as K0, K1, and K2, respectively, the second fac-tor was spraying with the organic nutrient potassium humate at two concentrations (1 and 2) g L-1, the concentrations of potassium humate were occupied the main plots, while the fertilizer combinations of ni-trogen and potassium filled the sub plots with three replications ac-cording to the randomized complete block design (RCBD).The results showed a significant effect of adding fertilizer combinations of nitro-gen and potassium and spraying with the organic nutrient potassium humate (2 g L-1) individually and overlapping in most growth, yield and quality traits, as the overlapping showed a significant superiority in increasing of leaf area (cm2 plant-1), stem diameter (mm), leaf chlo-rophyll index (SPAD unit), ear weight (g), plant yield (g plant-1) and protein yield (g plant-1), the interaction between the two study factors contributed to reducing the amount of mineral fertilizer to 50%, as there was no significant difference between the fertilizer combina-tions of nitrogen and potassium (150N + 80K) and (300N + 160K) Kg ha-1, with a concentration of 2 gmL-1 of potassium humate.

This research aimed to study the impact of spraying different Concentrations of Moringa oleifera leaves Extract on Broiler Breeder Hatching Eggs. The results cleared that, at 18th day the egg weight ranged from 60.50 in the group treated with 5 % M. Water extract to 62.16 gm in control group. While, the egg losses observed in group 4 that, treated with 2 % M. water extract that was 20.56 % at 21st day. The higher hatchability % of total eggs showed in control group that was 69.70 %. While, the hatchability % of fertile eggs showed a higher percentage in group 5 that treated with 5 % M. Water extract that was 99.02 %. The higher percentage of dead embryo observed in control group that was 9.10 % and the lower level observed in the group 2 that treated with 2 % M. Alchole exteract that was 5.46 %. The total aerobic bacteria counts at 18th day of incubation showed a lower level in group 5 that treated with 5 % M. water extract that was 7.88. while, the activity of chicks and in abnormal chicks in-creased in group that treated with 5% M. Water extract that was 8.96 % and 2 % respectively. Overall, the higher concentration of Alchole extract of M. olifera , increased the weight of hatching eggs with a reduction in total egg losses,% of the eggs. While, the higher con-centration of the water extract of M. olifera improved the hatchability % a reduction in total aerobic counts on the egg shell and improved chick quality and activity

The aim of this study is to find out the quality of the aqueous extract of leea indica leaves in protecting kidney tissues from oxidative stress caused by DEN. Forty adult males were randomly assigned in four equal sets (ten animals per set), the (G1) They were given 1 ml of normal water, a control set was returned, and the G2 given200 mg/kg of DEN two days , while the G3 given 60 mg/kg of leea indica leaves, while the animals of thegiven G4 200 mg/kg of DEN. And 60 mg/kg of L.indica extract. FINDINGS When the albino rat was dosed with leea indica aqueous extract, the kidney damage induced by DEN was significantly decreased. The extract worked to mitigate kidney damage caused by DEN, which was demonstrated in histological examination by atrophy of the renal glomerulus and shrink-age of the glomerulus. Urinary tubules break down with hemorrhage. We conclude from the current study that the aqueous extract of the leaves of the bandicoot berries contributed to the reduction of hepatotoxicity induced by diethyl nitrosamine.

Agricultural extension agents play crucial roles in the dissemination of innovation and enhancement of the productivity of the farmers in Nigeria. The research examined the competency needs of extension agents in Kwara State, Nigeria. About 117 extension agents were se-lected for the study. Statistical tools such as frequency count, per-centage and mean score were used to analyse the data. The result revealed about 54.7 % of the respondents were male, the average age of the respondents was 44.9 years and the mean income of the re-spondents was 49461.38 Naira. The training sessions (̅mean=2.36) was most important source of information on weather forecast. The rainfall variability (MWDS= 0.458) was the highest ranked area of competency needs of extension agents. The inadequate facilities to disseminate weather forecast information (mean=2.38) was the most severe factor limiting dissemination of weather forecast information. The study recommended the provision of timely and accurate information on weather forecasts to the extension agents so that the farmers would make use of it at the right time.

Durning season of 2021-2022, symptoms of leaf curl, yellowing, crumpling and stunting were observed commonly on courgetti crop in Al-Yusufiyah region, Baghdad Province, Iraq. Diseased courgetti leaves were collected randomly and sent for sequencing with Illu-mina MiSeq. Pairwise nucleotide analysis of the assembled contigs revealed the maximum identity of 98-99% and 95-99% with Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV) for DNA-A and DNA-B com-ponents, respectively. The DNA-A component (OQ693629.1) con-tains six main genes encoding six proteins, while DNA-B component (OQ693630.1) comprises only two genes encoding two proteins, with the presence of non-coding regions between genes in both the two segments. Furthermore, the recombination breakpoint analysis shows that ToLCPalV Baghdad-1/Iraq segment DNA-A (OQ693629.1) and ToLCPalV isolate Mosul segment A (OR052249.1) are the parent of the recombinant isolates: ToLCPalV isolate Kufa segment DNA-A (OP810506.1) and ToLCPalV seg-ment A (ON254271.1) from Karbala. However, the ToLCPalV Baghdad-1/Iraq segment DNA-B (OQ693630.1) with ToLCPalV segment DNA-B (OP620406.1) from Kufa are the parent of ToLCPalV isolate Babylon1 segment DNA-B (ON229620.1). As well as, there was no evidence discovered for the association of al-pha- and/or beta-satellites with ToLCPalV infecting courgetti crop. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) analysis indicates a com-mon genetic variation within the current isolate under study and the other Iraqi isolates. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the genetic rela-tionship between the genomics components of Iraqi ToLCPalV and various international isolates of the same virus, especially those dis-tributed in Saudi Arabia and Iran that could be a possible the origin and introduction of ToLCPalV into Iraq.

Two experiments were conducted in the autumn season of 2019-2020 to investigate the impact of two species belonging to the Ni-gella genus under various fertilization conditions. Both experiments followed the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and were replicated three times at the Qlyasan and Kanipanka location. The results of the average of both locations, it was observed that N. sativa outperformed N. arvensis in terms of seed yield, fixed oil yield and essential oil yield, achieving 607, 138, and 8 kg ha-1, respectively. Notably, when a 2% organic manure application was utilized, higher seed yield, fixed oil yield, and essential oil yield were achieved at 659, 160, and 9 kg ha-1, respectively. The most favorable outcomes of 676 kg ha-1 for seed yield, 174 kg ha-1 for fixed oil yield, and 10 kg ha-1 for essential oil yield were attained through a combination of N. sativa and the application of 2% organic manure fertilization. Comparatively, the Kanipanka location demonstrated greater results than the Qlyasan location, with seed yields of 621 kg ha-1, fixed oil yields of 137 kg ha-1, and essential oil yields of 8 kg ha-1.

This study aimed to investigate the infection of horses with some types of internal parasites in Kerbala province, Iraq. This purpose was examined by a flotation test of 110 horse fecal samples, divided according to age and sex. The results of this study showed two types of internal parasites, Nematodes and Protozoon; some horses were infected with more than one type of these parasites simultaneously. Examined horses were infected with Strongylus spp. by 71.8%, Parascaris equorum by 33.6%, and Eimeria spp. by 20%. Some of examined horses were suffering from infection with more than one types of internal parasites in same time, so that 12.7% of examined horses were infected with three types of parasites P. equorum , S. spp , E. spp, while 16.3% of these animals were infected with P. equorum , S.spp. However, 3.6% , 1.8% were infected with P. equorum , E. spp., and S. spp , E. spp. Female horses were more infected with these parasites than male horses, and percentage rates of female in-fection reached 73.1%, 30.9%, and 21.6% with the parasites S. spp, P. equorum, E. spp., while the rates of infection with these parasites in males animal were 61.5%, 53.8%, 7.6%. Animals that were smaller than one year old were more infected with these parasites than animals that were older than one year, so infection rates in smaller animals were 74% , 34 % and 21% with the parasites S. spp , P. equorum, E. spp, while in older animals were 50% , 30% , 10% receptively.

A field experiment was conducted at the second research station of the College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, using a mixed soil. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of varying quantities of biochar and organic fertilizer extract on the availability of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) elements in the soil. The experimental design encompassed the incorporation of four distinct biochar levels (A0, 0%), (A1, 1.5%), (A2, 2%), and (A3, 2.5%), which were applied proportionally to the soil volume. Additionally, four levels of organic fertilizer extract (0, 20, 40, and 80) liters per hectare (B0, B1, B2, and B3) were imple-mented. A factorial experiment was employed inside a randomized complete block design (RCBD) framework, consisting of three repli-cations The means were subjected to a Least substantial Difference (LSD) test at a significance threshold of 0.05. The findings indicated substantial disparities between the application of biochar and organic fertilizer extract, as well as their interaction, in relation to the levels of accessible nitrogen in the soil Moreover, notable disparities were ob-served regarding the incorporation of biochar and organic fertilizer ex-tract in relation to the accessibility of phosphorus within the soil. Fur-thermore, the introduction of biochar and organic fertilizer extract, as well as the interplay between these two factors, exhibited a substantial impact on the availability of potassium within the soil. Furthermore, the use of charcoal and organic fertilizer extract had a notable impact on the accessibility of iron and zinc within the soil.