Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter species in milk and its product samples in Karbala province and detect the antibiotic sensitivity of these isolates. One hundred samples were aseptically collected as follows: 50 samples of bovine raw milk and 50 samples of bovine milk products from different local shops and farms distributed in Karbala province, in addition to, 100 samples from children suffering diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain from Kerbala (Iraq) General Children's Hospital. The pathogen was found using biochemical testing after samples were immediately inoculated into enriched and sub-cultured on selected media. Campylobacter spp. At 24 to 48 hours, colonies on the plate are small, often grayish in appearance, although some have to be creamy grey, slightly raised and moist, and often generated separate colonies of bacteria, flat with irregular borders, and non-hemolytic. This was confirmed by using the polymerase chain reaction method, 11 isolates (5.5%) of 200 samples were determined to be Campylobacter species. The 11 iso-lates were subjected to sequencing to detect the species of Campyl-obacter which found two species (C. jejuni and C. upsaliensis). Re-sults showed that Campylobacter spp. 11 positive isolates, C. jejuni recorded 9 (81,8%) positive results while C. upsaliensis recorded 2 (18.18%) positive results. Antibiotic_ susceptibility_ test was cultured by using disk diffusion assay, campylobacter spp. showed complete sensitive to ciprofloxaci , gentamycin, and Imipenem.

The carried experiment the nurseries located in the Al-Issa area and the wooden canopy / Kufa district in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf governorate for the agricultural season 2022 to show the effect of spraying with the growth regulator Cycocel concentration (0, 1500, 11000, 11500) mg L-1 and spraying with seaweed extract (Super Fifty) At a concentration of (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75) ml L-1 and their interactions in the growth and vegetative characteristics of one-year-old Local orange seedlings grafted on orange rootstocks. The experiment was carried out Using (RCBD) according to the complete randomized block de-sign, with 3 replications and (16) plants for each replicate. The individual results of two study factors and the interaction between them showed Positive superiority in seedling height, number of leaves, leaf area, the number of branches, and Leaf chlorophyll concentration total. Carbohydrate content in leaves in compared to the com-parison (Control) treatment, as for stem diameter, it was not significant in all characteristics of both searches in a manner individually and intertwined.

As a result of climate change, an increased reliance on irrigation will be necessary for more arable lands. This will lead to elevated soil salinity levels, which will subsequently have a detrimental impact on both seed germination and plant growth. The primary aim of this re-search is to establish the threshold of salt tolerance in the Araz wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L.), using it as a representative example to delineate salt tolerance levels in other agricultural crop varieties. Araz is a widely cultivated wheat variety in Iraq and Kurdistan, and its salt tolerance was assessed by subjecting it to three different salt solutions: 0.01, 0.02, and 0.05 mol L-1, which corresponded to 0.9, 1.82, and 4.6 EC (dS m-1), respectively. The findings demonstrated notable impacts of the 0.01 mol L-1 salt concentration on germination and associated seedling parameters, with the exception of seed water uptake. The results indicated no discernible differences between the effects of 0.01 mol L-1 and 0.02 mol L-1 salt levels on the radicle's fresh weight. However, as salt levels increased to 0.05 mol L-1 , the adverse effects on growth became more pronounced. A salinity level of 4.6 EC (dS m-1) was found to significantly inhibit both germination and seedling growth, indicating that the Araz variety is sensitive to this level of soil salt concentration. This suggests that the recom-mended soil condition for cultivating Araz should have an electrical conductivity (EC) of less than 4.6 dS m-1.

The research examined the arable crop farmers’ use of mobile phone for agricultural activities in Edu Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria. About 105 arable crop farmers were randomly se-lected for the study. Statistical tools such as frequency count, per-centage and mean score were used to analyse the data. The result showed that about 75.2 % of the respondents were male. The average age of the respondents was 37.2 years. The average household size was 6 persons. The mean income of the respondents was 368,076.67 Naira. The voice call (mean = 2.46) was the most frequently used mobile phone feature by the respondents for agricultural purposes. The use of mobile phone for communicating with fellow farmers (mean=2.40) highest ranked statement on use of mobile phone for agricultural activities. The high cost of buying credit/data (mean=2.33) was the most severe factor limiting the use of mobile phone for agricultural activities. The study therefore recommends the provision of training to farmers in areas where there are gaps in their competency on the use of mobile phone for agricultural activities

The experiment was conducted in the animal field belonging to the Department of Animal Production Techniques at the Technical Col-lege / Al-Mussaib for a period from 29/10/2021 to 21/1/2022 to study usage of Alfalfa hay stalks treated with urea and molasses in the pro-ductive performance of Al-Naimi lambs, which had initial weight of 20 ± 1 kg and at the age of 4-5 months, at a rate of 84 days, preceded by a preparatory phase for two weeks, and the lambs were randomly divided into five equal groups (5 lambs for each), and the individual feeding method was followed, as concentrated feed was provided at a rate of 2.5% of the live weight for each animal and fed on the five experimental rations,that the roughage feed Alfalfa hay stalks was given free, the first group (T1) was considered as a control without addition, (T2) and (T3) groups were treated with 4% urea with the addition of either 6% molasses or 12% molasses respectively, (T4) and (T5) groups were treated with 6% urea with the addition of either 6% molasses or 12% molasses respectively, and the results were as follows: Lambs of the fourth group (T4: 6% urea with 6% molasses) responded to fattening with a significant increase (P<0.05) and by 67.95% in weight gain and by 15.7% in consumption of concentrated and roughage feed compared with the control group (T1) and the other groups, which may indicate the efficiency of digestion and benefit of the diet treatment with 6% urea and 6% molasses added to free-fed Alfalfa hay stalks of Al-Naimi fattening lambs

The experiment took place during the spring season of 2022 AD. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of various con-centrations of G-Power ca and spraying dates on the growth and yield of maize. The experimental design employed was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) arranged in a factorial order with three replications. The first factor examined was the different con-centrations of the nano fertilizer G-Power ca, specifically at levels of 0, 2, 4, and 6 ml L-1. The second component encompassed three dis-tinct time points for foliar application: spraying at 20 days post-planting, spraying at 40 days post-planting, and spraying at 60 days post-planting The findings of the study indicate that the application of nano-foliar spraying of G-Power ca at a concentration of 6 ml L-1, two months after planting, resulted in considerably improved out-comes compared to other treatments. This treatment exhibited the highest average values for the characteristics under investigation. Each of the variables in the study possesses distinct characteristics, including plant height (measured in centimeters), leaf area (measured in square centimeters), average number of leaves per plant (measured as leaf.plant-1), average percentage of chlorophyll in the leaves (measured as spad), and total plant yield (measured in kilograms per hectare, denoted as kg.ha1-). These variables were observed and rec-orded sequentially, with corresponding values of 183, 4209, 14.50, 44.67, and 8012, respectively. Therefore, it can be inferred that the utilization of nano-fertilizers has a major impact on the vegetative characteristics of Maize, resulting in a notable enhancement of the aforementioned qualities

This study was conducted at the bee laboratory in the Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Kufa to investigate the possibility of using artificial feeding with protein and fat as an alternative to pollen. The study also aimed to examine the preference of nurse honey bees for artificial feeding mixtures and their consumption compared to a sugar solution (Sucrose 1 M ), and finally to determine the effect of feeding mixtures on the lifespan of nurse bee workers. The results showed that the highest consumption rate of nurse honey bees was in the control treatment (Sucrose 1 M ) at 72.57 microliter /bee /day, while the lowest consumption rate was 27.70 microliter /bee /day in the treatment (15:1 P: F). The consumption rates in the treatments (0:1 P:F), (1:1 P: F), (5:1 P: F ), and (10:1 P: F) were 64.80, 47.24, 44.70, and 32.42 microliter /bee /day, respectively. The results also revealed that the highest survival rate was in the control treatment (Sucrose 1 M) at 96.25%, while the treatment (0:1 P: F) had the lowest survival rate at 67.50%. The survival rates in the treatments (1:1 P: F), (5:1 P: F), (10:1 P: F), and (15:1 P: F) were 81.25%, 73.75%, 83.75%, and 86.25%, respectively.

This study aimed to improve the root growth indicators of the citrus rootstock (Volcamriana and sour citrus) by spraying them with coconut liquid extract and yeast extract The experiment was carried out using
the Randomised complete blocks design (R C B. D) as a factorial experiment with three factors: the citrus rootstock (sour orange and
lemon Volcamriana) and the extract of coconut liquid with three
concentrations) 0 , 100 , 200 ml. L-1 and dry baking yeast extract in three
concentrations (0, 4 , 8 ( g. L-1 with three replicates. At the end of June of 2023 the measurements were taken and the results were analyzed
according to the statistical design used, and the averages were compared
according to the selection of the least significant difference and at the
level of probability 0.05 , and the most important results reached:
rootstock Volcamriana excelled in the studied root qualities (root length, root diameter, root size , dry weight of root group) while the treatment of coconut liquid 200 ml L-1 and the treatment of dry yeast extract at a
concentration of 8 g L-1 achieved significant superiority for the studied
qualities (root length , root diameter , root size , dry weight of the root
group) By giving it the highest averages. The treatment of the binary interaction between rootstock Volca mriana+ coconut liquid 200 ml L-1) and treatment (rootstock Volca mriana+ dry baking yeast extract at a concentration of 8 g L-1) and treatment (coconut liquid 200 m. L- 1 +
dry baking yeast extract at a concentration of 8 g L-1 are the highest averages in the root qualities studied. The triple overlap treatment gave )
rootstock Volca mriana+ coconut liquid 200 ml L-1 + dry baking yeast
extract at a concentration of 8 g L-1 significantly excelled in the majority
of the studied growth qualities) root length , root diameter, root size,
dry weight of the root group .

Tomato in Iraq and most Middle East areas can be infected by tomato leave moth which contributes to reducing the total yield. Utilization of pesticides may lead to resistance problem in most of treated pests, which make the control of this difficult. In addition, chemical pesti-cides can cause climate pollution, and high cost if use continuously. Thus, this study investigates the efficacy of some of chemical and biological formulations and two plant extracts and its combinations in killing of the third larval stage of the insect. Three concentrations (field dose -50%, field dose and field dose +50%) for each of chem-ical insecticides (Coragen, Simpleo, and Acetamprid) and bioformu-lation of (Bacillus thuringiensis), and the mixture of oil extraction of garlic and Neem. Result showed that there is a significant variation between the concentration of treatments, third concentration (field recommended dose + 50%) gave the higher mortality. Treatment with Acetamprid insecticide showed a significant efficacy after 72 hours which achieved 83.33%, then Coragen insecticide by 56.66%. While, Sumipleo insecticide gave the lower mortality 36.66% of the third larval stage. The combination of evaluated factors and time exposure showed the superiority of (Bt + Coragen + Mixture of neem and Garlic oils) integrated treatment by achieving mortality of 86.66% after 72 hours of treatment, followed by mixture of garlic and neem oils 76.66% and treatment of (Bt + mixture of neem and Garlic oils) by 71.65%, while the treatment of (Bt+ Sumipleo + mix-ture of garlic and neem oils) gave the t mortality of 45.00% only.

The current investigation was conducted to study the effectiveness of apple, grape and lemon vinegar coating in the shelf life of table eggs stored under room and refrigerator conditions for eight weeks. Two –hundred and forty table eggs from broiler breeder 57 weeks old were taken in the field and divided into eight treatments in two conditions, each including four treatments. T1 (control group) 60 eggs, T2 (apple vinegar) 60 eggs, T3 (lemon vinegar) 60 eggs and T4 (grape vinegar) 60 eggs were studied for eight weeks to evaluate egg quality characteristics after each two weeks and internal chemical compounds in the last week. The result showed a significant (P≤0.01) improvement of egg weight (g) in T2 and T3 in refrigerator conditions compared toT1, which recorded the lowest egg weight and decreased egg weight loss. Moreover, albumin height (mm) was increased while albumin diameter decreased, and yolk index significantly (P≤0.01) increased in refrigerator conditions.
Additionally, air cells were significantly (P≤0.01) decreased in all vinegar-sprayed eggs, particularly in apple and grape treatments in both conditions. Three types of vinegar significantly (P≤0.01) improved moisture content by about 4%, and 2% in refrigerator condition. Results in this study indicate that using 5% of apple, lemon and grape vinegar solution of coating table egg extends egg-shelf life from one month to two months and more without negatively affecting the quality and quantity of eggs.

The study was carried out at the University of Kufa - College of Agriculture for the season 2023-2022 to study the effect of the type and concentration of organic acids on the growth of soil bacteria, the first experiment includes the cultivation of bacteria on optional, broth, four types of organic acids were used (Citric acid, Acetic acid, Oxalic acid, Propionic acid) in concentrations (0,25.50.75.100.150) mM factor included four types of bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae). During this experiment, the minimum inhibitory concentration of these organic acids was determined, the second experiment included planting wheat seeds of a local variety by 4-2seeds per pot and used two types of organic acids (Acetic acid, Oxalic acid) and two types of pathogenic bacteria and biological resistance (Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus subtilis). The results of the laboratory experiment showed a significant effect of organic acids in reducing the growth of bacteria, the addition of organic acids to the soil had a significant effect on the values of (Ec, PH) in the soil as oxalic acid obtained the highest rate of 6.370 dc m-1 At a concentration of 50 mM, oxalic acid obtained the highest rate of soil reaction score of 6.300 at a concentration of 75.50mM. The results indicate the significant effect of organic acids in inhibiting the total bacteria population in the soil, as oxalic acid obtained the highest rate of 106×114.3 g-1 dry soil at 50mM concentration.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the world's most important cereals, serving as a primary source of subsistence and industrial products. The remarkable phenotypic diversity exhibited by different maize genotypes depends on their complex biochemical compositions. In pursuit of a deeper understanding of the genetics and biochemistry of maize, this research explores the overall seed protein profiles of diverse maize genotypes using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Primary objectives include comprehensive analysis and comparison of total seed protein com-position between distinct maize genotypes, identification of protein differences associated with phenotypic differences, and insight into the genetic and environmental determinants of maize seed protein composition. Through state-of-the-art analytical techniques, including SDS-PAGE, This research examined protein supplements found in corn seeds. The results promise to reveal the genetic and environ-mental factors that shape the biochemistry of corn. The patterns of the total protein gave a number of 12 main bands, whose weights ranged between 17 kDa and 245 kDa. The total number of bands reached 108 bands, including 8 homogeneous bands and 6 heterogeneous bands. . The percentage of variation (difference) between the compositions was 32%, which indicates that the percentage of similarity (similarity) was 68%. The level of similarity is higher than the level of dissimilarity between the studied structures and this is due to the geographical origin of the structures and their genetic material, or that the plant is the result of hybridization between species, which ultimately benefits humanity’s quest to achieve sustainable agriculture and improved nutrition.

The Echinococcus granulosus parasites cause hydatidasis, this is one important disease-related on-ship to humans (zoonotic) widespread all over the world. some of the cysts are called (infertile cysts) be-cause unable to produce protoscoleces but another one can be called (fertile cysts) which can produce protoscoleces. The hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) is very important to the fertility of the cysts, this cystic fluid plays an important role in the unicellular hydatid cyst.
In the collection 10 HCF samples were from the liver and lung to sheep then examination all the cysts, all the cysts were centrifuged at 10000xg for 15 min in 4c, and then all biochemical components were examined in the automatic analyzer. In the results, each calcium and potassium were different in cysts collected by (P<0.001).

After specifying the date and location for sample collection, the pre-sent research focused on studying the external appearance of the spe-cies Sinodiaptomus valkanovi (Kiefer, 1938). Samples were col-lected from the Al-Husseiniyah River, north of Karbala province. The genus Sinodiaptomus is found in most water systems. The spe-cies was identified within the sample based upon morphological characteristics of the body, namely shape along with other append-ages; the number of segments in the antennules and copepods, how the spines on the base segment of the swimmeret were observed to be arranged, the caudal rami; and finally the shape of the specimen’s fifth limb

This study aimed to assess intestinal length in broiler chickens and ascertain the impact of plant extracts, represented by Digestarome, on various anatomical parameters for the digestive system, in com-parison to microorganisms. The research used 450 one-day-old broiler chicks, which were reared for five weeks. The results showed a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in feed consumption each week (5-1) for both treatments (T5 and T6) during the course of the trial when compared to the control treatment (T1). Overall treatments, there was a significant improvement in the feed conversion factor at the P < 0.05 level. Furthermore, the mixture treatment's average live body weight varied every week until it reached the fifth treatment (T5). The rates of live body weight in the two treatments (T2 and T3) significantly declined in the week (2-4), whereas the rates of weight gain in all weeks significantly increased in the treatments (T5 and T6) Additionally, a notable improvement was noted in support of the therapy. (T4, T5, and T6), as they recorded a significant superiority in the rate of weight gain for all weeks. Clearing with significant differences between the treatments about carcass cuts for the treatments (T5 and T6) the highest value was recorded. As for the weight and length of the intestines, all of the additional treatments outperformed the control treatment (T1) about the weight of the intestines. As for the intestine length, the sixth treatment (T6) outperformed significantly. (P<0.05) on the control treatment (T1) and did not differ significantly from the other addition treatments

This research involved a sample of 50 local Iraqi sheep, consisting of 27 males and 23 females, aged between 5 and 17 months. Data collection occurred during two distinct seasonal periods: October 2022 and January 2023. The primary objective was to investigate the variations in the expression of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) and its influence on the physical attributes of local Iraqi sheep within this age range. The results showed that the GHR gene exhibited a marked increase in expression during the second seasonal timeframe with levels of 23.8 ± 0.2 and 29.7 ±1.4 for first period. This increase in gene expression was paralleled by substantial differences in the sheep's body weights, with values of 33.7376±0.732(kg) for the first seasonal period and 35.77±1.111(kg) for the second seasonal period. Similarly, the dressing percentage showed significant differences, with values of 47.71±0.49 (kg) for the first period and 50.11±0.59 (kg) for the second period. Furthermore, carcass weight demon-strated highly statistically significant variations, measuring 16.037±0.440 (kg) during the first seasonal period and 17.978±0.655 (kg) during the second seasonal period. Gender-based analyses re-vealed significant disparities, with males exhibiting greater weight measurements (kg) (36.764±1.002) compared to females (32.122±806.0). The same trend was observed in carcass weight (18.362±0.606 for males and 15.242±0.369 for females), dressing percentage (49.8±0.0062 for males and 47.8±0.0047 for females), and viscera weight (1.382±0.029 for males and 1.258±0.032 for fe-males). In addition to these findings, body dimension measurements (cm) showed significant differences in lump height, with measure-ments of 67.81±0.891 in the first period and 64.88±0.717 in the sec-ond period. However, non-significant differences were observed in other body dimension measurements. These findings have implica-tions for understanding the genetic factors affecting the growth and development of sheep which can inform breeding and livestock man-agement practices.

The current study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective efficacy of Moringa oleifera (MOLE) against liver damage in male rats caused by paracetamol. Four groups of twenty-four male Wister rats, weighing between 150 and 200 gm each, were created. To cause liver damage, a dose of 2g/kg of paracetamol was given once a day for a week, and a dose of 300mg/kg B.W. of MOLE was given orally via gavage for four weeks. As an example hepatoprotective medication, silymarin was administered orally at a rate of 100 mg/kg body weight. Enzyme levels in the liver including total bilirubin, ALT, AST, and ALP were utilized to gauge the extent of recovery after hepatic damage. As antioxidant enzymes, SOD and CAT were evaluated. In male rats, paracetamol-induced liver damage was success-fully avoided by silymarin and MOLE. The hepatoprotective effects of the extract were evidenced by a noteworthy reduction in the levels of blood enzymes include TB, ALT, AST, and ALP, along with a decline in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Additionally, there was a rise in the levels of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, as well as interleukin 10 (IL-10).

This study aimed to assess the impact of intraosseous injections of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride and 3.75% Diclofenac on bone regeneration. Forty-five adult male rabbits of a local breed were used to create a 3.5mm hole in the proximal third of the medial aspect of the tibia using an electric drill, with continuous isotonic regular saline irrigation to prevent thermal necrosis. The rabbits were randomly di-vided into three groups of fifteen each (n=15): a control group with-out any treatment, Group 1 (Lidocaine HCl), which received a daily dose of 2% lidocaine HCl (2 mg/kg body weight) for five days post-operation (P.O.), and Group 2 (Diclofenac), which received 3.75% Diclofenac (20 mg/kg body weight). Radiographic evaluations were conducted at the end of the 7th, 14th, and 21st days P.O. The findings demonstrated accelerated bone regeneration and development in Group 1 compared to Group 2 and the control group. In conclusion, intraosseous injection of 2% Lidocaine HCl (2mg/kg B.W.) showed a stimulatory effect on bone healing, with osteogenic tissue and trabecular bone formation being visible in radiographic images at the end of the first week, indicating a more effective outcome compared to the Diclofenac and control groups.

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by Trogoderma varia-bile at different life stages (larvae, female and male) can help us to understand the chemical signals that are released by the beetle which can serve as biomarkers for diagnostic purpose. There are several factors that effect on the optimization of VOC extraction including, temperature, jar size, number of insects, duration of extraction, and gas chromatography (GC) conditions. This study used headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) fibre coupled with flame ionization detection (FID) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the optimal method for accurate, rapid and cost-effective extraction and identification of VOC from different life stages of T. variabile. The HS-SPME technique and the analytical conditions with GC and GCMS were optimized and vali-dated for the determination of VOCs released from T. variabile. Se-lection of the number of insects was based on the height and the number of peaks. Results showed that 15 and 20 larvae and adults respectively gave the best number of peaks. Sixteen hours were optimized as the best extraction time for larvae and adults to get maximum number of emitted VOCs. The number of compound released from T.variabile different stages was 7, 9 and 11 for male, female and larvae respectively. Furthermore, some compounds were identified in all stages such as oxime-, methoxy-phenyl, 2(3H)-furanone, 5-ethyl-dihydro- and nonanal. Also, most of the compounds were significantly different in peak area between different life stages.

This study aims to rate the efficiency of using chemical pesticides, bio-fungicides, and the interaction between them against the nymphal and adult stages of the Dubas insect (Ommatissus binotatus lybicus De Berg). Anyhow, the laboratory and field results of the pesticides significantly affected the treated phases. The field results of the treatments were significantly increased after around two weeks, as for the average percentage of death in the treated nymphs. It reached 89.29-75.03-72.5-71, respectively. The results of the interaction treatments between fungal biocides (Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces sp, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Me-tarhizium anisopliae, and Paecilomyces sp) were significantly in-creased after two weeks of treatment, as the average percentage of death of the treated nymphs reached 63.95 -77.19 -63.5, respectively. The laboratory results of the treatments were significant for the pesticides used after nine days of treatment, as the average percentage of death of the adults reached 86.01 - 39.25 -32.16 -36.81, respectively. Moreover, the interaction coefficients between the fungal biocides mentioned in the paragraph above were significant after nine days of treatment. The average percentage of treated adults' deaths reached 38.13 -39.64 37.57 - 86.02 to treat the interaction between the chemical pesticide Actara and B. bassiana. The chemical pesticide Actara excelled in the field experiment, as it gave the highest percentage of mortality when used at concentrations of 1-1.5 g/L after two weeks of treatment. The average percentage of nymphs killed was 89.29.As for the laboratory experiment results, the chemical pesticide Actara was also superior, as it gave the highest mortality rate for adult females. The average mortality rate for adult females reached 86.01 after nine days of treatment compared to the rest of the treatments using other pesticides.