Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education

The development that the world is witnessing today in various fields has prompted us to take a look at one of the aspects of life in its scientific and practical dimensions, especially the sports aspect, which has begun to impose itself like the rest of the aspects in their various dimensions, as interest in sports has begun until it has become what it is at the present time. Therefore, practicing sports is not limited to the purpose of reaching a high level, but rather it has taken on new horizons as it constitutes one of the psychological and physical treatments. Today, the world has become interested in sports as it represents a political, social and preventive dimension from some of what may afflict a person with illness.

In our current era, women need to practice sports activities to compensate for the lack of movement. The development of life and the introduction of technology in all fields have contributed to reducing body movements to the maximum, and many movements have been shortened, and some parts of the body have become almost still. All machines have become available in homes. Necessary to help women in cleaning and cooking. The presence of transportation has also restricted women, so walking, which women used to practice when they went shopping in nearby places or to visit friends, has disappeared. As a result, many health problems have emerged, which prompted some developed countries to allocate financial assistance with the help of insurance companies for these patients. The aim of the research is to identify the reality of women\\'s sports in Basra Governorate, identify the reasons for the decline, and determine methods for improving it. The research hypotheses are that there are reasons and factors for the decline of women\\'s sports in Basra. There are methods to promote women\\'s sports in Basra, and the sample is the heads of sports clubs and institutions and coaches and players of women\\'s sports teams in Basra, and the time frame is April 9, 2002, and the spatial frame is the buildings under study. (3) questionnaire forms were prepared to clarify the reality of women\\'s sports in Basra (31) questions for heads of clubs and sports institutions. The other for coaches and contains (21) questions, and the players\\' form contains (29) questions. The researchers recommended the necessity for the Iraqi National Olympic Committee to pay attention to sports culture among women in particular, with field follow-up of the activities of women\\'s sports teams. Allocating salaries to players when they participate in sports teams. Emphasizing women\\'s school sports and urging physical education teachers to play their role in encouraging female students to join school teams. Providing special and out-of-sight sports halls and playgrounds in order for players to have their freedom when practicing sports. Providing sports equipment for each game, providing transportation to transport the players to their homes after the training is over, and the training staff should be women.

The development that the world is witnessing today in various fields has prompted us to take a look at one of the aspects of life in its scientific and practical dimensions, especially the sports aspect, which has begun to impose itself like the rest of the aspects in their various dimensions, as interest in sports has begun until it has become what it is at the present time. Therefore, practicing sports is not limited to the purpose of reaching a high level, but rather it has taken on new horizons as it constitutes one of the psychological and physical treatments. Today, the world has become interested in sports as it represents a political, social and preventive dimension from some of what may afflict a person with illness.

Basketball is a game characterized by the speed of individual and group offensive and defensive play. Due to the small area of ​​the field, the burdens on team coaches have become very large in quickly discovering the real mistake, analyzing it, and developing alternative solutions to stop the attack carried out against it or to implement the attack by its players. From here, team coaches must make exceptional efforts in the field of their expertise in sports training through the theory and application of their specialization and their deep knowledge of the methods and plans of playing basketball and how to develop plans to stop the attack and develop plans to penetrate the opponent's defense. The researchers addressed one of the important aspects of the training process that has a great impact on the results of matches, which is the tactical aspect, especially in the attack, and by using one of the offensive plans, which is (blocking), which is considered one of the most important means that aim to confuse the defender's movement and obstruct him for a short period. Based on the above, the importance of the research is evident in that it is a scientific study and a serious attempt to reveal the extent of the use of offensive blocking and its success rates among the teams of the leading Iraqi clubs in basketball.

Development and progress have included all areas of life and science has become the main driver of our lives and these areas have developed as a result of the innovations achieved by these sciences and the field of physical education is one of those areas that have been included in development as science has left its mark on it as the science of biomechanics has the highest good results in achieving the goals of sports performance including increasing the speed of the ball in volleyball and making the performance based on practical and mechanical foundations that achieve the best achievement and the skills of sports activities have developed as a result and volleyball is one of the activities that are considered games in which development appears quickly. In every world championship, the performance of the skilled appears different and focuses on the basic skill and this is what we see in the serve as this skill is one of the important offensive skills and the crushing serve is one of the most important of those serves in which the speed factor is what increases the difficulty of receiving it and thus disrupting the attack of the receiving team and it appeared in the last and that it is a serve that leads from the movement but hits the ball as in the wavy serve and this type began to spread quickly so that teams had to adjust the receiving formations accordingly

The progress achieved in all areas of life depends entirely on all modern scientific information and techniques that serve the public interest and develop it for the better with everything that is new and innovative, and it has become one of these sports fields that have a direct impact on people from all psychological, social and cultural aspects, and among these sports fields)) which have great importance in all societies is the game of basketball, and this game is considered one of the famous team sports that require good and continuous training, which arouses the spirit of enthusiasm and continuous encouragement among the audience, and this game requires the development of physical fitness elements that are closely linked to each of its basic skills and all methods and means must be used to train in this game, and to achieve a high level in the game of basketball, offensive skills and defensive skills must be mastered at the same time because they are linked to each other because they have a close relationship with winning and losing, and coaches and players at the same time must work hard to reduce errors that occur during matches through correct training programs that are subject to training foundations, and these legal errors cause the team to lose in terms of scoring points against it

Reaching advanced sports levels that guarantee achieving excellence in various sports events is no longer an easy matter to achieve due to the high sports level that athletes have reached in various sports events, and when exposed to sports levels and their physical, skill, planning and psychological components, we see the great and significant impact of the scientific method in reaching these high levels, as matters are taken in great depth in order to reach raising the level even by a small percentage, which is difficult to achieve due to reaching high levels. Boxing is one of the sports events in which personal characteristics play an important role in deciding fights, as the boxer needs special characteristics that increase the possibility of achieving victory during the fight rounds, due to the special nature of the game of boxing, in which the importance of the boxer's psychological abilities appears.

The development witnessed by the contemporary world in the sports aspect came as a result of the development of aspects to develop related aspects in the sports field, as the science of sports training is one of the most important sciences closely related to the development of the physical and skill aspects of various games and events. Physical fitness is also the sports basis that is relied upon to achieve the integrated preparation of the athlete. The importance of fitness appears from the fact that it includes all the physical and motor components or elements, and the advancement of the physical aspects has an effective impact in preparing and preparing the individual to perform the motor duties related to the type of sports activity practiced. In order to advance the physical aspects, it is necessary to look at what are the physical qualities that contribute to performance and the effect of training a specific quality on the development of other qualities.

After the rapid development witnessed by aspects of life, it is an important and influential matter in all fields, including the sports field, which is witnessing leaps of development due to the intervention of the scientific aspect in sports planning to achieve goals and achievements. Volleyball is considered one of the games that has developed its playing style, and the development of the level of performance of its players is another aspect of this development, as global levels have become unexpected compared to the past few years. This development did not arise from a vacuum, but rather the abundant study and precise scientific analysis of the course of the game and the discovery of the nature of the relationships between all parts of the game from physical, psychological, skill, planning and other numbers, and the importance of developing one at the expense of the other and in varying proportions. All of these matters are taken into consideration in addition to achieving the advanced level, which is the way to reach this level.

Physical preparation is one of the important aspects of improving the level of boxers' results, as it determines the level of development of the boxers' motor abilities and functional efficiency. The preparation to improve the physical level of players is only achieved through physical preparation, strength and improving the boxers' functional and motor abilities, because boxing is characterized by strength and intensity in performance, and the special abilities of boxers can appear clearly during training from the beginning of the preparation period and for competition until the end of the competition. Therefore, trainers must reach a good level in terms of different numbers by using the general and special capabilities of boxers to ensure the stability and development of their results. Therefore, when developing these abilities, it is important that training is appropriate for them according to what boxing needs, as it is characterized by variable motor ability and intensity during the fight in rounds in which the time is known and between them there is a short rest period that is often insufficient for the boxer to fully prepare for his ability. This means entering the next round with the effects of the rounds that preceded it. The results of some studies have shown that the succession of rounds leads to changes in the boxer’s functional processes, and the rest period does not allow any of the functional processes to regain their ability (1). Thus, the person with muscular atrophy has a decrease in the boxer’s ability to work.

Game plans mean offensive and defensive operations, whether individual or collective, that fit the rules of the law and aim to reach the team to a better level of performance and achieve results.

Offensive operations in modern volleyball depend on the offensive vehicles carried out by the teams, which are the amount of the teams, which is the amount of the team to perform certain intersection patterns by the players, and thus try to deceive the blocking wall and attack without a corresponding blocking wall or with an individual blocking wall at least. Advanced international teams try to excel in outperforming their competitors by using all types of movements and formations along the net, where the change is considered the types of numbers for the hit.
From all this comes the importance of research in the tactical analysis of the types of numbers for the smash hit in volleyball for some international teams participating in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics to develop a specific vision about the proportions of these types in light of the distinguished model in this game.

After the psychological factor, one of the important factors for winning and achieving sports achievements. Accordingly, sports psychologists have studied the psychological topics and problems related to sports activity and conducted many experiments and research to discover solutions to these problems. Attention to basketball is related to collecting basic skills, including the skill of shooting from a jump, as it is one of the basic offensive skills, the success of which depends on several factors, the most important of which is the art of jumping, as it is one of the basic offensive skills, the success of which depends on several factors, the most important of which is the art of performance and the state of preparation that precedes the performance, in which the student mobilizes her psychological and physical powers to launch them in the form of a single activity. At this stage of preparation, the student's attention is focused on what she will do in shooting the ball from a jump towards the basket within the time period of the attack.

The scoring process in team games is the main axis in that i le r axis around which the rest of the elements of the teams' success revolve, from physical, psychological, skill and planning numbers. Al-Waleli (1989) believes that all the initial principles and games or studied plans are useless if they do not end up hitting the target (1).

Handball is one of the most important games to which this aforementioned rule applies, as it is one of the most prominent team games that has made great leaps during the last two decades due to the continuous struggle between teams to reach the highest level of performance, especially since the nature of scoring goals in this game requires teams to have the principle of multiple solutions to confront the different conditions of the match, which increases in weakness for the team when the level of competition increases.

The characteristic of the era is the characteristic of change and modern theories, and therefore there must be a link between the previous theoretical and practical requirements with the development of scientific and creative aspects with the aim of achieving a scientific and constructive planning process for the athlete and his ability to achieve. Since sports training has become a general pillar of sports education in general, advanced sports countries have made many efforts and scientific energies to establish scientific foundations and rules for sports training in two directions: The first is the efforts made in developing the contents and elements of teaching sports education in schools and institutes in order to prepare and build the basic foundation for the physical and skill aspects and develop them among students. In the other direction, scientific studies were conducted in the systems and methods of sports teaching and in the various physical qualities and elements of sports teaching in order to reach the characteristics that qualify athletes to achieve high levels.

Sports excellence indicates the intellectual and scientific advancement of society, as it is the result of training based on science and experience. Individuals enjoy physical fitness and physical specifications, and they are distinguished from others by many qualities that lead them to the highest levels of optimal achievement.

The modern game of basketball is in continuous progress and development, as is the case with other sports, as it belongs to the group of games in which performance requires that the basketball player meet many requirements, including physical, skill, planning and psychological abilities, as well as the distinctive physical specifications of the basketball player, as body measurements play an important role in testing players

for the game of basketball, and it gives the possibility of predicting possible sports results, so determining them from the beginning

Increasing interest in studying in different fields and trends of those sports paradises or others for the purpose of advancing them, which led to interest in direct methods and learning interest and was known for its direct impact on the paradise of practicing sports activity and its requirements and skills and plans and psychological

Since the learning theory is an indication of the trends that exist in an individual's life and work, it depends on the individual's diverse educational material and falls on his shoulders according to choosing the appropriateness of the appropriateness and suitability in his learning by using the Board of Directors in various educational methods that contain development programs to develop the trends of those educational even from facing what they may be exposed to for that, as well as accelerating the process of swimming learning for what the learners have experienced from differences in age stages and individual differences

It has reached advanced levels for athletes in sports as a distinctive feature and results and sports levels, in addition to the use of evaluation methods had a direct impact on that.

One of the sports activities that receive great attention from fitness fans practiced by both sexes is basketball. The basic basketball skills receive the attention of basketball coaches as their great and effective role in influencing the results of the results, which calls for adaptation to the level of performance of these special skills while players participate in basketball

They are the obstacles facing girls' clubs in Iraq. Dr. Lamia Hassan Al-Diwan, Dr. Fatima Abdul Maleh, Dr. Nahida Hamed Mashkoor Introduction and importance of the research: Women's entry into endurance events and reliance on the principle of more training will achieve better results in the future. Based on the concepts that call for equality between men and women in all aspects of sports and competitive activity, and as a result of the decline in women's participation in sports clubs that include men, the idea of ​​establishing clubs for Iraqi girls came in 1992, with one club in each governorate, and the Iraqi National Olympic Committee adopted this idea, the goal of which is to develop women's sports in all governorates. In the same year, the clubs (Najaf Girl, Karbala Girl, Mosul Girl, Al-Inbahar Girl) were established. An office affiliated with the Olympic Committee was established with these clubs called the Women's Sports Office. This office succeeded in holding championships for women in basketball, volleyball, and handball. This office also continued to communicate with the rest of the governorates to establish clubs in other governorates, which according to their establishment were (Ta'mim - Diyala - Basra - Wasit - Mays - Muthanna). It succeeded, and the number of clubs in 1996 became ten clubs for Iraqi girls. After this success in increasing the number of clubs and diversifying their activities and needs for self-financing, the Iraqi National Olympic Committee approved the establishment of the Iraqi Federation for Women's Sports on 22/2/2000, at the suggestion of the Sports Council. The Federation continued to work until the number of girls' clubs reached thirteen clubs by 1/8/2002, after the establishment of the clubs (Qadisiyah - Dhi Qar - Babylon). I find it necessary to mention that these clubs participated in the championships. Women's Union, which includes (basketball, handball, volleyball, badminton, swimming, table tennis, track and field, chess, and women's football. The last championship was organized by Basra and five clubs participated in it.)

Basketball is one of the games that has witnessed a noticeable change in recent years, as it has become characterized by games characterized by enlightening speed and diversification of defensive and offensive plans, including the nature of the game and the changing situations during the game, in addition to the similarity with the capabilities and the average function, which has increased the trouble of coaches in discovering a reason for seeking to find alternative or collective solutions and thus finding alternative solutions to address what can happen during the game. Thus, the loss and loss become in the certified coach in the CPU for fast performance during the course of the game.

Gymnastics is considered on the other hand one of the distinctive aspects that is characterized by its comprehensive effect on the body's systems and organs, which guarantees its competition and integration, as it helps to develop harmony between the organs instead of facilitating the individual's tolerance in his body and movement, and on the other hand the system works to balance and treat other body functions that modern daily life has admired (3:2). Reaching the distinguished sports achievements in gymnastics comes as a result of the advancement and technical performance by researching all the requirements, including accuracy and special characteristics that must be consistent with the characteristics and requirements of skill performance on gymnastics devices. There is no doubt that it has its own experience in the game of acquiring great physical fitness in absorbing the skills required for the game and contributing to reaching the level of sports performance, in addition to what Drakhalter 1977, Cosslom 1974, and Jesse Fisher 1972 contributed to not having a suitable fitness training method for disabilities. For the type of passport in the competitions of the fields on the devices in which the work is similar through the practice of the effectiveness of the work through the performance of the skill itself (49:3) and determines the importance of the research in the attempt to search in communication and communication which cuts off the development of trends which require a high physical ability to keep pace with this development by the players so the researchers found their utmost effort in searching for this in addition to that an attempt to invent to advance the movements under research