Kufa Journal of Arts

Ibn Rushd has a basis from which he starts in his classification of proof, and this basis is the reason for classifying proof into its main categories without the subcategories, because the subcategory of proof has its own basis, which is a different basis from the basis according to which proof is classified into the main categories. The researcher studied both bases for classifying proof into a main classification and a subcategory.

On this basis, the subject of the research was (Ibn Rushd's classification of proof on the basis of existence and cause - a comparative analytical study). It is clear that the researcher used three methods in this research. The first method is the descriptive method according to which the researcher presented Ibn Rushd's opinions on this topic. The second method is the analytical method according to which the researcher analyzed Ibn Rushd's opinions. The third method is the comparative method according to which the researcher compared Ibn Rushd's opinions with the opinions of Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina on the one hand, and the opinions of Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina with the opinions of Aristotle on the other hand.

What justifies this research is that this topic has not been studied previously, nor has it been researched analytically and comparatively, nor has it been researched within the framework of Ibn Rushd’s system of proof. Among the most important sources that the researcher relied on in this study are Ibn Rushd’s books, “Summary of Proof” and “Explanation of Proof” by Aristotle, “Book of Proof” by Al-Farabi, “Book of Proof from Al-Shifa” by Ibn Sina, and the second part of Aristotle’s book “Logic”.

The environmental impact study of the (industrial zone) project to be established in the city of Diwaniyah is very important for establishing projects and the main important factor is preserving the environment and purifying it from the harmful effects of construction and industry in particular and taking into account the environmental effects of establishing the project and that this project has an important environmental benefit by isolating all polluting activities in a specific area far from the city center as well as controlling the activities of these activities through the environmental monitor of the industrial zone.

The study included visiting the site and conducting a field survey of the aforementioned site. The project was studied according to the classification of projects in terms of their environmental impacts and the environmental assessment they require, as this project is one of the important projects and has a distinguished and suitable location for this project. The environmental conditions and specifications appropriate for the project and the environmental design standards were also proposed. During the determination of the environmental impact of the specific project, it was found that the environmental impacts resulting from the establishment of the industrial zone in the aforementioned location are limited and their effects can be mitigated by appropriate and possible measures to control the work environment and mitigate the potential impacts generated by the project for the purpose of taking the necessary precautions for the effects that may appear suddenly during the project work period and during the other stages. This is done through a monitoring team allocated according to the stages of project completion and even after its operation.

Election geography is one of the contemporary applied fields of political geography, which is concerned with studying the spatial (geographic) variation of electoral voting, its patterns and causes, and explaining and analyzing it, i.e. studying the environmental (spatial) influences on voters. In addition to its interest in studying the spatial organization of elections and studying the political, economic and social electoral programs of competing parties and their impact on the electoral behavior of voters, it is also concerned with studying the electoral system followed and the geographical reasons behind its adoption and how to apply it and solve its problems. Therefore, the study focused, in its objective and methodology, on studying the spatial variation of electoral participation in Karbala Governorate for the two parliamentary elections of 2005-2010. The results of the study showed that the rise in the economic, social and educational level of voters reduces their influence by sectarian and tribal affiliations, and increases their level of interest in the electoral programs of political parties when casting their votes. The election results proved that voters voted out of their sectarian and national affiliations and under the guidance of religious, tribal and political authorities that pushed voters to vote according to their desires and sectarian and national orientations. Then, the political consensuses were relied upon in light of which the government was formed, in a way far from the democratic path. Consequently, these consensuses produced a weak government that was unable to make decisive decisions without referring to the other parties in the government formation. The evidence is that it was unable to improve the service reality and improve the economic and social level of the people, and it was also unable to achieve security stability in Iraq. Finally, it can be said that the geographical, economic, social and political factors Ideology played a major role in the variation of electoral behavior in the governorate.

Marxist thought is based on the dialectical theory, which is the general theory of socialism, including communism. Its method is to look at natural events, and its method of research and knowledge is to discover the contradictions of thought and the clash between opinions through discussion. It sees that life, man, and the universe are matter that develops itself in a self-development manner. There is no creator or creature, but rather a self-development in matter. The various incidents of the world, in its view, are different manifestations of moving matter, and the world develops according to the laws of motion of matter, and it does not need any universal mind. Dialectics, in Marx's view, is the science of the general laws of motion, whether in the external world or in human thought. Dialectics views matter as the basis of everything, and that all aspects of life, if they are not subject to it, cannot be believed in. However, Mr. Muhammad Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr does not agree with dialectics in this opinion. Matter is not the basis. There are things that are not subject to matter and are outside of it, and they exist in reality. Denying them means denying reality. This is what prompted Mr. Muhammad al-Sadr to criticize it. The dialectical theory was not one of the creations of the Marxist intellectual, but rather the origins of this theory go back to the German philosopher Hegel, who made it a method for his philosophy. Marx took it from him, made some modifications to it, and built his ideology on it in the fields of politics, society, and economics. It also involves the idea of ​​canceling the principle of causality, and thus canceling the existence of a cause for the universe, which means canceling the existence of a creator for the universe, through its claim that matter is the basis of everything, and that it develops by itself without anyone developing it, and that all aspects of life go back to matter. Mr. Muhammad al-Sadr’s criticism of the dialectical theory is based on scientific and realistic evidence, and Mr. al-Sadr did not use metaphysical evidence in his criticism, as scientific evidence reveals the error of this theory, and that it does not withstand scientific development, which refutes what this theory has brought. Marxism, with its dialectical theory, wanted to reach a conclusion that economic factors are what affect the movement of human history, and that the movement of human societies, as a result of the contradictions that occur between them, must reach a society free of contradictions, and this society is the communist society.

After that, linguists and grammarians have worked hard to preserve our noble language and protect it from loss and scratching, and they have exhausted themselves to deliver it to those who come after them, preserved and detailed. The language that scholars have exhausted themselves to deliver to us is the language of the Arabs with its phonetic, structural morphological, syntactic, and lexical semantic aspects.

Among the topics that they have addressed and exhausted themselves to deliver to us are phonetic and morphological topics, and the efforts of scholars in this field were clear and evident to the reader, and the majority of these efforts are still of great value to this day, and a small portion needs to be studied again, and to be reconsidered, contemplated, and scrutinized in service of our noble language, and this service is connected to the Holy Qur’an, specialists in the Arabic language, and Muslims in general.

The ideas mentioned by ancient scholars in this scientific field do not represent the truth, but rather are an image that brings us closer to it, as the Arab did not know these conditions, and that this is a place of illness, and this is a place of health. These ideas are open to debate, and the evidence for this statement is the fact that contemporary phonetic and morphological studies have published new ideas that are closer to logic and phonetic and morphological facilitation. This is the greatest evidence that what the ancient scholars have mentioned up to this day is open to development.

Intertextuality is one of the most prominent artistic techniques and expressive enrichment means that has been widely used in contemporary Arabic poetry in general and Palestinian poetry in particular, as a kind of textual intersection that works to enrich and deepen the artistic vision and contributes strongly to the process of internal development of the poem and refutes its rhetoric and superficial mire. Forming through intertextuality, especially “intertextuality of Qur’anic stories,” has had a profound impact on the structure of contemporary Palestinian poetic discourse, as most Palestinian poets have benefited from it and employed it in their literary works to create a poetic world charged with artistic connotations and crystallize the present through the experience of the past. This matter prompted the Palestinian poet to reconstruct the absent text according to his contemporary vision, in preparation for expressing his ideas and contemporary national issues, and then moving the poetic text to more spacious religious horizons in order to explode the energies of the text and give it an aspect of religious sanctity to generate new meanings that serve the aspirations of the Palestinian people towards revolution and liberation, patience and clinging to the land and confronting the Zionist enemy even if the conflict lasts a long time. This article, through the descriptive analytical method, is about to address the phenomenon of Qur’anic narrative intertextuality and its meanings in contemporary Palestinian poetry, and to show the extent of the influence of Qur’anic intertextuality in enriching and enriching poetic texts and revealing the extent of its artistic effectiveness in generating new meanings that would support the cause of the Palestinian people in their struggle against the occupier.

Modern psychology has developed and is closely linked to literary criticism in order to read literature psychologically. In literary criticism, the psychological approach studies the effect of literature on the psyche, and no one denies the effect of the Holy Quran on the human psyche. The artistic image increases this effect. In this article, I traced the artistic image or artistic depiction formed in the Quranic story through a study in modern literary criticism and in light of the psychological approach. I chose two stories from Surat Maryam (J), namely the story of Zachariah and the story of Mary and her son (E). I mentioned the psychological analysis of the two stories, and I showed the effect of the artistic image in the Quranic story, where the effect is direct on the recipient’s psyche. I saw this effect due to the economy in the Quranic story, which carries a message that surpasses the brief story. These stories carry the human message and guidance to the path of light, mercy, and dignity. Our study showed the direct effect of artistic depiction on the reader or recipient of Quranic stories. The aim of this article is to show the effect of the artistic image on the recipient’s psyche. The approach followed in this article is descriptive-analytical.

From researching the speech of Lady Fatima bint Al-Imam Al-Hussein I, I reached the following:

1- The uses of Lady Fatima bint Al-Imam Al-Hussein I for plurals were in accordance with the speech of eloquent Arabs.

2- All plurals in the speech of Lady Fatima bint Al-Imam Al-Hussein I were mentioned indicating abundance, as the research did not prove the existence of special structures for the plural of fewness and abundance, and this is supported by the scientific statistics conducted by Ibrahim Anis on the words of the Holy Quran and on the collections of eloquent Arabic poetry, as linguistic usage and circumstantial evidence conclude the structure for fewness or abundance, and the evidence is the coming of the weights of the broken plurals. And the sound masculine and feminine plurals for fewness and abundance, in addition to the singular indicating the meaning of the plural in places of linguistic usage.

3- Lady Fatima bint Al-Imam Al-Hussein I used the sound masculine and feminine plurals. The plural of broken words, the collective noun, the singular was used in the sense of the plural, and the pronouns indicating the plural were used, which are: the collective waw, and the object naa.

Through what we have come across from the narratives included in those documents that we have relied on and that are directly concerned with the subject we are writing about, the impact of the political and social factor and individual interest in supporting the historical movement that established the existence of Al-Khamisiya became clear to us. Because of the problems, intersections and decline that occurred with the convergence of all of that, it led to the creation of a state of cohesion, which led to Britain moving, as an occupying state, to exploit important outlets after they felt the importance of Al-Khamisiya, and the resulting thinking that led to Hamad Al-Khamis becoming a strong ally to consolidate the ambitions and goals of the British, and the changes that resulted from this matter.

The study attempts to uncover some textual facts; by accessing the meanings hidden under the textual crust, and the study took the poems written on clothes and other objects such as musical instruments, drums, pillows, curtains, and council chests as a procedural approach to writing exiled outside cultural frameworks.

The texts written on clothes revolve within the framework of authority and society, and thus they carry the fragments of consciousness in the Abbasid era between the sacred and the profane, that is, between moral statements and their opposites, and despite what these texts carry of marginality in the cognitive system in the Abbasid era, with cultural reading they may shake some of the established assumptions in epistemological thought; because clothes and other objects are considered a small window of freedom and are disturbing windows; because they link the written and the iconic, so they are among the richest texts that the researcher can touch from several angles.

In this study, the researcher chose a critical approach that relies on the propositions of cultural criticism, taking into account the aesthetic aspects that represent the main entrance to reach the textual focus. The researcher claims that he will read these texts with a new reading that does not depend on previous reading averages, but rather he will approach the texts and treat them according to all aspects and dimensions.

In the year 132 AH, the Abbasid state was declared in Kufa. The Abbasids considered the success of the revolution and the emergence of the state as “our inheritance from our Prophet.” Their first steps were to get rid of Persian influence, so they removed Abu Salama al-Khalal from the ministry and killed him, as well as Abu Muslim al-Khurasani, which opened the way for Turkish influence, which was encouraged and supported by al-Mu’tasim, especially after the construction of Samarra and the exclusion of Arabs from the army bureau.

Weakness began to spread in the state entity and increased after the Buyids entered Baghdad, where they dominated everything, even the insignia of the caliphate. Their rule continued from 334 AH to 447 AH. The state and the nation, as al-Maqdisi confirms, were heading towards weakness and stagnation, which began to escalate with the arrival of the Seljuks in 447 AH - 590 AH and the entry of Tughril Beg into Baghdad. Although the Abbasid Caliphate tried to rise after the departure of the Seljuks, the attempt failed after weakness and corruption paralyzed the state institutions, so some states in the East became independent, such as the Tahirid and Ghaznavid states, as did some states in the Maghreb, such as the Idrisids and Fatimids. The state disintegrated, its foundations cracked, and the Caliphate was no longer able to unite and cohese. What I want to say is that the weakness of the state, and then its fall in the following years, did not need Tusi to incite the Mongols to invade his country. The invasion, as is well known, was an invasion of the world that began in southern China in Asia and Bulgaria in Europe. These invaders did not need incitement to continue their advance and subjugation of peoples. Their policy initially depended on some administrators from the conquered states to manage the affairs of government, and Tusi was only one of these. They benefited from his experiences, and we historians are certain that we are exposing the effect of sectarian conflicts and government leaderships on fabricating rumors and bringing down Political opponents, and what was rumored about him was the result of the deep-rooted hostility between him and Al-Dawidar, and if Sheikh Al-Tusi had not been born, they would have placed this accusation on someone else, and acquitted the Caliph who neglected the affairs of his state. What I want to say is that the fall of Baghdad was an inevitable matter in the face of this invasion because the Abbasid state collapsed and disintegrated before the Mongols reached the walls of Baghdad, and there was no need for someone to incite the Mongols to invade the world, or Baghdad, and this is their nature, invasion and then invasion and continuously, and they fought for a long time with each other until Genghis Khan appeared, and he united them by fighting the nations surrounding them, instead of fighting with each other.

The Arab region was and still is one of the regions in which American political and economic interest was evident, after the emergence of the United States of America as a strong competitor to the Soviet presence in the Arab region after World War II (1939-1945).

The concentration of international relations around two centers of polarization had a significant and major impact on the political conditions of the Arab world. The division of the world into two camps led to an internal Arab division represented by the tendency to embrace one of the two trends, this on the official level, as local tendencies emerged in it that supported the socialist trend represented by the new global power represented by the Soviet Union and others supporting the capitalist approach headed by the United States of America, but the predominant character and the broader step was for capitalism.

The result was a series of disappointments that befell the Arab nation, the burden of which was borne most by the Arab citizen who was exposed to frustration and tasted bitterness, as the emotional choice made them captive to the Cold War turmoil between the two poles, so their countries did not hold on to socialism and its expected social justice, nor were they able to build the foundations of capitalist construction, nor did they get rid of hegemony. Some may believe that the history of Arab-American relations is linked to what was called the Suez Crisis and the subsequent tripartite aggression (Israeli, British, French) against Egypt, then the vacuum left by Britain's withdrawal from Egypt and the Arabian Gulf and the United States' rush to fill this strategic vacuum.

Analyzing a high-quality text is one of the most beautiful literary arts that aims to uncover buried treasures that carry within them many principles and values, in a guise of beautiful words, sentences and useful structures, passed down through generations, and embody them in their lives to give them some intellectual and emotional balance. This is what appeared in the poem (The Anthem of the Giant), which is a model for these texts, instilling confidence in people's souls, building dignity and pride in their hearts, and that the challenge mixed with optimism, victory and patience is the key to happiness. These valuable ideas appeared through the vocal, structural and semantic tone that the poem included, which was revealed by the analyses of this research.

The research is considered one of the researches in which the complete analyses and the output of the results are based on the techniques of geographic information systems. It aims to analyze the distribution pattern of stations within the borders of the city of Najaf and compare the locations of these stations with the planning conditions and standards for choosing the site. In addition, the research aims to build a geographic information base for filling stations that can be updated to serve the concerned parties in making appropriate decisions regarding these stations with the possibility of adding other data fields to this base to develop it in the future. Finally, the research can be considered a training opportunity for users of geographic information systems programs through the simple use of some commands within the program.

The dream vision is an important and well-known narrative genre in medieval poetry. The basic framework is that a disturbed narrator falls asleep and dreams, and his dream then becomes the main story. The dream often takes the form of an ambiguous symbol and requires some kind of interpretation on the part of the reader, and after awakening the disturbed narrator decides to write down his dream in a poem. 1 Dream vision poetry has a fascinating and wide-ranging imagery, and has been widely commented upon. Sleep, dreaming, dream vision, prophetic visitations and verbal guidance are familiar motifs from a number of widely known literary sources, for example in the Bible, the Greek and Latin classics, and continue through late antiquity and into the Middle Ages. 2 Dream visions have important common elements. First, all dream visions are written in the first person. The narrator becomes the dreamer and tells the story as his own experience. Sometimes the dreamer becomes the protagonist of the dream fiction, and at other times he is merely an observer, as in Chaucer's The Book of the Duchess. 3

Illustrative meanings, especially in figures of speech, are one of the semantic behaviors of linguistic constructions. The present paper investigates some of these meanings in Islamic political discourse and their role in conveying the speaker’s intended message to the audience. For several reasons, Imam Ali’s speech, in one of his famous sermons, the Shiqishqiyya sermon, has been chosen as an analytical data. It is assumed here that Imam Ali’s sermon (1) uses figures of speech to indirectly express his ideas and intended meanings, and (2) tends to refer to these meanings to achieve more than one purpose especially through metonymy and simile.