MUSTANSIRIA DENTAL JOURNAL

Background: The common microorganism in caries process are Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli. Candida albicans have correlation with Streptococcus mutans for enhanced dental caries. Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) is called as non-thermal as result of electrons are more heated than heavy particles which are at room climate. CAP jets are ionized native gas outflow, produced underneath typical pressure through microwaves, high frequency or pulsed direct current employing noble gases. There are many application of CAP in dentistry: in periodontology, implantology, prosthodontic, operative dentistry and in cariology. This study aimed to measure the sensitivity of the S. mutans and C. albicans to CAP jet

Aim of the study: The study's objective was to assess the shear bond strength (SBS) between composite and Biodentine after applying various treatments of the surface for the roughness of the latter material. Materials and Methods: Four groups of forty Biodentine samples were created by mixing the material according to the manufacturer's instructions and inserting it into plastic cylinders that were 3 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height, respectively. Group (1) was the control group without surface roughness of samples, Group (2) roughness treatment of the surface with thirty-seven percent of orthophosphoric acid, Group (3) roughness treatment of the surface by abrasion method with air by using aluminum oxide (Al203) elements, and Group (4) roughness treatment of the surface with 9% hydrofluoric acid. Over the samples of groups (2, 3, and 4), a universal adhesive bonding agent was applied, curing the bond. Each sample was covered by fresh cylinders that measured 3 mm in diameter and 6 mm in height, respectively. A composite was then added in two layers, with 3 mm between each layer, and light-cured. After cutting and removing the plastic cylinders to acquire the two materials bound together as one block,
a universal testing machine was used to evaluate the failure load between Biodentine and composite for all samples. Data analysis using the Duncan multiple range test and One-Way ANOVA. Results: SBS (Shear Bond Strength) between groups was found to differ significantly (P≤0.05). Except for Gp(2) and Gp(3), which revealed no significant difference between the two groups, the largest and lowest SBS were related to Groups (2) and (1), respectively. Conclusions: The surface roughness treatments increase the SBS between composite resin and Biodentine within the parameters of this investigation. The GP phosphoric acid etching produces the highest SBS, which is followed by GPS air abrasion and hydrofluoric acid etching, in that order.

Aim of the study: To assess the salivary levels of TNF-α in patients with different severities (stages I-IV) of periodontitis in comparison to healthy control.
Materials and methods: 171 individuals both men and women were inducted into this study. There were five groups established for them: clinically healthy periodontium control group (19 subjects), Stage I periodontitis (38 subjects), Stage II periodontitis group (38 subjects), Stage III periodontitis (38 subjects), and, Stage IV (38 subjects). The clinical periodontal parameters were examined after collecting whole unstimulated salivary samples from all individuals. TNF-α levels in saliva samples were estimated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.
Results: The results revealed the mean level of salivary TNF-α was the highest in the stage IV periodontitis group (200.634±50.232), followed by stage III periodontitis group (159.315±36.473), then stage II periodontitis group (128.054±32.651), then stage I (102.798±21.685), and then the control group (51.454±10.446) in which their salivary levels were the lowest with significant differences among the groups (p< 0.01).
Conclusion: it may be suggested that TNF-α is related to periodontitis. Also, their salivary levels may have diagnostic potential.

Aim: To evaluate the knowledge and behavior of a group of dentists in Baghdad towards prescribing antibiotics to pediatric patients.
Method: A Cross sectional study was conducted by an electronic self- administered questionnaire to dentists specialized in Preventive or Pediatric Dentistry, general dentists with certificate in Preventive and Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry and to general dentists working in health centers of Al-Resafa in Baghdad. Open-ended and closed-ended questions were directed to the dentists regarding the knowledge and behavior towards prescribing antibiotics to children.
Results: (116) dentists responded to the questionnaire consisted of (36) specialized dentists in Pediatric or Preventive dentistry, (8) general dentists (certificate in Preventive and pediatric Dentistry) and to (72) general dentist. Most of the dentists with an age range from 21 to 30. Females constituted most of the sample (74.1%). General dentists represented the higher proportion (62.1%). Only (38.8%) of the dentists were self-educated whereas the medical websites seemed to be the main source (80.0%). Besides, only (13.8%) of total dentists have attended scientific medical course on antibiotics indications and/or resistance for the last two years. Amoxicillin was the main antibiotic prescribed for non-allergic children (75.9%), whereas Erythromycin and Azithromycin were prescribed for allergic children (73.3%). (42.2 %) of the sample prescribed antibiotics once per-week, while (13.8%) prescribed on need.
Cellulitis contributed (60.3%) among conditions need prescription of antibiotics before and/or after the treatment. Regarding the prophylactic antibiotics, high risk cardiac conditions represented (93.1%).
Conclusion: Most of the general and specialist dentists were aware towards antibiotics prescription for children but lacked in updating their information which based primarily on their previous dental education.

Aim of the study: was to find the potential relation between the salivary concentration of matrix metalloproteinase-8 with periodontal health and disease by examining its’ level in individuals with healthy periodontium, with dental biofilm induced gingivitis and with periodontitis (localized and generalized).
Material and method: Saliva was collected from 90 participants with an age range from (20-60) years, all of them were systemically healthy. 25 cases were enrolled under the dental Biofilm induced gingivitis group, 25 cases under the localized periodontitis group, and 25 cases under the generalized periodontitis group, with 15 subjects enrolled in the healthy periodontium(control) group. Detection of MMP-8 in saliva was achieved by utilizing Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).
Results: The present data showed that MMP-8 was higher significantly(P<0.05) in disease groups (dental Biofilm induced gingivitis, localized and generalized periodontitis groups) as compared to the healthy (control) group. With a significant difference between dental biofilm-induced gingivitis and generalized periodontitis groups.
Conclusion: There is a positive relationship between salivary matrix metalloproteinase-8 with periodontal health and disease.

Aim of the study: To determine the effects of curcumin gel on Tannerella forsythia.
Materials and methods: Eleven individuals were chosen with probing pocket depths of more than or equal to 5 mm. Scaling and root planing (SRP) were done on entire mouth, then curcumin and placebo gel were applied. At baseline and third visit (after one month), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and relative attachment levels (RAL) were measured with a collection of subgingival plaque. The real-time polymerase chain reaction method has been used for bacterial analysis.
Results: There was a substantial lessening in the bacterial outcomes, PPD and RAL when comparing the curcumin with the placebo group, while the difference was not significant with respect to BOP. On intra-group comparison, only the test group showed a significant decrease in bacterial count, BOP, and RAL, while both groups showed a significant reduction in PPD.
Conclusion: Curcumin gel has an antimicrobial impact on T.Forsythia and a significant effect on improving BOP, PPD, and RAL.

Background: Ozone gel (deriving from a chemical reaction between ozone and pure plant extracts to form an oil or a jelly-like product). This gel not only represents the antimicrobial effect but can express safe cytocompatibility with host tissues and provide advantageous effects is improving.
Objective: bleeding on probing and platelet-activating factor measurements to compare traditional scaling with root planning only and scaling with root planning and ozone application for treatment of periodontal disease
Materials and methods: total sample composed of 58 periodontal pockets was divided into two groups. The control group had 28 periodontal pockets treated with scaling and root planning only, while the test group had 30 periodontal pockets treated with scaling and root planning and ozone gel. Two applications of the gel were applied at baseline and one month after the treatment .platelet activating factor (biomarker) and clinical parameters of bleeding on probing are measured at baseline, after one month, and after three months. In the second visit of periodontal therapy (after one day), GCF samples were obtained from patients by gently inserting periocol paper into the selected depth of the pocket when resistance was encountered. The periocol paper was then left in position for 30 seconds before being removed and weighed on a chemical balance. Each paper strip was placed in a tube keeping o.3ml of buffer phosphate saline, then transferred and stored at -40C. Calculated the difference between the weight of periocol paper before and after exudate absorption of gingival crevicular fluid. After sample storage for five minutes, the samples were centrifuged at 13,000 rpm.


Results: Test sites showed a greater reduction in bleeding on probing and there was a significant difference in the first month only when compared to control sites (Fisher exact=0.010) but no significant difference at three months. The platelet-activating factor was reduced significantly by ozone gel in the first month with only a p-value (0.000) but no significance at one and three months.
Conclusion: In comparison to SRP alone, treatment with ozone gel as an adjuvant therapy yields no statistically significant improvement after three months.

Background: Since the 1980s, as the cost of noble metals has increased, more base metal alloys have been used in fixed and removable prostheses. Cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys are one of the most widely used base metal alloys in the prosthetic dental department and have several clinical uses. Co-Cr alloys are frequently used as having excellent biocompatibility, great strength, good resistance to tarnish, corrosion, and wear, as well as being heat-resistant and non-magnetic. The objective of this study was to compare the influence of two different production processes by utilizing five groups with varying amounts of Co-Cr alloy in each group on the release of metal ions in artificial saliva. Materials and Methods: For the ion release test, seventy specimens of a cobalt-chrome alloy disc with dimensions of 5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness were created. They were divided into five groups, each of which had 14 specimens, based on the manufacturing method as follows: new cast alloy group; selective laser melting group (3D printer specimens); once recast alloy + old selective laser melting group; new cast + once recast alloy group; once recast alloy group. Result: The outcomes showed that there were no
statistically significant differences in ion release in any of the groups examined (P>0.05).Conclusion: The production technique and alloy composition have a slight influence on ion release. A positive clinical response is anticipated, since it was found that every group met the ionic release criteria of the international standards.

Introduction: The immune system has served as a bridge among periodontitis and the endocrine system, particularly in the case of thyroid disorders. After non-surgical periodontal therapy for hypothyroid patients, serum thyroid stimulating hormone levels fall within the normal limits, which reduces the inflammatory markers linked to both periodontal and hypothyroid diseases. The pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), released by macrophages, plays a significant role in bone loss caused by periodontitis. TNF-α will increase the production of collagenases, prostaglandin E2, chemokines and cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and factors that are related to bone resorption. The aim of our study is to evaluate the salivary level of TNF-α in hypothyroidism patients with periodontitis in comparison to healthy controls.
Material and subject: Saliva were collected from 90 subjects with age ranged between (22-65) years, 50 of them hypothyroid patients (25 patients with hypothyroidism and healthy periodontium, 25 patients with hypothyroidism and periodontitis) and 25 patients with periodontitis and systemically healthy compare with 15 subject as control (systemically healthy with healthy periodontium). Detection of TNF-α in saliva was done by using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay.
Result: The current results revealed that salivary TNF-α levels are significantly high (p<0.001) in diseases group (periodontitis group (132.8 ng/L), hypothyroid patients groups without periodontitis (128.4 ng/L) and with periodontitis (117.0 ng/L) as compared to control group (73.4 ng/L), while there are no significant difference between diseases group.
Conclusion: Salivary TNF-α level increased significantly in all diseased groups (periodontitis group, hypothyroidism groups with and without periodontitis) in comparison to healthy subject.

Aim of the study: surface hardness is essential to avoid the indentation or scratch of space maintainer. Efforts have been made to improve the flexible and cold-cured acrylic's strength, by raising the processing temperature, unless the temperature has a chemical impact on the acrylic's qualities. The aim of this study was to study the effect of elevated temperature on the surface hardness of flexible and cold cured acrylic utilized as space maintainer appliance.
Methods: Sixty specimens were divided into three groups: flexible acrylic ( Lingchen dental) , cold-cured acrylic (vertex) and (Paladur). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups,10 control and10 experimental . The control group for flexible acrylic was injected at 270 °C ,while for the two types of cold -cure, control groups, the specimens were processed at 37°C . The experimental group for flexible acrylic was injected at 290°C and for the two cold -cure types were processed at 70°C. Hardness was tested by Shore A device for flexible acrylic while for cold -cure specimens, shore D device was used
Results : results showed no significant increase in the hardness of flexible acrylic the mean value of control group is 66.44±0.47 while for experimental group is 66.50±0.48. For vertex and Paladur cold- cured acrylic the surface hardness was increased significantly with increasing processing temperature. The mean values of vertex and Paladur control groups are around 86.14±0.39 and 88.33±0.39 respectively, while for experimental groups are 88.39±0.40 and 88.70±0.25
Conclusion : elevated processing temperature increased the surface hardness of both types of cold acrylic however; the hardness of flexible acrylic was not affected by temperature elevation.

Aims: Oral cavity is attacked by many infectious agents that invade tooth, periodontium and tongue. Dental caries which is the most common oral disease, can caused by the reaction between tooth structure, oral bacteria and fermentable carbohydrates. Most of caries microbial researches considered Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli as majors caries-associated players. The discovery of Scardovia wiggsiae in 2011 had highlighted the possible occurrence of dental decay in absence of both Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli in addition to other oral diseases. This review focused on taxonomy, acidogenicity, normal habitat and the important roles of newly S.wiggsiae as the pioneer bacteria for initiation and progression of caries process.
Methods: The database was focused on articles published till 2022 for the topics oral diseases, dental caries, Scardovia wiggsiae and microbiology of dental caries

Conclusions: Scardovia wiggsiae can to be considered as a potential risk indicator for caries prediction in a given population.

Background: Wound can be defined as any disruption or any damage in tissue or anatomical function or structure. Achillea Milefolium extract has medicinal benefits for tissues, including the ability to repair wounds and act as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.
Aim of the study: The purpose of the study was to determine how Achillea Milefolium affected the healing of burn wounds.
Material and Methods: Twenty male rats had their right and left cheeks burned (aged around two months with average weight about 300 to 350 g). Rats with burned skin were assigned randomly into two equal groups. Achillea milefolium solution was applied locally to the burned areas on the right side once daily (experimental group), while the left part left without any kind of treatment as control group. Five rats from each group were euthanized after five and ten days, and tissue samples were taken from the burnt areas that had been injured for histological analysis.
Results: In comparison to the control group, rats given Achillea milefolium treatment had faster wound healing, according to histopathological analysis. Re-epithelialization, closure of the wound, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells were signs that the wound was healing.
Conclusions: Application of Achillea milefolium solution locally promotes healing of burn wounds.

Background: One of the serious challenges in dental treatment is socket healing after tooth extraction. Various researchers have attempted to develop efficient therapies for healing and regenerating damaged tissues after extraction. Many tissue engineering technologies have been used now a day to enhance tissue healing.
Aim: The present study was planned to evaluate the efficacy of epidermal growth factor with synthetic hydroxyapatite powder in socket healing.
Methods: six-Thirty male rats were included in this study and their lower incisors teeth were subjected to extraction. Animals were divided into the following three groups according to socket treatment. (A) control, socket hole left to heal without any application, (B)application of hydroxyapatite powder (HAP) in the socket, (C) application of epidermal growth factor (EGF) with hydroxyapatite powder in the socket. Histological evaluation for bone formation, bone cell and inflammatory cell count with histomorphometry of bone trabeculae percentage had been done to all study groups and for three periods (5,14 &28 days).
Results: Epidermal growth factor with hydroxyapatite group showed early bone formation, more bone cell count, and less inflammatory cell infiltration in comparison to the HAP group and control at periods (5,14&28 days) and with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05).

Bone trabeculae percentage was recorded to be high in the HAP&EGF group that filled the socket hole at (14 ,28 days) intervals in comparison to hydroxyapatite and control group. Complete re-epithelialization was observed only in the EGF&HAP group.
Conclusions: Both the HAP&EGF group and the hydroxyapatite group show bone formation and good socket healing, but the EGF&HAP group showed to be faster in filling of boney socket hole with complete epithelization than hydroxyapatite group, therefor using EGF with HAP is more efficient and suggested the material of choice used for socket healing.