Muthanna Medical Journal

The novel coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has traumatized the whole world with the ongoing devastating pandemic. A plethora of microbial domains including viruses (other than SARS-CoV-2), bacteria, archaea and fungi have evolved together, and interact in complex molecular pathogenesis along with SARS-CoV-2. However, the involvement of other microbial co-pathogens and underlying molecular mechanisms leading to extortionate ailment in critically ill COVID-19 patients has yet not been extensively reviewed. Although, the incidence of co-infections could be up to 94.2% in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases, the fate of co-infections among SARS-CoV-2 infected hosts often depends on the balance between the host’s protective immunity and immunopathology. Predominantly identified co-pathogens of SARS-CoV-2 are bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Legionella pneumophila . The cross-talk between co-pathogens (especially lung microbiomes), SARS-CoV-2 and host is an important factor that ultimately increases the difficulty of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19.

hrough December 2019, novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia (COVID-19) was reported in Wuhan and has since rapidly spread throughout China. Hodgkin lymphoma represents a heterogeneous hematological malignancy, which is characterized by immunosuppression. There are no clearly defined risk factors for the development of this disease and the cause of remains unknown. Factors shown to be associated with Hodgkin include familial factors, viral exposures, and immune suppression. An electronic search was performed to identify all studies reporting on the management of Hodgkin lymphoma patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. The PubMed/MEDLINE database was searched on October 30th, 2019, to January 30th. 2022. The search strategy was SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 and Hodgkin lymphoma. We aimed to clarify the clinical outcome of COVID-19 in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma through systematic review and meta-analysis.

Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is a global issue with high incidence and mortality. Rapid recovery of the blocked coronary flow represents the most effective strategy to reduce the size of myocardial infarction and improve the cardiac function. The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of curcumin in attenuates myocardial ischemia and reperfusion-induced proinflammatory response through activation of the Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Wild‐type C57BL/6J mice (male, 8–10 weeks old) were used and murine myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) model was conducted, cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. Infarct size measurement, cardiac troponin-I assays, oxidative stress analysis and histopathological analyzed. The resulted data showed that curcumin alleviates myocardial inflammatory responses and oxidative stress during myocardial IRI. Also, curcumin reduces cell apoptosis induced by myocardial IRI, curcumin reduces cell apoptosis induced by myocardial IRI and activates the Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathway during myocardial. Inconclusion, this study demonstrates that curcumin attenuates myocardial IRI by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines through a mechanism that may be related to activation of the Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Gastric cancer is a multifactorial disease with dietary and infection (especially with H. Pylori) being the most important factors; it shows a remarkable variation in distribution worldwide and the incidence have fallen dramatically in past decades, nevertheless it ranks fourth among the commonest cancer and second leading cause of cancer related death, and so global health problem. The aim of the study is measurement of the serum level of CA 72-4 to determine its effectiveness in patients with gastric cancer. The serum level of CA 72-4 was measured in 35 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma preoperative and 8 patients postoperatively, compared with 25 patients control (chronic gastritis) and 18 health control by using immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) kit. X. In this study the median age of patients with gastric cancer was (53.4 ± 13.9) years, with male to female ratio about 1:1.15. Serological data revealed that the elevated level of serum CA 72-4 was detected in about 48% with 100% specificity, and about 60% sensitivity for advanced disease, the elevated level of serum CA 72-4 correlate significantly with lymph node involvement, extra-nodal metastasis, and tumor invasion, (the P value was < 0.01, 0.028, 0.016 respectively), consequently with disease extension and preoperative stage prediction, the best relationship was with metastasis (80%) sensitivity. In conclusion, according to the present data, CA 72-4 is a useful marker in detecting advanced gastric cancer, and non-invasive tool in predicting stage cancer.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogenic microbe that has a wide variety of opportunistic infections, including surgical site, urinary tract, pneumonia and bloodstream, wounds and burns, ear, nose, and throat infections, as nosocomial infections in the hospital intensive care units (ICUs). Nineteen isolates of P. aeruginosa from burns and wounds were collected. All isolates also were subjected to the cultural, biochemical tests as well as vitek 2 system. Moreover, these isolates had been tested for susceptibility to (10) antibiotic discs and also detection of some virulence factors included hemolysin, pyocyanin, swarming motility, and biofilm formation. Most isolates were resistant to tetracycline, imipenem, and doxycycline, whereas they showed more sensitive to amikacin, tobramycin, and aztreonam. P. aeruginosa had been showed different range for hemolysin activity, pyocyanin and swarming motility, furthermore they varied (moderate and weak) for biofilm formation.

This study was to rule whether the carotenoid zeaxanthin can withstand against the stress caused by hydrogen peroxide in rats. Three groups of twelve adult male Wistar rats were depended. The results hinted that zeaxanthin could significantly lower the elevated lipids LDL, TC, TAG, and VLDL caused by H2O2 and to elevate the HDL level. Besides, H2O2 caused a significant elevation in the serum anti-oxidant enzymes GPx, SOD, and CAT beside the stress marker MDA and when zeaxanthin was offered as a concomitant with H2O2, it caused a significant declination in these parameters.

Lower urinary tract symptoms are common during pregnancy and shortly after it ( puerperium period ). Those symptoms usually classified into filling symptoms like urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, and dysuria. And voiding symptoms which consist of: straining, hesitancy, post void dribbling and weak stream. Over the last decades many researcher were alert to urinary incontinence and it is possible association with childbirth type, cesarean section versus vaginal delivery. The objective of this study is to estimate the effect of cesarean section procedure on lower urinary tract function in long term. The study was conducted at Al-Imamain Al-Kadhmain medical city, Baghdad-Iraq. During the period from (August 2020) to (January 2021). Retrospective cohort study design was chosen. Target population was women with history of previous cesarean section for at least 6 months ago. Data were collected by using structured questionnaire form. 176 women were included. The analysis of data was carried out by using Microsoft excel 2013. This study went with most of the previous researcher findings as it appears that lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) have generally low incidence among women with cesarean section. But this study showed a possible effect of multiple cesarean sections on LUTS development , namely pervious three , which can be explained by their higher percentage in our study sample ( about 20% ) as Iraqi families have a tendency to have more children .
In conclusion, this study concluded that LUTS have low frequency post caesarean section apart from the possible effect of multiple cesarean sections on LUTS development, namely pervious three .In general cesarean section could be protective against LUTS in comparison to normal vaginal delivery.