ISIN Journal

This paper present two unprovenanced Old Babylonian letters from the Iraq Museum. Both letters are official and had sent to high rank people. the first letter is representing very typical Old Babylonian writing form that is very difficult to guess its origin. The second letter was possible to link it within the area of Nippur because of the introductory formula that consist on Enlil and Ninurta. I present here the edition of letters with a few comments.

This research dealt with civil architecture, which was represented in large buildings such as palaces and small ones such as residential houses and others, which had important connotations, including strength, structural ability, grandeur, prestige and centralization of power, as these buildings reflected a state of organized collective effort with enormous economic capabilities and administrative capabilities, in addition to that The economic situation of the individual and the increase in the population led to the control of the large and small size of the house, while maintaining important architectural features.
It also reflects the creative capabilities of the ancient Iraqi architecture and prominent figures in society, including rulers, princes and kings, in implementing its plans and designs, which differed from one another in terms of external design and general details.

Art expresses an idea by treating a block of any material (clay, stone, wood, metal) and transforming it into artistic forms by deleting or adding, or both together. It is art whose forms appear in three dimensions (length, width, and height), and the piece The one art of stereoscopic sculpture is called a statue. In this research, we will deal with a selected group of artistic productions that were distinguished by symbolic connotations indicating the development of the art of sculpture at that time.

The architecture of temples in ancient Mesopotamia enjoys great appreciation and attention, as it is the central building in every city, as it is the house of the gods and the house of the king, being the representative of the gods to people or his representative on earth, and he is the agent or representative of the gods on earth to manage the affairs of society and preserve his life and property. That is why it is up to him to take care of the temples, build them and restore them. By this, he will gain the approval of the gods and fulfill their command, given that humans were created to serve the gods, and that the ruler must be the first to serve them. Therefore, the restoration of a temple or the construction of another new one requires a set of rituals, rituals, and religious works in order to make sure that the desire of the gods for that temple has been fulfilled on the face. Al-Akmal, and the city whose inhabitants met with this ritual with the king and priests deserve praise and showering them with rain and bounties will surely be achieved. Therefore, it is not surprising that the temples are decorated with various decorations and the most valuable offerings are given.

This study show an overview of the agricultural fields in southern Mesopotamia, specifically focusing on the (Gu2edina) field , the border land between the cities of Umma and Lagash in the alluvial plain area. Represented by cuneiform texts and satellite images and images of the CORONA satellite launched by the United States between 1959 and 1972, an extensive survey was conducted on the area selected for study from the dry marshes in the alluvial plain area, and six types of landscapes were memorialized, including (agricultural fields and ancient irrigation channels).

The Assyrian kings were proud of the celebrations and they are depicted on the walls of their palaces, from the scenes of victory celebrations we see evidence that the life of Assyrian society depended entirely on harvest celebrations and agricultural scenes during the reign of Sennagis Li Wang. From this we can deduce the political and economic conditions during the war period during the reign of King Sennacherib. Especially after conscripting farmers to join the army, the king began to focus on improving technology after defeating the enemy, introducing projects such as digging canals and roads, introducing new production methods of digging water and developing agriculture. A method of concentrating molten minerals used in the manufacture of modern agricultural machinery.

Four legal tablets from the Kaššite era, also known as the Middle Babylonian era, were discovered in Babylon. The tablets' contents provide evidence of the existence of the prison (bīt kīli), which is known to have followed the ruling authority in the cities of Nippur and Babylon, respectively. The modern concept of prison as a place for the rehabilitation of criminals is used in temples and agricultural fiefdoms, but this idea was foreign to the ancient Near East. The various Mesopotamian laws did not mention imprisonment in prison except as a guarantee and not as a punishment, for example in the Mesopotamian Penal Code, for instance, in the event of theft In the event that slave workers escape, the person responsible for their escape is jailed for negligence and released with a promise to return the fugitives.
The person is detained with the intention of paying a double fine. Inmates are motivated to refrain from doing the same sins they did because of the strain (both psychological and financial), confinement, and shackling they are under. Atû bt (atû bt kli) is one of the officials who receive allowances from the temple; that is, this person whose job it was determined was paid by the temple allowances for guarding the prison, and there is an administrative text that is thought to be the only evidence from the Middle Babylonian era that mentions prisoner release. However, we do not know how the prisoners are released. Do we know whether or not the men on the list received prison sentences for their crimes? These men were incarcerated after committing crimes, whereas criminals were often incarcerated throughout legal or administrative proceedings.

The study of pottery dolls in Mesopotamia in general and the ancient Babylonian era in particular is one of the important and distinctive artistic topics in the civilization of Mesopotamia, especially as it reveals important aspects to us about the nature of society and knowledge of its structure and is a document that includes various social, economic, political and religious aspects. A group of pottery dolls that express the activities and works that the Babylonian man practiced in his daily life. The inhabitants of Mesopotamia were able, through their artistic works, to immortalize their traditions, customs, systems, and religions. Thus, it is considered an essential document that is relied upon not only in the field of history, but also in the field of arts, due to its artistic topics and contents. Among the many pottery dolls discovered in archaeological sites that date back to the ancient Babylonian era are children’s toys that are distinguished in their animal, human and composite forms, which were commonly implemented. Significantly during the Old Babylonian era compared to other historical eras.

This research explores the religious role of the Nadeto priestess, and reveals that she occupied many jobs, that allowed her to have a social and political presence, as evidenced by cuneiform text. The Nadeto priestess's special privileges included buying and selling property and being placed in the temple to represent a family in front of the god who dedicated them to praying for them. Nadeto priestess were mostly unmarried and prevented from having children.

The ancient Iraqi artists and the civilization of Mesopotamia reflected their reality through their sculptures and wall engravings. These sculptures carried multiple meanings and were associated with specific deities. Bulls and lions placed on the gates of cities, palaces, and temples were linked to the gods, believed to protect them from evil and enemies. They were like charms that contributed to creating political stability in their land. It’s discovered that their depiction of power struggles through statues that symbolized it. They used eagles to represent the desire for control and the establishment of security. The sculptures showcased the skill of ancient Iraqi sculptors in summarizing their political reality and the circumstances they observed in their artwork.

The follower of the civilization of Mesopotamia finds that this civilization is full of diverse and many data produced by the multiple aspects of life throughout the ages. The general aspects of this civilization, and through the cuneiform writings that were characterized by the diversity of their subjects, as well as the artistic scenes that were carried out on the various types of arts, many civilized themes were highlighted that clarified the general frameworks of the inhabitants of Mesopotamia from the religious and secular aspects.
And since the civilization of Mesopotamia was characterized by the principle of hit and run in the battles that the armies of this civilization fought throughout its historical ages, we find that the inhabitants of Mesopotamia explained to us various aspects of these wars through the annals of the kings or through various artistic scenes. In both cases, important information emerged about The military aspects and in different times and places, and these writings and artistic scenes showed important and detailed information related to the army, its types, weapons and battles that it fought throughout the ages. In the midst of one of the most important equipment of the soldiers, which is the shields, as well as the helmets that protected his head from swords, spears and arrows.

The Bitumen produced in the sources of Mesopotamia was one of the important minerals which use diversified due to its many advantages from ancient times up to the present . The production sources and its locations within the borders of Mesopotamia are considered among the most important areas of investment. There are many types of bitumen, each of which has its own use. The old Iraqi bitumen was distinguished from other types which produced outside Mesopotamia, according to the results of scientific research, by containing multiple chemical substances that helped it to have an effective property against moisture, salts, and other natural influences. Throughout periods, mesopotamia inhabitants had complete knowledge, gained through practical experience, of the stages of preparing bitumen and knowledge of the temperature of each type, and this was proven by the various results of archaeological excavations and specialized studies in this field.

The Stereoscopic sculptures from the third millennium BC in Mesopotamia showed us two types of clothing, which are the clothes with fringed ends, and the other type of them , and each of them has a specificity regarding time and The place in which it is worn, after comparing the study models with a number of artistic Sculpture dating back to the same period.

The environment has a major role in the growth of plants and trees and the development of agriculture. In the mountainous areas, agriculture has developed. Archaeological excavations have confirmed that the oldest agricultural villages and population centers dependent on irrigated agriculture appeared in the northern regions of Mesopotamia. In it, man invented methods of irrigation and planting trees to benefit from wood for use in roofing houses. Among the most important woods that are commonly used are pine trees, as they are mentioned in cuneiform sources as wood with dense leaves similar to Elam trees in terms of hardness, density of leaves, and darkness, in addition to their high price.
As for the location of the city of Kimash (and what is meant is the city of Kimash, which is located in the country of Iran, and not the city of Kimash, which is located in northern Iraq, and that it is located within one line or area with the rest of the cities that were specifically mentioned by King Shulki in his military campaigns and written down in writing in the last historical formula for his years of wisdom) We can draw conclusions from the opinions of researchers who dealt with the geographical location of the city of Kimash, especially the researcher Steinkeller, who provided evidence about the city's geographical location through cuneiform texts that were closely related to the geographical location of the city of Kimash. As well as the city's association with other cities, including the city of Khorti, and for this reason The researcher believes that its close association with the city of Kimach was through their anti-King Shulki stance, which made him build the opinion that the two cities were under the rule of one ruler or perhaps under one law, and it is possible that they were a united force against King Shulki's policy in governance, which made King Shulki lead campaigns against them He dates the last years of his rule with the names of those cities.

The cuneiform texts from a specific era provided us with important information about this era, especially if these texts were in large numbers, which is what happened with the texts from the Ur III era (2112-2004 BC), when we received thousands of economic texts, and thus the researchers were able to Their study has knowledge of many aspects of civilization for this era, such as the agricultural, administrative and commercial aspects.
This study, entitled (Study of unpublished cuneiform texts related to minerals from the dynasty of Ur III) is an attempt to uncover parts of the economic aspects of the Third Dynasty of Ur. Therefore, any new study of unpublished texts from this era is an addition to valuable and new information in science Antiquities benefit researchers in knowing the economic structure of the inhabitants of Mesopotamia in puzurŝ dagan and Ur in particular. The research included confiscated cuneiform texts of unknown identity, meaning that they did not come through scientific excavations. And analyzing them, and this indicates the recovery of economic prosperity in Mesopotamia in the past.

Mesopotamia and its civilization occupied a significant part of human development during the Neolithic Age over 10,000 years ago. The civilization's religious motive influenced all aspects of public and private life, including the palace, temple, and inhabitants of all social classes. They aimed to frame life comprehensively according to a refined and civilized style, integrating all previous experiences to establish a mature civilized life, which impacted many areas such as law, politics, economics, trade, agriculture, cognitive sciences such as medicine and mathematics, and the arts. Despite these achievements, the civilization faced natural erosion, seasonal fluctuations, and unintentional breakages that damaged many of its artistic productions, exposing weak spots like the nose area of statues.
Although some of these breakages were the result of natural causes, we also found that there were cases where statues of gods and kings were deliberately destroyed for political, religious, or social purposes. This research has focused on the concept of the nose and its impact on various aspects of Mesopotamian life, including law, medicine (which dealt with symptoms of nasal diseases and their treatments), and the oath. We divided these diversities into separate sections to facilitate the coverage of this research.

The area of Jabal Makhoul abounds with many heritage sites that date back nearly two thousand years and more, especially those dating back to the Assyrian era (612-2000 BC), and the periods that preceded and came after it. In this study, we touch on heritage sites that we rarely find. In the heritage sites in Iraq, which are towering castles and forts, it is known that the Iraqi civilization in general is a mud civilization, and most of the heritage sites are in the plain areas, so their extinction was an advantage for them, in contrast to the heritage sites that were found at the foot of Mount Makhoul, when it was found that their builders used Stones and rocks in the building, so it has remained standing for nearly two thousand years, The first of these sites is Makhoul Castle, which was built on a high hill on the eastern side of Mount Makhoul, and on the western banks of the Tigris River. At the eastern foot of Makhoul Mountain, close to the western bank of the Tigris River, we dealt in the study with a general description of the fort and its architecture, as well as the walls and building materials.

Laws existed to organize the life of society in general and through its successive time stages, and in order for justice to prevail and to lift the injustice of the oppressed, he emphasized their application, and despite their limitations in certain aspects, they organized many social phenomena and prevailing relations in those societies, and did not leave one group without the other in achieving Among those groups that gained favor with the old Iraqi legislator is the minors category, as we find that the legislator has focused on them in part of the legal articles, although these articles have shortcomings in some aspects, but nevertheless the legislator did not neglect this important group in that society. In order to clarify the rights of minors in the old Iraqi laws and the mechanism for dealing with this group from the legislative point of view, we have chosen this topic to be the title of our research, which was titled (The Rights of Minors in the Old Iraqi Laws). On the other hand, we tried to reach the idea of whether the legislator did justice to this segment or Signed a legislative injustice? This is what we answered while presenting our research.
Based on the requirements of the research idea and the available material, the research was divided into three axes. In the first axis, we dealt with the term minor in language and idiomatically, and the minor in the Syrian and Akkadian linguistic heritage, as well as the rights of minors in life? As for the second axis, it was devoted to presenting the rights of minors upon the occurrence of divorce. In the third axis, we reviewed the rights of minors upon the death of one of the parents. The research was preceded by an introduction and the most prominent conclusions that we reached when writing the research.

Historical formulas are among the important sources used by researchers in Mesopotamia to determine the sequence of rulers, kings, and ruling dynasties that ruled in ancient Iraq. adopted by the ancient Iraqis. Most of the economic texts from the period of the third dynasty of Ur (2112-2004 BC) were characterized by the presence of historical formulas at the end of the text, and the study of these formulas is of great importance and has received great attention from researchers because they provide us with very important information and reflect the reality in that period and depict events for us, whether historical, political or religious. In addition, the information you mention is accurate and clear because it reflects the achievements of the kings And their business. Also, the study of historical formulas is important in terms of geography, as it mentions the names of ancient cities and geographical locations Because the kings of ancient Iraq followed. The policy of expansion and extending the limits of their authority. Therefore, these formulas mention the sequence of the achievements of the kings, as well as the years of rule of the kings, and through them we can know the history of the text. Because the ancient inhabitants of Mesopotamia did not follow a fixed date from which to date the years of their rule in the manner of fixed dates such as the Hijri date or the Gregorian date before adopting the Seleucid pireod (311 BC) as a fixed date by which to date their events.

Since ancient times, the people of Mesopotamia have been curious about the various phenomena and events occurring around them, such as the behavior of animals and birds in their environment. They sought someone to interpret these phenomena and provide explanations for their significance. This is where the role of the diviner-priest, known as the "bārû," came into play. The bārû was responsible for interpreting these events and ascribing meanings to them, particularly their impact on the king, the country, and the people.
The animals that intrigued humans were those they observed in their immediate surroundings, some of which lived alongside them in their homes or fields. For instance, humans closely observed the movements of birds, dogs, cats, snakes, cows, and bulls, as they shared the same environment. The diviner-priests were able to gather information about the behavior of these animals, regardless of their species, and provide specific interpretations for each case, explaining the effects of these occurrences on the king, the country, and the people.
These divination practices involved various methods, such as examining the organs of sacrificed animals, studying the flight patterns of birds, or observing the behavior of other animals. These observations and interpretations were recorded in cuneiform texts, which formed the basis of the study mentioned in our master's thesis titled "The bārû Priest in Light of Published Cuneiform Texts."

It appeared in Mesopotamia during the different historical eras that many countries went through, and the centers and places of emergence of those countries were distributed in the southern sections, which were known as “Sumer’s country,” and the middle sections, which were known as “Akkad’s country” or “Babylon’s country,” and the northern sections, which were known as “the country of Assyria". The emergence and emergence of these states in Mesopotamia was behind many different factors and causes that contributed to the crystallization of the political system of this or that state, despite its different names, with some common causes and factors that were the cause of the emergence of these states. Building the state in Mesopotamia, which exercised its political, military, economic, administrative, urban and even legal functions for many years, its effects and results were reflected on the social reality of the country’s population. This study included six axes in which the reasons for the emergence of states were studied since the era of Sumerian city-states (2800-2371 BC ) and until the end and fall of the Neo-Babylonian state (612-539 BC)

This research deals with linguistic compounds in the book of Lamentations (Jeremiah). Compounding is the process of creating a new connotation out of semantic units that differ from the resulting connotation, or makes a part of it. Compounding is one process employed to compensate for linguistic deficiency; that is, a language sometimes does not contain a specific denotation that a writer needs to express, so the writer resorts to compounding to fill this gap in the language. Sometimes the writer resorts to rhetorical devices to express images drawn to the reader, that reveal the purpose of his discourse and his point of view, where the purpose is to gain sympathy and attract attention. Compounds may be any of additional compounds, descriptive compounds, descriptive-additional compounds, predicative compounds, dependent compounds, mixed compound, numerical compounds, as well as the verb compound).
The compound follows two methods in the installation of semantic units: the first method, called endocentric, consists of two or more semantic units while maintaining the meaning of the compound elements. The second method is exocentric compound, which is the merging of two or more semantic units to give a new meaning that differs from the meaning of the two element-parts of the compound. Comparing these compounds with those in the Syriac translation of The Old Testament (called Bishitta) shows the congruence and difference between the two texts. The research concluded that the Syriac translator tried as much as possible to preserve the sanctity of the text. Therefore, he followed the same style of compounds, except that he made a difference in terms of lexical parts of the compound, which sometimes coincided and some other times they differed; still, the meaning is complete.

Popular proverbs and sayings are among the most important and deserving of study in popular studies, because they are among the most frequently discussed elements in daily life for the individual and society, as hardly a day goes by for a person without hearing one or more proverbs about it on a specific occasion, as it is not hidden from the student that Proverbs have been developed to deal with most of the affairs of life, and the popular proverb is of great importance in various scientific studies, as the proverb is linked to many matters of interest to scholars, such as the general or private history of a particular region, as well as the geographical elements of this region, and the proverb is often exposed to religious beliefs. And even the superstition that the people of the region believe in, as the proverb speaks of the widespread customs and traditions, as well as an explanation of many of the prevailing popular events.
The study of the proverbs of the Jews of Baghdad is of great importance in shedding light on an important element of the cultural heritage of the Jews in Iraq, their social and cultural life and their relations with the rest of the Baghdadi society, which embodies the identity of the Baghdadi Jewish civil society, in addition to what this study contains of useful experiences and wisdom. Numerous experiences and values that we need in directing the behavior of the individual and the group, because of their moral, artistic and human characteristics that increase their impact and effectiveness, and enrich them with many values.
Here we will mention the most important proverbs that the Jews of Baghdad used in their daily lives, and they are not far from the Baghdadi proverbs. We note the clarity of some of the linguistic phenomena that characterized the language of the Jews of Baghdad, the most important of which are: the pronunciation of the letter (Ra), which is pronounced like the letter (Ghain).

The Jews have many names of God and their use of more than one expression in their daily lives, especially in their colloquial language, and they were not limited to the words mentioned in the Bible, but rather they borrowed many expressions from other religions in general and the Islamic religion in particular, so they used all the expressions that Muslims use and introduced them into their language every day, and it has become an integral part of their daily life. And it has become a necessary part, for there is no doubt that every religion aspires to have its own deity that unites them, even if its names and attributes belong to it. Many names of God were mentioned in the holy books of the Jews, including (God, El, Adonai), in addition to words borrowed from the Arabic language such as (God, Lord).
Most of these words did not come separately, but came in the form of a combination of two or more words (combination or sentence). Structural elements (nominative and verb), which is the study of sentence structure from the grammatical point of view, as well as the analysis of their grammatical sentences, as well as the analysis of their grammatical sentences.

The present study aims at subjecting the Syriac text to modern treatments in textual linguistics. Repetition, one of the elements of interdependence and lexical coherence, has been chosen, being an important means of the originator of the text in consolidating the meaning, emphasizing the intended message, and insisting on delivering it to the recipient of the text.
The study includes, at the theoretical level, presenting the element of repetition, defining it linguistically and idiomatically, and then explaining how the repetition takes place. It also includes an explanation of the difference between repetition and referral, as the referral, especially the indicative and the pronoun ones, do not go far from each other.
The practical and applied aspect of the study includes an explanation of repetition in the Syriac text, its extents, and the space it occupies within the text through giving examples from the Syriac texts to demonstrate the element of repetition, its types, the manner in which it occurs in Syriac text, and the role it achieves in the coherence of the text, taking into account, at the same time, indicating the possibility of senonymity, which may occur in the significance of some repetitive vocabulary with polysemantic lexical items in the Syriac language.

The page covered with writing provided by the scribe by smoothing out the margins and the text, an evenness not traced by chance. A full and accurate description of underlining (Reglure) has the advantage that it gives us important information about processes in this regard, in a particular region, and in a particular era, and it also gives us important information about the value of the manuscript itself. Also, the importance of the art of underlining lies in the process of extracting the page in the manuscripts and what it contains of the text that helps us to provide a preliminary analysis, as the colored written space and the white space (margins) are affected by the scribe’s economic and social conditions, and intersect with the type of material medium used in copying, and we can infer the desire to extract the page if through the indicators provided by the underlining or also through the unusual conditions of writing. On the other hand, it is difficult to discern the basis that directed the copyist to choose this or that situation. This study is a field study, in the form of a questionnaire, we relied on 99 ninety-nine samples from four consecutive centuries of the century (10-13 AH / 16-19 AD) in the Central Library in Erbil, and our approach to selecting models is based on consistent criteria: as all copies are written on paper, and they are all dated to obtain an accurate result. And we reached by studying the dimensions of the page and the method of extracting the page by the transcriber by choosing the space required to write on it, as the single line was a priority for the transcriber, and the transcriber maintained to leave a white space around the text in a way that included the addition of a geometric frame or writing footnotes on it, but the proportions were not fixed and varied from one century to another as shown in the tables within the study.

Through this research, we familiarized ourselves with the conditions of the Abbasid caliphate, especially the biography of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mustasim Billah (640-656 AH / 1242-1258 AD), who was the last of the Abbasid caliphs, after which a new era began. With the Ilkhanate led by Hulagu. Dinars in the late Abbasid era are considered rare dinars, as there were no dinars in circulation outside the city of Baghdad, except in rare cases. In addition, their weight and also their various designs have increased, which will be discussed in the research.

The study presents the results of a field survey conducted on the Tel Ahmar Al Aynein archaeological site using modern technologies, such as Google Earth, Corona images, and aerial photography obtained from a drone. These technologies helped identify the boundaries of the site and any significant breaches. The study examined archaeological finds scattered on the site's surface, such as broken pottery and glass, which show that the site dates back to the Abbasid era. The purpose of the study is to shed light on the site's importance and history.
This study shows the results of a field survey conducted on the Tel Ahmar Al Aynein archaeological site using modern technologies, such as Google Earth, Corona images, and aerial photography obtained from a drone, to identify the boundaries of the site and significant breaches. After examining archaeological finds scattered on the site's surface, including broken pottery and glass, the study determined that it dates back to the Abbasid era. Its purpose is to highlight the importance of the archaeological hill known to the locals as Hill of Hashemite—the first capital of the Abbasid state. The study clarifies the most important residential and agricultural excesses obtained from the archaeological finds scattered on the site's surface.

Most of the monotheistic religions emphasize cleanliness and consider it one of the most important religious concepts that must be adhered to in every society. The bathroom is considered a manifestation of life in Arab society, and it is a true image of a high society. The true Islamic religion has worked to consolidate the concept of cleanliness in the Arab-Islamic society. The teachings of the Holy Qur’an and the noble hadiths of the Prophet urged the necessity of adhering to them, and for this reason people began to build baths, and these baths were either public for most people or private baths for the rich and well-to-do and rulers who built them in their private homes. The political, economic and social conditions of each country, and today many heritage buildings in Baghdad and the rest of the Iraqi provinces are exposed to neglect, damage, abuse and then removal, for example but not limited to the hammam of Hajj Mahdi Hamoudi Jawad, which is a model of what heritage buildings are exposed to in Iraq, Where we were able to document it before removing it.

Contemporary studies have tended to analyze the historical texts of Muslim historians, to reveal the accuracy of their narratives through the use of the comparative and analytical approach. Since Ibn Khaldun’s works were among the most important sources of Islamic history, this study aimed to analyze his historical narratives, reveal his positions on historical texts, and study his judgments on characters and events. The study focused on the era of Ibn Khaldun, which was free of intellectual repression of historians and writers, and studied the factors of intellectual renaissance in this era, which provided Ibn Khaldun with the scientific atmosphere to follow a new approach in treating historical texts and issuing historical judgements. The study also focused on the contradiction that Ibn Khaldun got himself into when he issued historical rulings in his works, and his being carried away by his emotions, in addition to the influence of his rulings on the political factor, which made some of those rulings confused and inconsistent with what Ibn Khaldun stated in his introduction about the necessity of The historian's commitment to objectivity and avoiding fawning over the ruler. The study relied on the three most important works of Ibn Khaldun, namely the Book of Introduction, the Book of Lessons, and the Book of Introduction to Ibn Khaldun. It also relied on some other sources to compare Ibn Khaldun’s material with them, in addition to some secondary references that covered Ibn Khaldun and his works in the study.

Since the beginning of the first century AH, the Abbasid state was going through multiple political crises, and it faced signs of its demise, so its geographical area, which was in the three parts of the world (Asia - Africa - Europe) shrank, accompanied by a massive cultural tyranny that extended to every land that Islam entered, putting its mark strongly on contact with Islamic teachings.
The vision was among the most prominent titles that reflected the Islamic culture, including topics that varied between the absolute other belief in God, the day, the day, the reckoning, the judiciary, and destiny, in addition to that with consideration with convergence and reverence. A vision and a vision that has a good relationship with a vision that He gave them on the side of the unseen. He becomes with the public to fix the general path, and a table of them, and from this volume, Qasim, Qasim, the origin of Qasim, the origin of Qasim, the origin of some historical events.

Despite the lack of clarity of the actual reality of the misfortunes and calamities that the Assyrians in Persia were suffering from since their arrival in 1915 displaced from their areas of residence in Turkish Hekari, their religious and secular leader, Mar Shimon Benjamin (the Assyrian patriarch), went to the Russians, asking them for solutions to the difficult conditions of his masses, whom he likened Figuratively speaking, they are today (true nomads).
Although disputes and confrontations could be considered at that time as normal, traditional matters, the masses of the Assyrians were dispersed, expelled from their original homelands in Hikari, sharpening bread for their daily sustenance and requesting a roof to protect them from the cold and frost of winter, and the blows and flames of summer sun.
Despite all this, the Assyrians accepted to go to the battlefields and participate in them on the condition of preserving the land and the homeland, and because the general history of the course of the First World War does not mention the participation of the Assyrians in that war, although they participated in the forces of the major powers and with a well-known role as a small ally, and the Assyrians fought with rare courage and valor during A period limited between (1916-1918), and they took up arms on the side of the Allies, and this was the beginning of their participation in the fighting on the Russian front, despite the Russians’ unwillingness before the war to come into contact with the Ottoman Empire or confront its armies, so the Assyrian-Russian cooperation was limited and negligible. But the situation changed after the outbreak of the war, as the Assyrian patriarch, Mar Shimon, tried again to contact the Russians, considering them to be the protective force for the Christians, at a time when the Tsarist state of Russia saw itself in need to expand the effectiveness of its forces on the Ottoman fronts, and those occupied within the Persian lands (the regions of Urmia and Salamis). However, the entry of the Bolshevik revolution into the field of politics and the accompanying sudden withdrawal of Russian forces in Persia had a great impact on the Assyrians.

The study intends to first describe King Faisal I's efforts in presenting this alliance project as a contemporary project on the literature of politics in the Arab countries, and the Arabic countries' position on those efforts and the most significant results that have been reached essentially since it was proposed by the Iraq Kingdom without stating what it is, is it a military pact or a cooperation pact, and then stand by the efforts of King Ghazi to complete the previous efforts to achieve this unitary project and then announce its establishment officially in 1937, Without ignoring the Iraqi government's efforts, whose negotiator presented political acumen and high skill in persuading the contracting parties to the conditions set by his government in advance and to preserve the Iraqi state's gains in world politics, the most significant of which is membership in the alliance of Nations, and to seek to legislate all those conventions with legal regulations approved by the Iraqi Parliament, to manifest the constitutionality of the Iraqi state.

Abdul-Hussein (1733 AH - 1957 AD) belongs to the family (Al Sharaf al-Din), which is considered one of the most famous and prominent religious families in the Arab Islamic countries, including Jabal Amel in Lebanon and Iraq, specifically in Najaf, The lineage of this family ends with Imam Musa bin Jaafar al-Kadhim (peace be upon him), and this closeness to the imams (peace be upon them) earned them a wide religious reputation among the common people. As well as, his seminary studies in Samarra also had a great impact in refining his talent, which contributed to making him a pioneer of social and religious reform, in addition to his valuable scientific works that crowded Arab libraries and added honor and pride to them

The stage of the German partition during the historical period 1945-1949 D represented a struggle between two powers, which broke out in Europe for the purpose of monopoly, hegemony and control over the fate of that continent. On the one hand and Western democracy on the other, the events of World War II made the four Allied countries the United States of America, Britain, France and the Soviet Union fight for one common goal, which is to get rid of German Nazism, Japan's militarism, and Italy's fascism, which those countries sought to achieve their goal, which is the final elimination of the empire German .