Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science

The simulate microphysical processes in the atmosphere, a cloud chamber, which behaves as the atmosphere, has been designed and fabricated in order to be used to execute several atmospheric experiments. These experiments allow a better understanding of clear visual cloud formation. The executed temperature and saturated pressure experiments clarify the basic mechanisms of the ice crystals nucleation, which in contrast, represent the core of the cloud microphysics. The cloud chamber can represent an isolated environment that deals with a certain volume of pure air and contains certain nucleation particles or ice nuclei. The temperature range in such a chamber is similar to that found at the mid-latitudes between the surface of the earth and the top of the troposphere. Thus, it is possible to simulate clouds of the type ofCirrostratus at the bottom of the chamber. It has been designed with dimensions of 22×22×59 cm3 and made of 3mm in thickness copper with a purity of 99.9%, and thermal conductivity of 401 W/m.°K.

Changes in the wind speed of the Iraqi-Kurdistan region are associated with many types of teleconnection patterns. Daily wind speed datasets for eight meteorological stations in Iraqi-Kurdistan region were gathered from Sulaymaniya, Penjwen, Hallabja, Kalar, Erbil, Sallahadin, Zakho, and Duhok weather stations. spectral comparability between the daily wind speed of the eight sites and prominent atmospheric indices was implemented for the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Southern oscillation (SO), Mediterranean Oscillation (MO), and Arctic Oscillation (AO), using multi-taper method (MTM) for spectral analysis to find the source of the wind speed cycle of the cites for the study area. It was found that the common cycles for the eight stations are 2.22, 2.5, 3.33, 3.7, 4.35, 5.56, 7.14, 10, and 14.29 cycles. It is obvious that there are common cycles between each of the NAO, SO, MO, and AO indices and the cycles of daily wind speed of the eight stations. The results of this study will allow us to understand therelation between the regional daily wind speeds patterns fluctuations and the global teleconnection patterns and also to forecast the behavior of daily regional wind speed

The scarcity of water resources constitutes a real problem facing man on an ongoing basis, especially with the exacerbation of environmental degradation and drought that affected large parts of the globe. With the increase in the number of the earth's population, the world is in need of more water sources for various activities. The study of the importance of water harvesting in its economic and environmental advantages lies in the impact on increasing and improvingthe productivity of agricultural crops by providing additional water at a low cost using supplementary irrigation. Remote sensing and applications of informatics systems are used to detect the best sites for the application of rainstorm water collection methods. This study aims to produce a map of the optimal sites for water harvesting methods to benefit from the water at the site of its fall without waiting for it to reach the downstream in Jimen Basin. This site is characterized by the presence of geological formations that have an important role in the application of water harvesting such as solid formations that allow the construction of dams within the basin. The study analyzed a lot of data on air temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, evaporation, and rainfall amount. The geological formations, natural plants, and types of soil were also studied. It was found that Jimen Basin is very suitable to be used as a water harvesting basin to develop the region around the basin which is semi-arid. Inconclusion, the proposed lake can help provide the possibility of establishing a residential city and also be a promising tourist site.

What is meant by water harvesting is the process of collecting and storing surface runoff water resulting from precipitation to benefit from it for agricultural purposes, feeding underground storage, and providing drinking water for humans and animals. For the basin, especially evaporation, where the number of hours of the solar surface was recorded in two Kirkuk stations (11) hours/day, respectively,and it was recorded in Chamchamal station at about (12) hours/day, while it decreases during the winter months, as it reaches about (5) in Chamchamal station, respectively, while in Kirkuk station reached (6) hours/day, respectively. The highest monthly rates were recorded during the winter months (December) by (66.4, and 66.7%) for both stations (Chemchamal-Kirkuk), respectively. While its lowest monthly rates were recorded during the summer months (July and August), when it reached (24.2%), which can predict the presence of saturated soil, which reduces filtration and leakage after rain falls and generates surface runoff, which can be harvested and utilized from the water. For both stations, they are spatially and temporally dissimilar, as the highest average of their monthly totals was recorded during the winter seasons in Chamchamal station in January and February to (92.9 mm) respectively, then it decreased relatively during December as recorded (90.1 mm). The annual rainfall was recorded in both stations (Chemchamal-Kirkuk) (502.3, 337.7 mm). It is clear from the foregoing that the plant has an important role in the presence of organic matter in the soil, which increases the seepage of falling rainwater and does not generate surface runoff. Therefore, the areas that are characterized by the presence of vegetation can be exploited by applying the harvesting methods designated for such areas that are characterized by water leakage into the ground, and therefore the soil is radiant with moisture, which can be cultivated directly, especially by applying the technology of mountain terraces that works to impede water and increase its seepage into the soil layer, especially These areas are characterized by their height and exposure to soil erosion after heavy rains.

Β-glucan is a natural polysaccharide composed of a group of glucose monomers linked by beta glycoside bonds that yeasts can be synthesized. The effect of different temperatures, inoculum size, glucose concentration, yeast extract concentration, pH, and culture media on the β-glucan production from saccharomycescerevisiaewas studied. In addition, the dry weight of biomass containing β-glucan was measured. The results showed that the optimum conditions for β-glucan production were when the cells were grown at 30 ºc for 48 hours and pH = 7 with 10 % inoculum size, 2% glucose, and 0.1% yeast extract. Furthermore, the best culture medium for β-glucan production was yeast extract-glucose medium with a dry weight of glucan 2.5mg/5ml. In addition, this study aimed to determine the best method for β-glucan extraction with acceptable purity and concentration. Β-glucan was extracted using two methods autolysis and alkali-acids extraction. The dried and weighed crude β-glucan was 6 gm/l, and 8 gm/l for autolysis of yeast cells, and alkali-acids extraction, respectively. The analysis of glucan by FT-IR and HPLC showed that the method of extraction by autolysis of yeast cells was successful to obtain β-glucan without the presence of the α-glucan with a concentration of β-glucan 10.8mg/gm, while in the extraction by alkali-acid were obtained mixtures of α-glucan and β-glucan with the concentration of β-glucan 7.4 mg/gm. The current study revealed that the optimum conditions of β-glucan production and the best culture medium for β-glucan production was yeast extract-glucose medium and the best method for β-glucan extraction was autolysis extraction

Human activities such as fossil fuel burning, car exhaust, mining, agriculture, and the incineration of solid and liquid wastes all contribute to water pollution by heavy metals, therefore this water poisoning poses a threat to living beings. To minimize the pollution of the natural waters, As the adsorption process of metal in solutions, it is critical to identify effective strategies for getting rid of these toxins. This study involves the characterization and synthesis of novel activated carbon nanoparticles (AC) from natural sources (barley) and is applied in an adsorption study to remove cadmium metal. (AC) characterization using XRD, SEM and it was nanoscale in size and particle-like in shape also BET for specific surface area nitrogen adsorption isotherm nitrogen(718.01)and Average pore diameter as (16.851(Å)), from the adsorption experimental data, the results are best described by the Freundlich isotherm model, which has an adsorption removal 76.86% with exothermic process.

A heuristic evaluation model is proposed for assessing the usability of the Top 10 Iraq university websites. This model is based on 3 hierarchies of website usability criteria levels. The top hierarchy level consists of five website categories: design and layout, learnability, content, performance, and errors. In the middle hierarchy level 18 subcategories, and in the bottom hierarchy level 44 elements were described. The evaluation model utilized both automated tools and observation methods. To validate the results obtained by the proposed model, the selected universities were evaluated and scored according to the usability criteria of their websites. Besides the observation elements, the four automated tools (thinkwithgoogle, gtmetrix, tools. Pingdom, and webpagetest) were also used to assess the error and performance of the websites. The study showed that except for the University of Kufa and Baghdad University websites, the rest of the university websites failed to meet the applied website usability criteria levels of the proposed evaluation model.

The security of home doors has become one of the necessities in this era. The Internet of Things (IoT) technology has also entered into building the smart home. Therefore, it has become necessary to develop a facial recognition system that can be implemented on IoT devices. This study presented a method to recognize faces using the efficientnet-b4. Transferlearning with fine-tuning was used here due to the small dataset size and high accuracy (accuracy of Top-1= 82.9% and accuracy of Top-5 = 96.4%) of EfficientNet-B4 and it has fewer parameters (19.5 M) than the previously known model and this is what we are looking for in order to implement it on the Raspberry Pi. After training and saving the model, it is converted into a lightweight model and transferred to the Raspberry to distinguish faces.The results showed that the model had an accuracy of 97%, despite the fact that the collected images were taken in different lighting, different places,and different facial expressions.

The use of Deep Learning (DL) for identifying false or misleading information, known as fake news, is a growing area of research. Deep learning, a form of machine learning that utilizes algorithms to learn from large data sets, has shown promise in detecting fake news. The spread of fake news can cause significant harm to society economically, politically, and socially, andit has become increasingly important to find ways to detect and stop its spread. This paper examines current studies that use deep learning methods, such as Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), as well as the multi-model approach, to detect fake news. It also looks at the use of word embedding models to convert text to vector representations and the datasets used for training models. Furthermore, the paper discusses the use of the attention mechanism in conjunction with deep learning to process sequential data

This study looks at how API (Application Programming Interface) wrapper technology can make it easier to use complex functions by putting together a lot of API calls. These packages have non-real-time interfaces that are hard to use. ChatGPT is a chatbot-specific GPT-3 language paradigm. It lets developers create chatbots that respond intelligently to natural language user input, creating a more engaging user experience. This article shows that ChatGPT, Python, and API wrapper technology may be used to develop a smart chatbot. We show how to use the OpenAI API library to add ChatGPT to Python programs. This makes it easier for developers to make chatbots that sound and act more like real people when they talk. Our contribution to this field is showing that it is possible to make smart chatbots with ChatGPT and API wrapper technology. To reach this goal, we use a system that combines the OpenAI API with ChatGPT and Python. This gives us valuable information about how to make smart chatbots.The efficiency of the system has been tested many times while applying it to different environments, and the results are satisfactory.

In this paper, our purpose is to study the classical continuous constraints boundary optimal triple control vector problem dominating nonlinear triple parabolic boundary value problem. The existence theoremfor a classical continuoustriple optimal control vector CCCBOTCV is stated and proved under suitable assumptions. Mathematical formulation of the adjoint triple boundary value problem associated with the nonlinear triple parabolic boundary value problem is discovered. The Fréchet derivative of the Hamiltonian derived. Under proper assumptions, both theorems are granted; the necessary conditions for optimalityand the sufficient conditionsfor optimality of the classical continuous constraints boundary optimal triple control vector problem are stated and prove.

In this paper, we designed a new efficient stream cipher cryptosystem that depend on a chaotic map to encrypt (decrypt) different types of digital images. The designed encryption system passed all basic efficiency criteria (like Randomness, MSE, PSNR, Histogram Analysis,and Key Space) that were applied to the key extracted from the random generator as well as to the digital images after completing the encryption process

In this investigation, n-type(100) silicon wafers with a thickness of 600 ± 25 μm and resistance of 0.1-100 μΩwere used to manufacture porous silicon. With the aid of hydrofluoric acid (HF) with a 20% concentration, a current density of 20 mA/cm2, and various experimental drilling times of 5, 15, and 25 minutes with the fixation of other parameters, the photoelectrochemical etching method was successful. The morphology of porous silicon was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the XRD-diffraction wide of porous silicon creation with rising apex peaks was confirmed, and (AFM) sponge-like morphology was seen, and the pore diameter grew larger as drillingtime rose. In a drilling time of 15 minutes, it is able to quantify both the vibrational and electrical characteristics of the energy band gap using Raman analysis and PL detection. Investigate sample samples\' current voltage readings (J-V) at various etching times. Additionally, we discovered devices with a broad wavelength that react to the response in the investigation of the spectrum response PS AL/PS/SI/Al as a photodetector

Polymer composite of heat cure acrylic (PMMA) matrix reinforced with different weight of nanoparticles Hydroxyapatite and Magnesium Oxide (1, 5 and 10% wt.) were prepared by hand molding technique. The Magnesium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by Simple Chemical Method (Co-precipitation). The structure and morphology properties of MgO examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and EDX. Lattice constant is a= 4.19????◦and crystallite size is 17.233nm, and average particle sizes of Magnesium oxide is(110) nm. While, the Atomic Force Microscopy showed that the roughness insufficient affected by NPs adding, the fluctuating is also happened in average grain size. The composite mechanical properties were positively affected through the addition of nanoparticles, where the young modulus for pure PMMA was 429.2566N/m2which increased for the (1, 5 and 10% wt.) (HAP/MgO) addition 908.345, 1697.482and 564.175 MPa respectively, and PMMA Vickers hardness test was 314.31HV and the values after enhancement with the nanoparticles were 442.786HV, 306.959HV, and 318.727HV. Thermal behavior decreased in the glass transition temperature when the nano material load increased, also the composite showed an amorphous structure. These results indicated that nano-composite possesses good structural, mechanical and thermal properties fordental applications

Thecurrentworkfocusesonthepreparationofmagnesiumoxidenanoparticlesusingaqueousmagnesiumchloridesaltsandsodiumhydroxidepowderbyasimplechemicalprecipitationmethodandatanannealingtemperatureof700°Cfor6hours.ThestructuralandmorphologicalpropertiesofthemagnesiumoxidenanoparticleswereinvestigatedusingX-raydiffraction(XRD).PolycrystallinecubeandusingtheSchererequationshowedacrystallinesizeof17.23nm.EDSanalyzesshowedhighpurity.Scanningelectronmicroscopy(FESEM)showedthesphericalshapeofthemagnesiumoxideparticles.Withparticlesizewithintherange(65-185)nm.Whilea(PMMA)-HAPnanocompositewassynthesized.-MgO)foruseindentalapplicationssuchasfillingsanddentures.Ananocomposite(PMMA-HAP-MgO)wasmanufacturedbymanualmoldingmethodbystrengtheningthepolymethylmethacrylatepolymerwithcertainweightratios(1%,5%,and10%)fromamixtureofnanopowderwheretheaddedratioswere(99%PMMA-1%HAP,95%PMMA-7.4%HAP-0.3%MgO,and90%PMMA-9.4%HAP-0.3%MgO).Thetopographicalproperties(surfaceroughness)ofthenanocompositesampleswerestudiedbytestingthemwithanatomicforcemicroscope.TheresultsshowedanincreaseinthevalueofpurePMMA,wheretheuseofnanoparticlefillerby5%(4.7%HAP-0.3%MgO)affectedboththeroughnessandtherootmeansquareratioofthedistributionofnanoparticlesonthesurfaceofthecompositeandtheshapeoftheparticlesledtoaroughnessmorethanthepolymerpure.Theantibacterialactivityofthepolymericoverlaywasexaminedonthebacteriathatcausedentalcariesfor(Streptococcusmutans),wherethezoneofinhibitionwere(1mm,2mm,5mm)forthenanocompositeandnoactivityforpurePMMA

The aim of this study is to introduce the notions of nano Sβ-connected, nano Sβ-hyperconnected and nano Sβ-ultraconnected by using all forms of nano Sβ-open sets in nano topological spaces. Then, we study their relationship and show that if a nano topological space is nSβ-connected, W is also nano connected space but not the converse. Also, we study each notion in terms of upper, lower, and boundary approximations.