Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

The current study hypothesizes that most of English teachers use the traditional method of teaching and they don’t use communicative method in teaching grammar, and the second hypothesis is teachers who teach males students encounter more difficulties in teaching grammar than those who teach female students.

Business English is very useful tool for the learners to learn English because it facilitates the process of learning languages and communication. In manual instructions, English business plays fundamental role in disseminating the (business) information quickly and effectively. This study aims at presenting the linguistics aspects in English business that used in manual instructions. The linguistically analysis in terms of semantics, morphology and pragmatics. Many different point of views of linguists have been considered to analysis the semantic and morphological aspects, whIle Searl’s (1979) model regarded speech act theory is used to analyze pragmatic aspects. This paper finds out that the many features of English business are different from those in general English. It is specialized, standardized, short and formal because it is used in business purposes. The important points in English business consider in instructions, the language that used in writing the instructions and background and knowledge of the reader or customer.

Dependency phonology is a distinctive approach to phonological description where hierarchisation is the main notion within it. In essence it claims that one value can have implications upon the whole parts of the phonological structure. Dependency phonology (DP) is not intended to show relational issues in terms of ‘strong vs weak’ relations rather it is intended to show hierarchy relations in terms of head: dependent or governor: dependent. The analogy of dependency relations which had been introduced by syntax represented the initial and first steps in DP work (cf. Anderson & Jones 1972/1974, Anderson & Ewen 1987, Anderson 1992).
Although the whole material of DP work is not large before 1987, several aspects of the theory of the DP are adopted later by leaders of Generative phonology especially in regard to the transformation of GP from linear to non-linear Generative phonology in 1970s and 1980s. Government phonology has similarities with DP, but it differs from DP in making generalization and universal principles and parameters. The feature geometry and dependency phonology also have affinities because both aim at describing a feature in a system that is based on governance. This paper aims at showing that DP is a modern theory of phonological analysis. DP offers several innovations to phonological field whether on segmental or suprasegmental patterns. It traces its applications to specific issues like vocalic feature hierarchisation and gestures within the modern trends represented by many authors like Ewen (1980), van der Hulst (1989, 1995), Anderson (2002), Durand (1990, 1995), Staun (1996). This study will add perspectives to the applications of DP and highlight its relation to the ‘main stream’ GP.

The research investigates the power of Seamus Heaney`s poetry in denouncing human atrocity. His poetry turns to be a record of human trauma. He lives the pain of a quarter-century Secterian and political violence in Northern Ireland, his native ground. He does not only make the wounds of his people speak, but also he selects to be a listener to the wounds. He is qualified to have the responsibility of re-opening the buried pain because of being a sufferer and a witness of this atrocity. Heaney gives voice to the silent victims and grants them an opportunity to reshape their trauma to the world in his poetry, thus every poem carries different story of suffering. This is part of Heaney`s commitment as a poet to response to other trauma to present healing for human injuries and experience for preventing such trauma from occurring again. These traumatic experiences in his poems are gathered from different lands and century to prove the human pain is one and poetry which is an accurate reflection of life should mould the pain, fear, betray, violence and shock which are the triggers of man trauma. The research investigates this under the illumination of the theory of trauma.

The present study aims at measuring the effect of using Summary Pair Writing technique on Iraqi EFL Preparatory School Students’ Reading Comprehension and Anxiety. The aim is achieved by the following null hypothesis which states that There is no statistically significant between the mean score of the experimental group who are taught according to summary pair writing technique and the control group who are taught conventionally .The study is limited to (64) students of the fifth preparatory school / Baghdad during the academic year 2017/2018.Result shows that there is a statistically significance difference between the mean scores in achievement of the experimental group students who are taught by summary pair writing technique . Based on the above result, some conclusions, pedagogical recommendations and suggestions for future research have been put forward.

Politeness formulas, though they are very important in our daily interactions, have not been studied thoroughly by researchers, and only few papers have been written about this term. This study attempts to investigate the effect of age on the use of English politeness formulas by Iraqi EFL learners.For the sake of achieving this aim, the study hypothesizes that Iraqi EFI learners face difficulties in using English politeness formulas as an effect of the cultural differences between the two languages, and this difficulty varies according to their gender and age. A questionnaire is used to test out the hypotheses of the studys which is the source of the data. In the questionnaire, (50) learners from the English Department, College of Education, Tikrit University participate to achieve two tasks: a production task in which they are given situations where they have to take a role, and a recognition task in which certain situations are provided and the learners choose the correct formulas. The data collected from the questionnaire is analyzed according to Scarcella (1979). The results of this study indicate that EFL Iraqi learners meet difficulties in using English politeness formulas as a result of the cultural differences. It is also concluded that age does not affect performance while gender does.

The Glass Menagerie" is the most excellent play written by the American playwright, Tennessee Williams. It somehow distorted Williams' life style immediately. Throughout the questioning -about everything in life specially about the human relations, Williams gets the shock of life and puts on view the wavering shift from illusion to reality and vice versa, in a very impressive style via his dramas. Williams shows the audience that the world has a dark side which is represented by the one-dimensional society of the contemporary culture. It stands in the middle of development, abuse of ethical regulations of behaviour, dehumanized keenness to have control and close relations. This paper attempts to shed light on the theme of illusion and reality by following the character analysis approach .It starts with an introduction followed by the discussion of the play. It ends with a conclusion that sums up the findings.