MUSTANSIRIA DENTAL JOURNAL

Aim of the study: The purpose of this research was to see how drying protocols affected the apical sealing of teeth filled with various sealers.
Materials and methods: Protaper rotary files were used for root canals instrumentation of ninety teeth with single root canal. According to the drying protocol, the teeth were separated into three groups (n = 30): "GI–paper points"; "GII–ethanol + paper points"; "GIII–EndoVac + paper points". Using a single-cone approach, every group was separated to three subgroups based on the sealer used: BiooRoot sealer, Epoxy resin and zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE), The apical dye penetration in millimeter was examined under a streromicroscope to assess apical seal. The data was submitted to one –way ANOVA and T test.
Results: The result showed statistically no significant difference in microleakage between bioRoot and Epoxy resin (p > 0.05) while there was significant differences of microleakage between ZOE and other sealers, and there is no significant difference between drying protocols in canals obturated with each used sealers (BioRoot, Epoxy resin and ZOE).
Conclusion: Drying protocols have no effect on the apical seal of the tested sealers.

Aim: Study's purpose was to evaluate and compare the fatigue resistance of ProTaper Gold and Hyflex EDM files at five different locations of canal curvature.
Methods: Two types of NiTi files; ProTaper Gold and Hyflex EDM (n=80) with similar sizes (25/0.08) were used as two main groups (n=40), each group subdivided into five subgroups (n=8) according to distance from the orifice to curvature which are; 11, 10, 8, 6 and 5 mm. Five stainless steel canals were fabricated. Each canal had 16 mm length, 1.5 mm width and single curvature with 3-mm radius and 60° angle. Fractured samples were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Independent t-test, One-way ANOVA and Posthoc tests assessed the data statistically.
Results: Number of cycles to fatigue for the Hyflex EDM file was significantly higher than the ProTaper Gold file at all curvature levels (p≤0.05). The files demonstrated significantly higher number of cycles to fatigue in canals of (10 and 11) mm when compared to the canals of (5, 6, and 8) mm (p≤0.05).
Conclusion: Hyflex EDM files showed higher fatigue resistance than ProTaper Gold files. The canal curvature position had a substantial impact on the resistance of the NiTi file, with short life coronally.

Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the salivary levels of chemerin in patients with periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Materials and methods: A total of 88 subjects were divided into four groups; 13 systemically healthy individuals having a healthy periodontium (control group), 25 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy periodontium (T2DM group), 25 patients with generalized periodontitis (P group), 25 patients with generalized periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (P-T2DM group). The clinical periodontal parameters including plaque index (PLI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were determined. Unstimulated saliva was gathered, and the concentration of chemerin was estimated utilizing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: The results showed that the mean concentrations of chemerin were highest in the P-T2DM group with a mean (of 1.598±0.1499 ng/ml) followed by the P group (1.445±0.1021 ng/ml), T2DM group (1.368±0.096 ng/ml), and control group (1.229±0.152 ng/ml), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference among groups at (p<0.05). For the correlation of chemerin with clinical periodontal parameters, chemerin correlated with PPD in the P group at p= 0.014, and chemerin correlated with clinical periodontal parameters PLI, BOP, and PPD in the P-T2DM group at (p=0.006, p< 0.000, p=0.035), respectively.
Conclusion: Periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus caused an increase in salivary chemerin concentration, which might be used as a marker for both diabetes and periodontitis.

Aim of the study: The purpose of this research was to investigate how the static and kinetic friction between the orthodontic bracket and archwire will be affected by artificial saliva (AS), oil-containing mouthwash (TTO), and olive oil (OO).
Materials and methods: On an Instron universal testing machine with a load cell of 10N and a speed of 2 mm/min. Thirty premolar brackets with 0.019 x 0.025inch stainless steel archwires were assessed. The samples were allocated into three groups randomly. Ten test units were immersed in artificial saliva AS (control group), Tea tree oil mouthwash TTO, and olive oil OO (study groups) for 90 minutes at room temperature. Each test unit is evaluated once only. Statistical analysis used was the ANOVA and Post Hoc LSD tests for parametric tests, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the Pairwise Comparison test for non-parametric tests.
Results: The samples immersed in olive oil significantly showed increased static and kinetic frictional resistance (p= 0.009 and 0.001, respectively), and the TTO showed the least static and kinetic frictional resistance.
Conclusion: The 90-minute immersion in oil-containing mouthwash reduced static and kinetic frictional resistance between the orthodontic brackets and archwires, while olive oil (OO) significantly increased them. Based on these findings, oil-containing mouthwash can be prescribed as an excellent prophylactic agent for orthodontic patients. However, the OO is not recommended during the sliding mechanics.

One of the most crucial steps in endodontic therapy is canal preparation. The root canal should have a flare shape from apex to coronal areas, with the apical foramen maintained in its original relationship to the surrounding tissues and root surface. Anatomical complexity causes most endodontic problems. Ledges, zips, perforations, and root canal transportation are more probable in curved canals because all preparation procedures and instruments deviate the prepared canal away from its initial axis. The type of kinematics employed, including continuous rotation, reciprocation movement, and adaptive movement, as well as root canal anatomy and instrument design features, all have been found as factors that may affect canal transportation. There are controversial results concerning the influence of kinematic on canal transportation. These results may be attributed to a lack of standardisation in file characteristics such as taper, size, and cross-section. Studies started using the same system under continuous rotation and reciprocation movement or adaptive motion to overcome these issues. This article reviews the effects of movement types on canal transportation and centring ability when all other variables are the same.

Background: Regarding acrylic resin, a direct link was found between surface roughness, plaque buildup, and microbial adhesion. However, the current polyamide material's surface characteristics are still debatable, especially after utilizing conventional polishing and finishing techniques. Heat curing acrylic resin makes it easy to evaluate the surface characteristics of each material and to follow advice for the best practices.
Objectives: The aim of the current study is to evaluate and compare the surface Roughness of heat cure acrylic resin and flexible acrylic resin materials before and after different surface treatments.
Material and Method: A total of (80) sample were prepared. These samples were divided into two main groups (made from heat cure acrylic resin and flexible acrylic resin). Each group contains (40) samples and were divided into four additional groups according to the surface’s polishing treatment. Each group of material have (10) specimens, the first group was polished with pumice, the second groups were polished with pumice and then glazed, the third group was polished with investment (Phosphate bonded investments) and then glazed, and the fourth group was glazed. A digital surface roughness tester meter (TR: 220) device was used to indicate the values of the roughness of specimens before and after surface polishing treatment.
Results: The result of surface roughness of heat cure acrylic resin using t-test analysis revealed that a significance difference among all the study groups (p< 0.05). The result of surface roughness of flexible acrylic resin using t-test analysis revealed that a significance difference was reported between all the study groups (p< 0.05).
Conclusion: It was concluded the surfaces roughness was decreased in the control group of (heat cure acrylic resin and flexible acrylic resin materials) when polished with pumice, while it was increased in the experimental groups after polished with glaze material. Compared to pumice and burning investment materials, the polishing material (light cure glaze) is noticeably rougher.

Aim of the study: This study compared the fracture resistance of three-dimensional printing (3D) interim restoration with that polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), interim restoration.
Materials and methods: In the present study upper molar (dentoform) tooth was prepared for full coverage crowns. The prepared model was digitally scanned by extra-oral scanner. Duplication of the master die into metal dies (chrome cobalt alloy). Totally, 40 samples were divided into two groups (20) using 3D printing (asiga dentatooth resin material), and (20) Polymethylmethacrylate PMMA (integra) resin material. Ten samples from each group were subjected to thermo-cycles (1250 cycles, 5-55 °C). The fracture resistance was then measured for all samples with a universal testing machine.
Results: In SPSS, the mean ± Stander deviation values of fracture resistance were recorded for the acrylic PMMA group before thermo-cycling (1703.30 ±376.659 Newton) and after thermo-cycling (1460.30 ±364.260 Newton), while the mean ± Stander deviation values were recorded for 3D printing group before thermo-cycling (1972.50±399.181 Newton) and after thermo-cycling ( 2284.10±239.001Newton). It was found that 3D printing recorded a significantly higher fracture resistance mean than PMMA groups.
Conclusion: 3D printing interim prostheses recorded higher fracture resistance compared with PMMA interim prostheses.

Aim of the study: was to assess marginal gingival thickness and width of keratinized gingiva comparing them between males and females among Baghdad dental students.
Materials & Methods: Two methods were utilized to measure gingival thickness: visual and probe transparency. Gingival biotypes examination included upper and lower left central incisors of 100 subjects. The width of keratinized gingiva was measured by using a periodontal probe.
Results: Thick gingival biotype was more apparent among males, while thin biotype was more among females. There was no significant difference in gingival width between males and females.
Conclusions: Gingival thickness and width were not affected by gender. The visual method can be used efficiently to estimate gingival thickness.

Background: Accuracy of fit is considered a very important factor in a crown fabricating procedure. Zirconium oxide ceramic is gaining popularity because of its remarkable mechanical capabilities and the potential aesthetic results obtained by using its recommended veneering porcelain, this study aimed to determine the effect of porcelain veneering on the marginal and internal fitness of zirconium-oxide crowns milled with two different CAD/CAM systems ( Wet and dry milling).
Materials and methods: An ideal prepared tooth #16 to receive an all-ceramic crown restoration with 0.8mm chamfer finishing line was used as a master die. It duplicated and poured to get thirty-two stone working dies. The stone dies divided into two major groups according to the CAD/CAM systems being used, then each group subdivided into two subgroups (n=8) either zirconia crowns milled to full contour or traditional veneered zirconia crowns. Each crown then cemented to it stone die and sectioned longitudinally into four pieces. Stereomicroscope with aid of (image J) was used to examine the sample at a magnification of (140X). Four points of measurement were selected at each of the four-sectioned parts.
Results: The final internal gap value of each sample was the arithmetical mean of the selected points of the four-sectioned pieces The data was evaluated statistically, using One-way ANOVA and LSD tests which revealed highly significant differences (p<0.001) among groups.
Conclusion: Full-contoured zirconia crowns have better marginal and internal fit than the traditionally veneered crown, (CEREC AC, Sirona) system showed the best internal fitness. The mean gap of all groups was within the clinically acceptance.

Aim of Study: Identification of mature and immature (osteoid production) in ossifying fibroma using histochemical study by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and tetrachromic verdeluz orange G-acid fuchsin (VOF) stains.
Materials and Methods: Forty five tissue sections divided into three groups made up the study's data. Twenty portions from the archives, which made up Group 1, exhibited ossifying fibroma, group 2 comprised fifteen psammatoid juvenile ossifying fibroma sections and group 3 comprised ten section of trabecular juvenile ossifying fibroma. Each block was divided into two 5 m sections, with one section stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and the other with the tetrachromic Verde Luz-orange G-acid fuchsin (VOF). Histomorphometric examination of tissues is based on quantitative measurements of microscopic osteoid production and has been used to provide information on tissue pathology in these lesions
Results: The results showed female predominance in OF cases comprising (70.0%).Whereas male predominance found in psammatoid and trabecular juvenile ossifying fibroma comprising (60.0%), (70.0%) respectively .Ossifying fibroma and juvenile ossifying fibroma were distributed between the maxilla and mandible in the following ways: (65.0%) of OF were in the mandible, (73.3%) of PsJOF were in the maxilla, and (60.0%) of TrJOF were in the mandible. By using ANOVA test however the result non-significant OF show high mean value OF osteoid followed by PsJOF then TrJOF in conventional H&E while in VOF stains PsJOF showed high mean value followed by OF and finally TrJOF. Using paired t-test H&E showed a high mean values of osteoid in OF, TrJOF and PsJOF, compared to VOF stain, however statistically non-significant compared mean value of osteoid between H&E stain and VOF in TrJOF there was a border line significant (0.055).
Conclusion: Our awareness of these lesions and our ability to distinguish and identify them is improved by a study of the histological characteristics of ossifying fibroma and its subtype. H&E staining necessitates numerous steps, whereas VOF only needs one step.

Aim: To assess the importance of successful periodontal treatment during long-term supportive periodontal treatment.
The maintenance phase has been named the "cornerstone" of effective periodontal treatment when a patient is transferred from active treatment to a maintenance phase which is considered the final stage in comprehensive patient care, it takes effort and time from the patient, staff, and the dentist.
Surgical and non-surgical techniques are used in periodontal therapy; patients should be put on a schedule of periodic reminder visits for supportive care once periodontal therapy is completed to avoid the recurrence of the disease. PD can recur due to poor mouth oral hygiene, insufficient subgingival removal, the microscopic nature of the dentogingival unit healing after periodontal treatment, and other factors. As a result, effective treatment should be provided to prevent disease recurrence.
Conclusion: The success of periodontal therapy is based on a continuous schedule of periodontal maintenance therapy

Extravagant gingival display, gummy smile and vertical maxillary excess are the same for one condition which is recognized by the maxillary gingival overexposure
more than wonted during smiling. It is recently received a lot of concern and awareness. Making the correct diagnosis and carrying out the appropriate technique depend on having knowledge of the background information regarding the cause or causes of each case of extravagant gingival display and how it is treated. Providing comprehensive information about the gummy grin problem, the numerous aetiological variables that contribute to the condition, and the various treatment options was conducted in this review. The treatment options include many modalities according to real cause in each condition.

Aim: This study was aimed to evaluate the quality of CPoint obturation system by calculating the percentage of surface area of voids and gaps in different levels in comparison with Guttapercha point/GuttaFlow 2 and Guttacore/Endofill.
Method: Sixty palatal roots of extracted upper first molars were prepared and divided into three groups of 20 samples each, the first group was obturated with CPoint/BC sealer, the second one was obturated with Guttapercha point/ GuttaFlow2 and the third was obturated with GuttaCore/Endofil. Each root sectioned into four sections at 8 mm, 6 mm, 4 mm, and 2 mm levels from the W.L and transferred to be photographed under digital microscope, the canal cross sectional area, and the area of voids and gaps were measured then surface area percentages of unfilled areas were calculated. Data then analyzed statistically using ANOVA and LSD tests.
Results: Higher percentages of unfilled areas were observed in Group1 (p < 0.01) in comparison to Group2 and Group3 except with S2 of Group3 (p > 0.05). And there was no significant difference between Group2 and Group3 except at S2. The results of comparison among different
sections within each group showed that there is a highly significant difference (p < 0.01) between S2and (S8, S6, S4) within Group 1, in Group 2 the results showed that there is a highly significant difference between S8 and the other sections, and also showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between S2 and (S4, S6).
Within Group 3 the results revealed significant difference between the (S4, S6) and the (S8, S2) sections.
Conclusion: All systems showed voids and gaps and CPoint obturation system showed the highest percentage of unfilled areas and level of root section had an effect on voids and gaps distribution.

Iraq becomes as square fight for the war and terrorist before 17 years ago and still until now. Mandible is the mainly fractured bone after the nasal bone in the face comminuted fracture has multiple fracture lines resulting in many small pieces within the same area of the mandible.
Aim of the study: The preforming study tended to point the using close reduction Inter maxillary fixation (CRIMF) as definite treatment for comminuted fracture of the mandible under certain conditions for managing same types of mandibular fractures with the evaluating and comparing the outcome and complications between two techniques.
Materials and methods: (CRIMF) and (ORIF). A total of 51 patients with comminuted mandibular fractures, aged between (17-45) years. All patients were examined clinically,
radio graphically (OPG) and some of them computed tomographically (CT3D) before and after treatment to evaluate the regions fracture position, and assessed the complication resulted post operatively. Patients were divided into 2 groups: Group A (n=30) patients with 36 fractures had managed by close reduction and indirect fixation using intra maxillary fixation (CRIMF). Group B (n= 21) patients with 24 fractures operated by open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) using reconstruction plates. Group A managed by maxilla mandibular fixation MMF were performed for 28 cases under general an anesthesia (GA) and only 2 patients fixed under local anesthesia. In the group B, all surgical operations of ORIF were done under GA.
Results: Both groups had appeared nearly the same in incidence rating, the Avulsed wounds registered the greatest incidence, more less proportion of incidence in both groups were the perforating wounds and finally, the laceration wound were noted the least proportions. Statistically there was no significant differences in the presence of soft tissue types injuries among two groups in war. The result appeared that the most common frequently fractured region of mandible in the patients of group(CRIMF) and group (ORIF) was the body of mandible 15(41.6%) and 13(54.1%) fractures respectively. In this comparative study, the incidence of infection complication were considered as major complications in both groups, but it noticed the proportion of infection among the open reduction are superimposed in comparison with close reduction group, which were 4(26.6%) and 5(38.7) respectively, leading to the failure of treatment, that demined surgical interference to plate removal. There was significant difference in the complications types incidence postoperatively among both groups X2 = 4.628 P < 0.05. War wounds were common among men in this study with ratio men to women 8.6:1. The soft tissue wounds happened in war among the two groups.
Conclusion: The open reduction internal fixation super imposed in their complications in compare to close reduction technique. Can be managed safely with IMF of close reduction, Awareness on good oral hygiene adopting healthy life style practices achieved by educating the patient\'s provident instructions to enhanced post-operative care to improve infection control.

Aim of the study: To study the occurrence of enamel defects, the most common type and what gender is more affected on the students at the secondary school in Baghdad-Alrosafa.

Materials and methods: Eight hundred and fifty students in the secondary school in Baghdad-Alrosafa were included in this study without any systemic disease with a 425 male and 425 female aging from 14 to 17 years old. A diagnostic instrument probe, mirror, gloves and tweezer were used. All students were examined clinically for the presence of enamel defect like enamel fluorosis, amelogenesis imperfecta, enamel erosion, abrasion and attrition. T-test was used for statistical analysis.

Results: Results of the current study showed a high percentage of enamel defect occurring in females than in males and a high significant difference recorded at 17 years old in enamel fluorosis with an enamel attrition recording a higher percentage than other anomalies.

Conclusion: conclusion of study is that the enamel defect occurs in females more than males and molar teeth have a higher prevalence than other teeth. Attrition recorded a higher percentage than other defects followed by enamel fluorosis and the lower one is amelogenesis imperfacta.

Aim of the study: This study aimed to review the various types of bite raisers used in daily orthodontic practice, their advantages and disadvantages, the fabricated materials, and the biomechanics for each use.
Methods: Searching for different types of bite raisers and their applications, indications, and benefits was carried out using different databases, including PubMed Central, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, the Cochrane Library, Textbooks, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and hand searching till March 2022. After excluding the duplicate articles, information in these papers is summarized and in forms of types, indications, advantages, disadvantages, and effects.
Results and Conclusions: There are many types of bite raisers, of which the fixed one is the most applicable as it does not need the patients' cooperation, yet the material of choice and the type of malocclusion in the case itself may influence the location, type of the material used, its thickness and the purpose of its use. Orthodontists use the most uncomplicated technique to open the bite allowing easy teeth movement.

Background: Gingivitis is a reversible form of periodontal disease in which the inflammation is limited to the gingiva and no other supporting tissues are destroyed. Omega-3 PUFA have the most effective immunomodulatory properties of all the fatty acids. Few studies have investigated topical usage of omega 3 poly unsaturated fatty acid in the treatment of gingivitis
Aim of the study: This study aimed to evaluate effects of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on ligation induced gingivitis in rats through the immunological analysis for rat’s gingival tissue level of tumor necrotic factor-α( TNF-α) .
Materials and methods: The gingivitis was induced for rats by ligation around lower central incisors. Fifty animals with the induced gingivitis were divided into: five animals were sacrificed at the first day after removal of ligature, and fifteen animals as positive control group. Fifteen animals were used as 1st treatment group with orally gavage omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and fifteen animals as 2nd treatment groups with topically applied omega3 a Five animals were used as negative control groups (-ve) group.
Animals were sacrificed and tissue sections were evaluated for Tumor necrotic factor –α (TNF-α) levels, this biomarker were measured by ELISA method for four times, first after ligation removal (day zero), three days, one week and two weeks for immunological analysis.
Results: The result showed that level of TNF-α were significantly lower in systemic treatment groups in comparison with positive control groups in all duration of study, and there were significant difference between topical treatment groups on the 3rd and 7th days and no significant differences on the 14th day after removal of ligature in comparison with (+ve) ,also there was no significant
difference between these two treatment groups in all duration of study. T-test used for statistical analyses, with p<0.05 regarded as significant and p> 0.001 as high significant.
Conclusion: orally gavage and topical application of omega-3 FAs is effective treatment for reduction of inflammation in gingivitis, resulting in lower level of TNF-α.

Background/ Aims: High bond strength of root perforation repair materials is essential for success of endodontic therapy. The aims of current study were to assist the push-out bond strength of 4 types of root perforation repair materials (Biodentine , Mineral trioxide aggregate, glass ionomer cement, and calcium hydroxide paste) from dentin, and to determine the modes of failure at debonded surfaces.
Materials and Methods: Forty lower premolars with a straight single root canal and matured apex were utilized. Then the teeth decorated 15 mm from the apex, and the middle third of the roots were cut perpendicular to their long axis in order to obtain sections with 1 mm thick. After that instrumentation for the canal of the dentin discs with Gates Glidden was done from sizes 2-5 to result into standardized cavities with 1.3 mm diameter. After that, specimens were divided randomly into 4groups with 10 specimens in every group as follows: group I: Bio (Biodentine), group II: Mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA), group III: GI (glass ionomer), and group IV: calcium hydroxide paste (Ca(OH)2). Prepared cavity was then filled with each of the material tested according to the corresponding groups. after setting of the tested materials the specimens stored for one week and then push-out bond strength test preformed.

Results: push-out bond strength of Biodentine was significantly higher than other tested materials. Followed by Mineral trioxide aggregate, which exhibited significantly higher bond strength than glass ionomer and MTA materials, while the Ca(OH)2 showed the lowest value of push-out bond strength.
Conclusions: push-out bond strength Biodentine, was significantly greater than MTA, GI, and Ca(OH)2. Therefore, BIO can be used successfully for treatment of root perforation that might occur during endodontic therapy of the root canal.