Diyala Journal of Medicine

Background: Parkinson’s disease may be caused by oxidative stress within cells
due to defective nucleoli. Dopamine producing neurons are particularly sensitive to
oxidative stress. The researcher's present evidence showing defective nucleoli within
dopamine producing neurons lead to oxidative stress and damage
Objective: To assess antioxidant activity in Parkinson patients with autonomic
dysfunction.
Materials and Methods: samples were collected in Al Kadhimiya Teaching
hospital and Baquba teaching hospital in a period lasts from 1st January to 1st
November 2013. Antioxidant activity had been tested in 44 Parkinson patients with
autonomic dysfunction, 23 Parkinson patients without autonomic dysfunction and 25
healthy matched controls; using (Antioxidant Capacity, Total BioAssay™ Kit ;US
Biological company, Catalog No. A2298-43).
Results: antioxidant activity showed a reduction in its level in Parkinson patients
without autonomic dysfunction (0.75) with further reduction in Parkinson patient
with autonomic dysfunction (0.37) compared with the control groups (1.2).
Conclusion: Oxidative stress and antioxidants have a role in pathogenesis of
Parkinson disease. Both increase oxidative stress (direct) and a reduction in activity
of the antioxidants (indirectly) cause loss of neuron and reinforcing damage
mechanisms that play a role in autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson Disease.

Background: Poisoning among children less than 5 years remain as major public health
Problem worldwide despite improving in health services.
Objective: To find out the causes of poisoning between children less than 5 years old in
Baqubah City according to type of poisons, age, address, gender, socioeconomic status and
education of parents.
Patient and Method: Cross sectional study describes poisoning among children less than5
years old admitted to the Al- Batool Teaching Hospital for period from the 1st July 2014 to
the1st April 2015.
Result: One hundred twenty five children less than 5 years old were admitted to Al- Batool
Teaching Hospital due to an accidental poisoning. Hydrocarbons were the most common
cause of Poisoning (82), (65.60%), drugs (34), (27.20%), organophosphorous (5), (4, 0%),
and corrosive (4), (3.20%) .The majority of children were (1 -3) years of age (72),
(57.6%).Male (77), (61.6%) female (48), (38.4%) male : female ratio (1.6:1). Address
distribution, rural (76), (60.8%) urban (49), (39.2%). Socioeconomic status, low
socioeconomic status (109), (87.2%) intermediate socioeconomic status (16), (12.8%). Father
Education: primary education (65), (52.0%), secondary (56), (44.8%) and graduated (4),
(3.2%). Education of mother primary (91), (72.8%) and secondary (33), (27.2%).
Conclusion: Majority of the poisonings in children were due to ingestions of poisons among
age group (1-3) years, with male gender predilection, Hydrocarbon was the most commonly
ingested poisoning agents; Patients parent both had low socioeconomic status and low
educational level.

Background: Osteoporosis is defined as disease in which the density and quality of bone are
reduced, leading to weakness of the skeleton and increased risk of fracture, particularly of the
spine, wrist, hip, pelvis, and upper arm.
Objectives: To find out association of risk factors of osteoporosis and bone mineral density of
lumbar spine.
Patients and methods: A convenient sample consisted of 150 women were interviewed with
special questionnaire in Medical city in Baghdad of not random sample.
Results: The results showed that the highest percent of osteoporosis at age group (55-64)
years because the aging process leaded to loss of mass and weakening bone.
The study presents that cases that have previous family history appeared to be a great risk to
develop osteoporosis.
Also the result of study showed that most of cases that were not exposing to sun light, low
physical activity, always drinking tea and /or coffee, inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin
D indicate to have osteopenia or osteoporosis.
Conclusion: Female at older age group has greater risk of osteoporosis. Female having past
family history of osteoporosis is at high risk of osteoporosis. Inadequate intake of calcium,
vitamin D increases the risk of osteoporosis. Drinking (tea, coffee, soft drinks) increase the
risk of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis was highly associated with low physical activity.

Background: Hypertension is a common disease effect high incidence of population,
hypertension more in diabetic patient than other population so if associations of these tow
diseases in same patients lead to increase the rate of morbidity and mortality from micro and
macro vascular complications of diabetes.
Objective: To evaluate the incidence of systemic hypertension in patients with typ2 diabetes
mellitus in Diyala province.
Materials and Methods: Nine hundred patient were divided in 2 groups Group A:450
diabetic patient were evaluated for hypertension group B: 450 patient without diabetes
mellitus as control study measuring blood pressure for all patients including in this study
by using a sphygmomanometer at consultation medical unit and diabetic clinic in Baquba
Teaching Hospital, patient include in this study usually between age 32 to 70 years. Other
data obtained included age, gender, type of DM, weight, height, body mass index and waist
hip ratio.
Results: In group A: 450 diabetic patient (225 were male and 225 were female) were
included in this study. 244 (54.22 %) patient of them have hypertension, 124 were male
(50.8%) while 120 patient were female (49.2%) and we found 206 from total number of
diabetic patient have no hypertension. While in group B (control group) from 450 non-
diabetic patient we found 100 patient (22.2%) of them have hypertension and 350 (77.8%)
patient from total number have non-hypertension.
Conclusions: Hypertension is more in patient with diabetes type 2than those with no diabetes.
Studies have shown that adequate treatment and well control of the blood pressure will
reduces the complications of DM.

Background: Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or
particles through space or through a material medium. This includes electro-magnetic
radiation such as radio waves, visible light, and x-rays, particle radiation such as α, β, and
neutron radiation and acoustic radiation such as ultrasound, sound, and seismic waves.
Radiation may also refer to the energy, waves, or particles being radiated. Some studies
design to estimate the distribution of radiation in different streets and effect on health
environment.
Objectives: To determine the magnitude of radiation in different streets in Erbil city and
demonstrate the difference between them.
Methods and Materials: Palm RAD meter-nuclear radiation meter at Model-907) was used
for investigation of radiation in different streets in Erbil city like (around citadel, 30m, 60m,
40m and 100m) A nuclear radiation meter is an instrument measures the nuclear radiation. In
other hands it is used to detect the radiation in the spaces near the sources of radiation like
(X-ray, CT-Scanner and others) at streets of Hospital, centers of bone fracture imaging are
transmitted where nuclear radiation and x-ray radiation to the outside to the environment
surrounding radiation sources. Which induces biological effects is more than standard value.
Results: The results showed that the nuclear radiation at small dose is present and detected in
the different streets in Erbil city, but more dose are detected in the space near sources of
radiation which are mentioned in the previous words. This increasing of nuclear radiation
which is caused by sources of radiation like (X-ray, CT-Scanner, and the bomb of USA)
included to biological and physiological effects on the people in Erbil city who are sting and
working near these places is showed by statistical test.
Conclusion: Distribution of radiation is dependent on the sources of radiations doses, and
discussing that to investigate how this radiation affects the physiology of human body and
showing the disadvantage of increasing and decreasing of radiation with the location of
people.

Background: Basal Cell Carcinoma is a malignant epithelial neoplasm of the skin that can be
seen in the area of chronic sun exposure. If it is inadequately treated or left untreated, it can
cause local tissue invasion and low death.
Objective: To evaluate different parameters of basal cell carcinoma cases referred to Ghazy
Al-hariri Hospital for Surgical Specialist.
Patients and Methods: Retrospective study done in Ghazy Al-hariri hospital for surgical
specialist, medical city, Baghdad during the period from 2009 till 2012, 6579 reports from
archives of histopathological laboratories were review of malignant cases,84 cases of Basal
cell carcinoma, 54 were men and 30 were women. Confirmatory histopathological re-
evaluation of some or incomplete information was done, full information has been taken
directly from report and the information was arranged in an informative formula sheet which
includes, age, gender, anatomical site of tumor, tumor type and tumor size.
Results: In this study the percentage of basal cell carcinoma in relation to the total number is
(1.3%), the results showed that 54 (64.3%) were men and 30 (35.7%) were women and the
mean age of these patients was (69.9) years. Among basal cell carcinoma lesions, 28 cases
were pigmented type, 18 cases were nodular type, 14 cases were ulcerated type, 10 cases were
plaque type, 9 cases were basosqumous type and 5 cases were unclear.
Conclusion: The present study revealed significant differences in age between male and
female, also most basal cell carcinoma lesions were located on the head and neck area

Background: Human herpesvirus is a large enveloped DNA virus and significant human
pathogen. Many studies examined oral squamous cell carcinoma for herpes simplex virus and
suggested an association with this virus; others have demonstrated human herpesvirus -1
DNA in different part of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Objective: To detect the human herpes virus -1 antigen in tissues of oral squamous cell
carcinoma.
Patients and methods: Fourty two formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded oral tissues blocks
were collected from 30 patients with oral squamous cell and 12 individuals with apparently-
healthy oral tissues from archives of histopathology laboratory of college of Dentistry -
Baghdad University, during the period from 2010 till 2012. All samples were related to the
period between 2004 to 2009. Human herpesvirus -1 antigen was detected by direct
immunofluorecent assay (US biological, Cat. No. H2033-08E).
Results: Among oral squamous cell carcinoma group, 26 formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded
oral tissues blocks were found to contain HHV-1 antigen, this result constituted 86.7% of the
total oral squamous cell carcinoma screened for HHV-1 antigen and 75% within apparently-
healthy oral tissues. The age of patients ranged from (25-70) years with mean of 53.26
±12.1years. The highest percentage 60% was diagnosed in the age above 50 years. The
percentage in males (61.68%) was more than in females (38.31%). On the other hand there
was no significant difference between viral infection, age and gender distribution, while
significant correlation noticed with tumor differentiation.
Conclusion: The detection of human herpesvirus -1 antigen in oral squamous cell carcinoma
and apparently healthy control indicates virus with other factor such as chemicals and
radiation, which play important role in the development of oral cancers

Background: The associations of smoking with endoscopic finding abnormalities were
established especially in peptic ulcer that found of clear relation between smoking and peptic
ulcer .
Objective: The aims of this study were to understand the relation and association of ulcers
with smoking, in addition to disorders finding like inflammations (esophagitis, doudenitis,
gastritis), cancer and other cases .
Patients and Methods: This study comprised of 1231 out patients admitted to Baquba
teaching hospital in endoscopic finding unit of Baquba city-Iraq during the period between
January 2014 to January 2015, 643 patients were males and 588 were females, ranging in age
from 7 to 87 years, According to smoking habits, the patients were divided into three
categories: non-smokers, current smokers, ex-smokers. The diagnostic endoscopic findings
were concentrated only of the disorders lesions in GIT of ulcerations, inflammations, cancers,
and other cases. In addition to normal findings who were established endoscopy without
diagnoses of disorders .
Results: The result showed increased of percentage (31.6%) of duodenal ulcer in male
smokers and Gastritis in female (25.8%) of smokers. The frequency of duodenal, gastric
ulcers and gastric cancer that showed high level in smoker's male ulcer and non-smokers
female ulcer compared with another disorders value of smokers, non- smokers and ex-
smokers. Duodenitis, gastritis, esophagitis was high percentage in female non- smokers
recorded (p<0.05) between smokers with non-smokers. Gastric cancer showed high
percentage in male smokers (n=7) and female non- smokers (n=7) recorded (p<0.05) between
smokers with ex-smokers and non- smokers. Other cases, showed high percentage (n=69) in
non-smokers
Conclusion: Significance relationships between smoking with ulcer and gastritis, especially
by duodenal ulcer in male smokers and gastritis in female smokers, the reasons is effecting of
smoking .

Background: An alarming increase in bacterial strains resistant to existing multidrug agents
demands a renewed effort to seek agents from alternative system of medicines. In this study,
screening of herbal plants like bulbs of red onion and root of ginger was carried out to check
the antibacterial ability against multidrug resistant pathogen such as Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus which isolate from Urine samples and
Objective: To study antibacterial activity of medical plant such as allium cepa and ginger to
treatment most important infection in the world that is urinary tract infection with fewer side
effects
Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 100 UTI infection patients
attended the Baquba hospital to Diagnosis urinary tract infection for period between
May 2013 to October 2013, the sample take from two gender male and female after that the
bacterial isolation take place base on Bergey, secondly collect of herbal plant and preparation
of extraction and finally antimicrobial screening done by disc diffusion method.
Results: The results showed there were pathogenic bacteria isolated from urine samples is
high in the case of female which were 76 cases infected with pathogenic bacteria more than in
male which were 24 cases infected with same pathogenic bacteria ,two types of bacteria had
resistant present also in samples called multi drug resistant included staphylococcus and
pseudomonas ,second things the results showed also that the cold-water extract of ginger
affected both organisms at all concentration at p value <0.01 same things in the hot water of
ginger extract but the different the hot water extract affected only pseudomonas aeroginosa
and there is no affected on staphylococcus aureus
Conclusion: The effect of ginger extracts to treat multi drug resistant bacteria more
significant than extracts of onions at p<0.05.

Background: Cancer also known as a malignant tumor or malignant neoplasm, is a group of
diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts
of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the
body. Many studies were summarized that strong correlation between the ABO groups and
cancer. Types of childhood leukemia are more commune than other types of cancer.
Objective: To study the relationship between cancer and different parameters such as age,
gender and ABO groups type in children.
Material and Methods: The study was conducted at cancer center in Al-Batool teaching
hospital for maternity and children in Baquba city, during the period from August 2014 till
July 2015, ages ranged between (1-15) year, were organized the patients by information form,
diagram paper of development the disease, treatment program and other chemotherapy.
Result: A number was one hundred cases with different types of cancer, the results showed
that high percentage (65%) of patients with cancer was males compare with females (35%)
significance difference was noticed (p<0.05). Most cases (44%) in children was born O type
group compare than other types of blood groups, (5%) had type AB, (24%) had type B and
(27%) had type A. high percent of disease occur at age (1-5) year recorded differential
significance (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Cancer rate was very high in males and in blood group type O, according to age
most cases recorded in age group (1-5) year