Adab AL Rafidayn

The history of settlement in the Syrian Jazirah region during the Iron Age was built on the basis of several natural elements that encouraged stability in the region, and contributed to the increase and development of urbanization in it, as it was the result of the interaction of the population and the natural environment, where its inhabitants used what nature found of different materials to form different building materials. Based on what excavations at archaeological sites have shown, it is noted that they used during this period several types of building materials in the construction of the constituent elements of the building.
The study here focuses on the materials used in architecture during this period, because of their link to their development, as these materials were compatible and responsive, to various techniques in construction from foundations to ceilings, and contributed to the development of architecture during this period.

The categorization of people into classes is a matter which affects physical and mental achievements of equality in societies. It leads to the development of discriminative attitudes, as members of the upper class look down on those lower to them in level. This explains why in some communities’ members of the lower class are considered less significant despite having the same heritage as those of the upper class.
In the play, Hedda Gabler, Henrik Ibsen highlights the issue of class and its implications on individuals. Ibsen presents to us the marriage of Hedda Gabler and George Tesman as an illustration of class conflict. The consequences of such conflict lead to the drastic end for more than one character.

The study deals with the descriptive method of translation studies. The practical application of the mentioned method will be applied to the English-translated texts of the Arabic novel "Midaq Alley". This study aims at investigating the applicability of testing the translation of the socio-cultural expressions of the Arabic novel "Midaq Alley" into English via Toury's descriptive model and assessing the applicability of Toury's norms. The study hypothesizes that the descriptive model is suitable for the testing of the translated texts of "Midaq Alley" into English. The practical part of this study consists of 6 tables, these tables are designed according to Toury's norms. Finally, the study concludes that the Toury's descriptive model is applicable for testing the translation of Arabic socio-cultural expressions into English and that Toury's norms are applicable too.

The present study argues for the pivotal role that the principle of economy - linguistic and cognitive - plays in translating English argumentative texts into Arabic. The study investigates, within the framework of relevance theory, the hypothesis that if some ST information is irrelevant to the TL decoder, it will most probably entail him to further process that information and cause him to be overloaded cognitively. Moreover, based on the realization of cognitive environment shared by the SL communicator and the TL decoder, it is hypothesized that the background knowledge and the cultural aspect are of great importance in giving an adequate shape of an argumentative text in the process of translation.
To carry out the analysis, an English argumentative text has been selected in order to examine how the principle of economy affects the process of translating English argumentative texts into Arabic by applying the "Relevance Theory" as a model. The study concludes that there is a balance between economy and redundancy; the latter is indispensable in clarifying vague information and unfamiliar reduced forms of expressions, the former is also necessary to save the reader time and effort in processing the information.

The research that we conducted is educational and aims to demonstrate the role played by digital journalism in developing the four communication skills among French language learners as a foreign language. We were motivated to conduct this research in order to prove that articles from digital French journalism can be used as educational tools in French language learning classrooms. Digital journalism is a modern means of language education/learning, which requires knowledge and expertise in modern technology. Finally, the choice of our research topic is justified by the importance of digital journalistic articles as an inexhaustible resource in French language learning classrooms. We hope that this study sheds light on the educational aspects that illustrate the effectiveness of digital journalism in teaching French as a foreign language.

This study examines the degree value as perceived by the graduates of Translation Departments. The study is guided by the general Theory of Value and driven by the tenets of social construction theory. It argues that degree value is context-bounded and governed by a complex set of factors. The study also assumes that alumni perception of the value of a translation degree is mediated by the opportunities available on the ground. In line with the framework of higher education, value is viewed via three dimensions: personal, economic, and academic.
The researcher administered a modified survey based on McGivney’s (2002) model to gather information about the graduates’ background, utilization of translation degree, and assignment of value. One hundred and sixty-two participants (N=162) took part in the study. Despite the negative economic, political, and security conditions and the limited channels of employment, most of the participants perceive the degree as valuable.

Loanwords are lexical words where both form and meaning are borrowed with some adaptation to the phonological system of the new language.
English loanwords borrowed into Mosuli Arabic are characterized by having foreign syllable structures and as such are considered as ill-formed and need to be repaired, and second, there are limited steps, maximally two, in the repair process, if more steps are needed, the deletion of the ill-formed structure will be the result.
The adopted model in this research is the Theory of Constraints and Repair Strategies (TCRS). The data in this study consist of 500 transcribed productions (tokens) of English loanwords from the audio recordings of 20 Mosuli Arabic informants and are analysed in accordance with the above model. The findings show that English loan words borrowed into Mosuli Arabic are either repaired by vowel insertion or consonant deletion accordingly in agreement with the syllable structure of Mosuli Arabic. The repair in both cases does not exceed two steps and accordingly it is in consonance with the predictions of the TCRS..

The major goal of this study is to shed light on one of the most significant rhetorical phenomena that contributes to the production of written and spoken texts. The notion of intertextuality is not new; rather, it has been around for a long time and was recognized by ancient Arab critics, albeit under different titles. In the West, intertextuality was identified by a pair of significant eras: (i) the structuralist era represented by the father of modern linguistics "Ferdinand de Saussure" and his language semiotics; and (ii) the post-structuralist era represented by Bakhtin and his dialogic theory, then followed by Julia Kristeva, who is credited with the coinage of the concept of intertextuality in the 1960s and the transmission of Bakhtin's views into the West. The study concluded that intertextuality was prevailing in both Arabic and English languages and that Arab critics, as well as Western ones, knew it as a phenomenon but not as a term. For the ancient Arab critics, intertextuality was a kind of poetic theft. They provided various titles in their reference to the phenomenon of intertextuality, including (ألسلخ, ألنسخ, ألمسخ, etc.). However, the ancient Arab critics did not study intertextuality as an individual theoretical phenomenon or literary device as Kristeva did. In fact, before the advent of Kristeva and the other Western scholars who followed her approach, both ancient Western and Arab scholars were using intertextuality subconsciously and without recognizing or studying it as a distinct phenomenon.

The aim of this research is to shed light on some influences of the native language on the learning of French as a foreign language (FFL); mainly, the influences of the native language (Kurdish) on the learning of French as a foreign language. The goal of this research is to study the phenomena of language transfer during the French language learning process among Kurdish students, for whom French is the second or third language. Among these the phonetic and grammatical interferences, such as sentence structures. It is important to note that phonetic interference refers to the influence of the pronunciation of a native language on the pronunciation of a foreign language. This can manifest through similarities or differences in sounds, accents, and intonation patterns between the native language and the learned foreign language. As for grammatical interference, it is common among foreign language learners, especially when they have not yet fully mastered the new language.

Prophets (peace and blessings be upon them) were accused of madness، sorcery and being poets in all times and places and Almighty Allah expressed these accusations and statements about His prophets in the glorious Quran and replied that His prophets are sound and reasonable persons and refuted those fallacious accusations. This research investigated the concept of madness in the glorious Quran (an objective study) and the methodology of the study is arranging the Suras of the glorious Quran in accordance with the temporal sequence of the prophets (peace and blessings be upon them).
The study consisted of three sections. The first involves prophet Noah (peace and blessings be upon him) and negating his madness، and this section consisted of two sub sections، the first about what Almighty Allah says: (And some said: "He is only a man possessed: wait and have patience with him for a time)) (AlMu'minon Sura: verse 25)، and the second ((Before them the People of Noah rejected (their apostle): they rejected Our servant and said "Here is one possessed!" and he was driven out)) (AlQamar Sure: 9). While the second section dealt with the prophet Moses (peace be upon him) and the negation as to his madness was also rejected by the Quranic verses in two occasions، the first is: (("Pharaoh said": Truly your apostle who has been sent to you is a veritable madman)) AlShu'araa Sura: verse 27). And in the second occasion we studied another acquittal for Moses from madness by Almighty Allah: ((But Pharaoh turned back with his Chiefs and said "A sorcerer or one possessed")) (AlThariyat Sura: verse: 39). The third section tackled negating madness from prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) and it involved eight occasions: the first ((Or do they say "He is possessed"? Nay he has brought them the Truth but most of them hate the Truth)) (AlMu'minon Sura، Verse: 70)، the second: ((And say: "What! shall we give up our gods for the sake of a Poet possessed?)) AlSaffat Sura، verse: 36)، the third: ((Yet they turn away from him and say: "Tutored (by others) a man possessed)) (AlDukhan Sura، verse: 14)، the fourth : ((Similarly no apostle came to the Peoples before them but they said (of him) in like manner "A sorcerer or one possessed)) (AlThariyat Sura، verse: 52). And in the fifth sub section we tackled what Almighty Allah says: ((Therefore proclaim thou the praises (of thy Lord): For by the Grace of thy Lord thou art no (vulgar) soothsayer nor art thou one possessed)) (AlTur Sura، verse: 14)، but the sixth was: ((Thou art not by the grace of thy Lord mad or possessed)) (AlQalam، verse: 2)، while the seventh one was what Allah says: ((And the Unbelievers would almost trip thee up with their eyes when they hear the message; and they say: "Surely he is possessed)) (AlQalam Sura، verse ) and finally the eight verse is: ((Our Companion is not mad)) (AlTakweer، verse: 22(

The current study aims to investigate preaching discourse based on the theory of verbal acts, which is the centerpiece of pragmatics; rather, it is the core of all pragmatic studies. We have studied “Al-Fath Al-Rabbani and Futouh Al-Ghayb”, the books of Sheikh Abdulqadir Al-Kailany, due to their intense expressions, which carry multiple meanings; this has elevated Sheikh’s preciseness and ease of expression. In the two books, he used verbs that hold the power of achievement to communicate the real intention to the recipient through context. Since this study is limited to specific pages, we chose the assertives alone. These verbs are among the top classifications made by Searle. These verbs describe the facts and events in the external world, and its fulfilling purpose is to convey the speaker's reality. Through a case that expresses this incident, it makes the words match the external world. Sheikh has employed them in the two books to convey a piece of news and accomplish an action in reality, as well as impact on the recipient.
The study includes two requirements: firstly, we focused on the concept of deliberation and the preaching discourse of the Sheikh. Secondly, we considered the assertives in the preaching discourse of Al-Kilani.
Heresies and Superstitions in the Islamic Maghreb Until the end of the sixth century AH –twelfth century AD a Reading in Impact and Reasons
The subject of the research is one of the social phenomena that appeared in the countries of the Islamic Maghreb at the beginning of its conquests, as many heresies and superstitions appeared, as well as works of magic, sorcery, witchcraft, divination, astrology and other phenomena that fall within the social beliefs that formed part of the life of the people of the Islamic Maghreb, which led to the creation of a kind From customs between religion, customs and traditions
The study aimed to show the violation of every act, belief and myth that contradicts religion and the customs of the people of Morocco and what is related to their religious and jurisprudential affairs such as worship, dealings, personal and social status, as well as some references to other areas of life, such as politics and economics

The current research deals with the prophets’ dialogue in the Holy Qur’an. It highlights the dialogue with their families, showing the value of these Qur’anic dialogues in calling to Allah Almighty, as well as revealing the psychological worlds of the Qur’anic personalities represented by the prophets, who are the elite of creation, through their dialogue with their families who are the closest people and the first to guide and unite Allah Almighty.
The research includes a preface and three sections. The preface deals with the concept of dialogue in linguistics and in literary and Quranic terminologies, as well as the concept of family in linguistics and in the Qur’anic terminology. As for the first section, it tackles the dialogue between the prophets and their sons and parents. The second section highlights the prophets’ dialogue with their brothers. Finally, the third section presents the purposes behind the prophets’ dialogue with their families, which is the ultimate goal of the occurrence of those dialogues in the Qur’anic text.

The various critical currents differed about the contribution of each of the creative poet, the text, and the receiver in the creative process, and those theories tended, starting from the twentieth century, to focus on the poetic sender and then on the poetic text, and after that on the poetic receiver. In exchange for elevating the status of the text, the historical theory, like other contextual theories, has elevated the status of the creative poet and made him the focus of poetics and focused its attention on him. The new historicism also focused on studying the text according to multiple formats that the text was born in its womb and resulted from. This research aims to answer the following question: is poetics manifested in the relationship of the text to its writer or to its external context, contrary to that vision that says that poetics can only be present in the text, as seen by the formalists and the textual theorists? Or that poetics is for the audience, as seen by postmodern theorists? We made this research in two sections: the first in poetics from the point of view of historical theory, and the other in poetics from the point of view of new historicism.

There is no doubt as far as the matter relates to level and morphology and grammar, regarding the differences in the recitations revolve around the singularity, two, plural, male, female, tanker, definition, conjugation of verbs, multiple inflections, extensions and omissions, or early and late mentioning, in addition to paying attention to the use of the pronoun that we will be covered in this study. As the changes in the attribution of pronouns is an aspect of the grammatical level, and based on that, meanings and rulings may be formed, which may be different from one recitation to another, or it may stay as it is with slight differences which do not affect the meanings excluding the rulings.

This research aims to shed light on what is known as (the courage of Arabic) in the light of the old concept and its development in modern linguistic studies. An important issue that made it from the courage of the language, namely the laws or phenomena that the language uses in order to adapt to the verbal event through mechanisms and phenomena that were in the opinion of Ibn Jinni courageous; Because it may transcend the linguistic system to another system within the same language, such as deletion, or addition, or presenting and delaying, or distorting, or carrying the meaning.

This research tries to present an analytical study on a laamiya poem that might be considered a masterpiece which depicted the reality experienced by the poet Abi Firas AlHamdani. The poem has shown a grieving tone for it is attached directly to the real incident of captivity which the poet lived physically and spiritually. The poem which mainly focused on the freedom issue presented an inner life scene for the poet. It depicted a painful reality and bitterness in captivity. So, the true artful expressions formed the basis for the expressive wording of poem that visualized the reality of the poet and realized an impact in form and content with its human and aesthetic implications.
Presence and absence awareness of the text is represented in the insight level which lays out the relation dependent on variety by establishing an impact of oration and the meaning hidden in its cotexts for absence is a process of firming and constructing. Thus, absence is giving a symbol or the meaning indicated by the text which contains the implied elements of absence. This makes the double character of text effective which might be called the untold part whether the poet is willing or not to do so. Then, the controversial elements of absence become more plain than the elements of presence themselves. This specially coded effectiveness in the text would be framed by its context between the creative poet and the hearer or reader.

This research delves into the personality traits depicted in the poetry of the celebrated poet Al-Hutay'ah. Known for his widespread acclaim among critics and fellow poets, he has received both praise and criticism.
Born as Jarwal bin Aws bin Malik, Al-Hutay'ah earned his moniker, which became synonymous with his identity. The study reveals his affiliation with the literary traditions of Zuhayr bin Abi Salma and Aws bin Hajar, renowned for wisdom and skill in various poetic forms. Despite their remarkable talents, Al-Hutay'ah emerged distinctively, expressing his persona through poetry's artistic medium.
Ibn Salam Al-Jumahi ranks him alongside Ka'b bin Zuhayr, praising his robust verse and flawless rhyme. Additionally, Al-Hutay'ah is esteemed alongside other prominent poets like Al-Nabigha Al-Ja'di, Al-Qatami, Al-Shamakh, Amr bin Ahmar, and Ibn Muqbil, as noted in Al-Jamhara.
In Al-Aghani, an extensive biography extols Al-Hutay'ah as a leading poet proficient in various genres, including eulogies, satire, self-praise, and genealogy.
Ibn Rashiq Al-Qayrawani regards him as a representative of Arabic eloquence and poetic mastery. Amr bin Al-Ala' praised Al-Hutay'ah's verses, recognizing their sincerity and truthfulness.
The research concludes with Al-Asma'i's observation that while other poets' faults may be found, such imperfections are rare in Al-Hutay'ah's poetry.
Modern scholars hold diverse perspectives on his work, but Taha Hussein's opinion stands out. He commends Al-Hutay'ah's poetry for its grace, strength, and elegance, capturing a beauty that defies description.
In essence, this research emphasizes Al-Hutay'ah's poetic talent and the profound insights into his character that his verses reveal. His mastery of various poetic forms, along with the praise from both early and modern scholars, solidifies his position as a prominent and influential poet in Arabic literature.

This study attempts to identify the symbol of water in the novel “Taghribat Al-Qafir” by the Omani writer Zahrani Al Qasimi, whose novel embodied his ability to open new horizons for the fictional text, in which the vocabulary of nature glows, specifically (water); to produce new connotations with a clear intellectual dimension, and a mature artistic formation in which images are generated, with multiple connotations. Water appeared in the novel as a constructive component characterized by its semantic and cognitive richness. From its ideas emerge, meanings expand, and the writer expresses through it his experience with renewed visions.
The study seeks, through the semiotic approach, to answer a set of questions, most notably: How was the symbol of water manifested in the novel? What are its implications? What is its relationship to the elements of the narrative (place and time)?
In the conclusion, I concluded that the writer's reliance on the word (water) with its various symbols in building the novel highlighted the effectiveness of this word, and its role in assimilating the creative self, as well as its ability to reduce the scene of life with all its contradictions.

The importance of the research lies in achieving a small precious scientific thesis on the conditions ascribed to it, dealing with its fluctuations and various conditions, and the changes that occur to it, and detailing it with meaningful examples, as well as citing any wise Quran and Arabic poetry, and it is no secret that understanding the specifics of the ascribed has a special distinction in Arabic sentence; Because it relates to understanding and perception, and its link in interpretation.
The work in the heritage of the Arabic language is - in and of itself - a scientific chapter that gives its pioneers great spoils and rich thought. As it reveals the richness of our language in the field of global scientific research, in addition to the fact that the investigation is a revival of the thought of a scientist who did his best to highlight his scientific output, and in our endeavor to revive these linguistic scientific messages that deal with the issue of the ascribed to him related to grammar and rhetoric in the field of the science of meanings, we elected to achieve our tagged message Entitled "A research on the Statement of the Status of the Assigned to Muhammad Hasan Shalit from the Scholars of the Twelfth Century of the Hijrah - Investigation and Study -", according to the year he finished writing this thesis

The Arabic language has value and honor, and this was clearly demonstrated when God Almighty made it the language of the Qur’an, and the language of His Noble Prophet (may God bless him and grant him peace), and with this book God Almighty challenged the eloquent Arabs; Because of the secrets and mysteries it contained, The study came in four sections, preceded by an introduction, preface, and conclusion. The preamble was divided into two parts. In the first, we talked about Al-Sawy’s life, lineage, upbringing, and writings. In the second, we introduced him to the name, and gave the four sections titles:
The first topic: what was mentioned of the names raised to the beginner.
The second topic: the names mentioned above on the news.
The third topic: What was mentioned of the nouns raised on the subject.
The fourth topic: What is mentioned in the nouns is attributed to what the doer is not named.
Then we concluded the research with a conclusion in which the most important findings of this study were mentioned.

In this study, I dealt with the interrogative style with some of its meanings and tools in the collection of the poet Ahmed Shawqi, known as (Al-Shawqiyyat). It is considered one of the richest and most extensive collections of Arabic poetry in our modern era.
My study of this method was within a specific quality and methodology, and it was not traditional, in that the interrogative comes to be used four times in one place, and it may be in one, two, or three verses, so I called it: (interrogative quatrains), and the choice of the quatrain without others came after extrapolating the entire diwan and I found various usage forms of the interrogative sentences, some of which were unilateral and some of them were seven- and some between that, except that I set a criterion that governed the course of the study, which is (qualitative abundance), since the unilateral, dual, and triple uses have a measure of the common abundance that is common to the poet, so the specificity in it is limited, and perhaps it is suitable for a broader and more extensive study. It was investigated in the quatrains, and the investigations of this study were based on it, and since the ends are achieved by means, it was necessary for us to search, when studying the Quartet, for what has the ability and competence to reveal its hidden and hidden things, and what is meant by saying here is the context.
Then I made this study on two requirements; I studied in the first (symmetrical tools) in which the poet used the same tool four times, and this tool may be nominal or literal, and in the second (heterogeneous tools), i.e. the various and different tools used in one place, some of which are nominal only or nominal and literal.

In Al-Sabban’s footnote to Al-Ashmouni’s commentary on Ibn Malik’s Alfiyyat, there is something that gives the impression that it is similar, either in ruling, or in connotation, or in parsing, or otherwise. So Al-Sabban intends to point out that difference, taking advantage of what he has provided from the books of grammarians, so he explains it in a concise phrase that suits the situation, relying on the culture of the reader. Grammatical understanding in order not to talk about it for too long, making the book heavy and moving away from the topic that the commentator is about to explain. In this research, I counted these differences and then discussed examples of them with useful analysis, clarification, and clarification from the books of grammarians, both ancient and late, in an easy phrase that suits the language of the era.

Narrative description in poems is a means to create a necessary atmosphere to embody situations and analyse psychological dimensions. Description is the nature of any language and its intuition specially in pre-islam era because a poet at that time would describe anything he sees so artistically. He speaks about nature's phenomena with all its characters and events to create a drawing full of aesthetic framed in description to show reality of characters events and places specifically in old poetic description,a description that give us a story told by poem . The hanging poems of omru'lqais are living example this poet mastered description like horses , camels trip and hunting he was known for the quality of his poems leaving other poems bedazzled. He remembered and made others remember, he cried and let others cry too ,he mentioned lover home houses ,he described the above mentioned subjects in a graceful narrative way as can be seen in his hanging poems. Thus came this research to show poetic description in an analytical way to show connotations of description regarding character,event and place to show aesthetic and artistic values of his poems . Research consists of an introduction and three chapters the introduction set key concepts: poetic narrative description to explain view of analysis first chapter about describing character from internally and externally (mental and psychological) as well as social. Second chapter is for describing event like introduction of describing event and descriptive conclusion. His hanging poems included description of his psychological state to tackle his agony and suffering. His hanging poem is a mini narration of his life,with all of its adventures that he sighs on . Lastly but not least third chapter tackles describing place specifically the contradiction of natural vs artificial, peaceful vs hostile place

The research deals with Salah al-Din's relations with the Zengid kings from the beginning until the death of Salah al-Din in the year 589 AH / 1193 AD. The research begins with the history of the emergence of relations between the Ayyubids and the Zengids, i.e. between Saladin's father Najm al-Din Ayyub, and his uncle Asad al-Din Shirkuh with Imad al-Din Zangi, the Emir of Mosul, then how Salah al-Din appeared on the stage of political events and his arrival to the rule of Egypt, and his relationship with his teacher Nour al-Din Mahmoud b. Zangi, and then his relations with the good King Ismail Ibn Nur al-Din after the death of his father. Then the research dealt with how Salah al-Din was able to control the Levant and his relations with Izz al-Din Masoud bin Qutb al-Din Mawdud bin Zangi, and the wars that took place between the two parties leading to the signing of peace between them. After that, the research dealt with Saladin's relations with the Zengid kings until his death, and their role in his wars against the Crusaders.
The research aims to trace the course of these relations and their development, and the causes of discord and disagreement between the two parties at times, and the reasons for the friendship and cooperation between them at other times, through the study of political events and circumstances and analyzing them in an accurate scientific manner.
The research aims to track the path of these relationships and their development, the causes of discord and disagreement between the two parties sometimes, and the reasons for friendliness and cooperation between them at other times, and this issue did not have independent studies, but rather it was addressed in broader research and studies, and mostly in the context of talking about the Zangi state or About the Ayyubid state .

Since the Ottoman era, Iraq has been a focus of attention for European countries due to its strategic importance, geographical location and inherent historical depth. The British-French competition for political influence and commercial centers in it was one of the most important roads linking the East with India and China, in addition to its great natural wealth, which Foremost among them comes oil, which constitutes a pivotal material for the economies of the major countries, and it remained within the circle of European interest, although it was under Ottoman control, until the monarchy, so that all of this is evident through its position on the first Gulf War 1980-1988.
France's position in support of Iraq during the Iraqi-Iranian war, especially in the military fields, came to clarify to us the nature of the interests that linked the two countries, despite the calls of some European countries not to supply weapons to Iraq. There were contradictions and lack of agreement between the leaders of those countries about a common strategy regarding banning sales arms to the warring countries for fear of an oil embargo on the West.

The subject of the research is one of the social phenomena that appeared in the countries of the Islamic Maghreb at the beginning of its conquests, as many heresies and superstitions appeared, as well as works of magic, sorcery, witchcraft, divination, astrology and other phenomena that fall within the social beliefs that formed part of the life of the people of the Islamic Maghreb, which led to the creation of a kind From customs between religion, customs and traditions The study aimed to show the violation of every act, belief and myth that contradicts religion and the customs of the people of Morocco and what is related to their religious and jurisprudential affairs such as worship, dealings, personal and social status, as well as some references to other areas of life, such as politics and economics .

The existence of various urban facilities is evidence of the development and progress of societies of all ages, and the research we are discussing is important because it revolves around the existence of these urban facilities in a wide geographical area called the country of the Kurds, which did not receive much academic studies in particular during the different historical periods, whether from From the historical point of view, or from the specific geographical point of view, especially since the research sheds light on these facilities in the first half of the Abbasid era, in which most aspects of life developed with the development of science and practical applications
The research also included an indication of the types of facilities that existed in the country of the Kurds, such as mosques, mosques, schools and churches, as well as cities, castles, walls, bridges and archways, and various diwans, within four types of facilities, starting from religious and educational facilities, then military and security facilities, as well as service facilities. And ends with the administrative and financial facilities, which represent the most important urban facilities, and mentioning a number of personalities who cared for these facilities, and the research ends with final results .

For Muslims during the inception of this noble faith, as the Prophet Muhammad and his noble companions directed themselves towards it for sixteen months. It holds the significance of being the Night Journey destination of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him.
Consequently, intellectual preparation plays a crucial role in enlightening the youth of this nation, preparing a generation of liberation that will follow in the footsteps of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi to free Jerusalem from the clutches of the occupying Zionists who have seized our holy sites.
This paper aims to highlight the importance of intellectual preparation through the study of Islamic history during the second liberation of Jerusalem, led by the Muslim leader Al-Nasir Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi. It emphasizes the strategic steps he took before liberating Jerusalem, wherein educational and intellectual aspects were not neglected alongside military and political preparations. Al-Ayyubi's efforts included the establishment of schools across the regions, the creation of centers for memorizing the Quran in its ten readings, and his encouragement for the pursuit of knowledge and education among the generation he nurtured. His dedication to intellectual development allowed him to achieve the extraordinary, even in challenging circumstances, by prioritizing intellectual readiness before military action.
Moreover, the strategic plan crafted by Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, and before him, by the Messenger of Allah - peace be upon him - for the liberation of Jerusalem, focused on intellectual empowerment for the Muslims. This paved the way for a cohesive and enlightened approach, which, in turn, illuminated their military path. He worked on raising the intellectual awareness of Muslims who were disconnected from their central cause, which is the focal point in the life of every Muslim, regardless of their nationality. The cause of Jerusalem is the concern of every Muslim who values their religion and sanctities. It was the first Qibla (direction of prayer)

After playing an obvious role during the wars that preceded the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, women realized that it was time to start claiming their political rights in conjunction with the modernization movements, which are moving rapidly to borrow from the west in various material and moral fields .
There had been many discussions about political women rights in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey . From this standpoint, many feminist characters emerged, who played an obvious role to demand these rights, including Nazeeha Mohiedin . She formed with her colleagues a political party under the name of the Women's People's Party, which later became the Union of the Turkish Women . Therefore, it is necessary first to identify this character, her upbringing, her culture, and the reasons that promoted her to establish party (union later). She played an important role in the history of the Turkish women and the ways to obtain their rights.
The research included many divisions that began with presenting an overview of Nazeeha Mohiedin concerning her upbringing, her cultural and scientific contribution, and her early beginning to demand women rights. This was followed by tackling the establishment of the Women's People's Party and its most important articles that presented the party's though and goals, its reflection in the newspapers, as well the reasons to accept its establishment. Then, the study tackles the establishment of Turkish Women Union, through which Nazeeha sought to achieve her goal of obtaining the political rights of women in this period . So that, it was established for the same idea for which the Women's People's Party was for muted with few differences in the declared goals, but in fact both seek to achieve the same goal. The Women Way magazine was published to present Nazeeha's ideas through the important articles and titles in this field, as well as her relationship with feminist characters and foreign magazines. The study concluded by tackling the union and its activities nature during the presidency of Mrs. Latifa Bakeer (1927-1935). In 1935, the union was closed, which was an extension of the path of women people party established by Nazeeha Mohiedin after achieving its goal of obtaining women political rights.
Having a general look at the Arabic references, the do not provide a clear vision that covers the Turks are more knowledgeable about their history, I got the information from the original after I translated them myself into Arabic.

The problem of the study came to determine the reality and curriculum of social work, and the follower of the scientific and research activities in the faculties in which social work is taught, we feel that we are absent from reality, and we do not interact honestly and positively with the issues and problems of society, and the community did not care about us sufficiently and satisfactorily for us and it is specialized in the profession of social work.
From the previous studies related to the subject of the study (Iraqi, Arab, and foreign) and the theories that explain the study, the role theory that is linked to the constructivist theory that imposes that people occupy positions in the social structure and each position is associated with a specific role.
Social work in educational establishments, its objectives, importance, assessment of importance and goals, quality in social work, its obstacles, a vision for proposals for the future of social work.
The field side includes the type of study, descriptive, and diagnostic. It relies on the social survey methodology through the available (accidental) sample of students of the Department of Sociology, Primary Studies, and a comprehensive enumeration of postgraduate students specializing in social work. The total sample was (80).Among the results of the study, the social work specialization is more desirable and suits the nature of women to work as a social worker. The addition of the social work specialization to the Department of Sociology made it lose renewal and development, and the absence of specialization of social workers in the health and educational fields and vulnerable groups.

The graduation project for students of the completed stages in educational institutions (universities, colleges and institutes) affiliated to the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research is considered one of the subjects and courses according to the type of teaching system, from which the student cannot graduate without completing and discussing the project before the start of the first round exams because there is no second role for the project Graduation and the student is considered a “failer” in the event that the research is not submitted and discussed within the specified period, as it is a basic subject with units and a number of hours similar to the rest of the basic subjects. To the discussion, as the descriptive analytical method was used by collecting data and information on graduation projects that are taught in academic institutions, reviewing them, and taking notes on them using the observation and analysis tool in the field of social sciences and humanities for the purpose of arriving at a unified formula that can be generalized for graduation projects in various disciplines. The search found several results, including:
1- The graduation projects for the completed stages in educational institutions are among the basic subjects that require attendance and an official discussion
2- are contexts that differ from one university to another in describing the methodology of scientific research and its difference from the scientific method in its various forms, according to the study and its society.
3- Despite the difference in the way information is presented through the use of tables and graphs, the result, in the end , is the same content without a difference in the idea
The research reached many recommendations, including
1-Training students on how to prepare research from the initial stages to the final stage
2-Teaching students how to write the scientific research methodology and the difference between it and the scientific method
3-It is necessary to highlight to students the difference between information sources and data collection tools

The process of evaluating the outputs of library catalogs is one of the important methods that help improve the services provided by those libraries in general and the catalog services in particular, in order to carry out modifications and development processes in line with the aspirations of those libraries and the needs of their beneficiaries. The quality of catalogs is measured by the quality of their records. Therefore, the study seeks to identify the reality of the bibliographic records available on the direct catalog of the Central Library at the University of Mosul and the extent of their commitment to the known international standards and rules for indexing. An irregular, random sample of Arabic book records consisting of (609) bibliographic records was selected for the purpose Analysis and conformity with the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules (AACR2) in force in the library, with reference to the title pages of its sources. The study came out with several results, the most important of which was that the percentage of compliance with the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules for all fields of the studied sample records for the central library’s direct catalog reached (47.8%), while more than half of the sample did not adhere to the rules, and its percentage reached (52.2%). This percentage requires reconsideration of the records prepared by the Central Library and made available in its direct catalogue. Also, the field that most adheres to the rules in the bibliographic records of the sample is the field (100 main entries). With a percentage of (88.8%), the field that adheres least to the rules in the bibliographic records of the sample is the field (500 notes) with a percentage of (12.3%). The study also recommended the necessity of adhering to the application of Anglo-American cataloging rules to all fields of bibliographic records in the central library catalogue. At the University of Mosul, reviewing the completed records and amending their fields according to what is appropriate, as well as emphasizing the necessity of adopting modern developments in indexing rules, represented by the rules for describing sources, making them available by RDA, and training those working on them to work according to them in index records in the near future.

This research - despite its small size - refers to important points, and shows the difference between the distant, close, and close fundamentalist rules, so that the student can see what is related to the deduction of rulings, nearness and distance from the evidence.
It is looking for the introduction of knowledge and mentioning the many sayings of scholars about it, and mentioning the disagreement between them between those who enter into it in knowledge and those who leave it in it, and reconcile those sayings by defining what is meant and restricting their release so that it facilitates the interpretation of the ambiguous sayings about the introduction of knowledge, and reduces the gap between them.
It searches for the psychological discourse in proof, inference, and discussion, and for the perfect eternal predicate ratio and distinguishing it from the ratio that is the meaning of the word.
It refers to the eternal propositions and their divisions so that the concept includes the obligatory, the permissible and the abstaining, and that is either with a firm affirmation of an established and realized eternity and eternity, or with an obligatory affirmation of an obligatory for eternity and eternity, or with a firm affirmation of a constant that is destined for eternity and achieved in what is still.

This study, titled (Value Contention from the Perspective of the Holy Qur’an), aims to clarify the concept of values and its relationship to the Sunnah of human, civilizational and intellectual contention (tadafu) and conflict in the lives of individuals, societies or human civilizations, adopting an inductive and analytical approach. The goal is to reach a clear understanding about the concept of values on the one hand, and the value contention on the other hand. The first section of the study contains the linguistic definition of values and their meanings in the Holy Qur’an according to various contexts. Values have also been defined according to other fields because they are among the concepts that are connected to many areas, such as religion, philosophy and sociology. The second section is dedicated for explaining the reality of the value contention from the perspective of the Holy Qur’an, which is a part of the divine cosmic Sunnah of contention (tadafu). The Holy Qur’an mentioned to the story of the first contention (tadafu) among the humanity (the contention of the two sons of Adam). The discussion and conflict that took place between the two sons of Adam was nothing but a kind of contention between the different values that each of them embraced. The murderer (Cain) had no values that would prevent him from attacking his brother. As for the murdered (Abel), his positive behavior resulted from virtuous values that encouraged him to take another path in his struggle with his brother. The struggle of the unbelievers with the Prophet (peace be upon Him) was a struggle between the Islamic values that the Islamic message carried, and the values of paganism, ignorance and slavery. Likewise, the struggle of ancient peoples and nations with the prophets and Muslims is nothing but a struggle between different values. The summary is that values were and still are a cause of the causes of contention and conflict between man, and this is an inevitable Sunnah that God's wisdom required it to be.

This study aims to investigate three endowments of the type of The Family or posterity endowment that belong to Sheikh Abdul Wahid Mustafa Al-Khamash, one of the notables of the city of Nablus and deputy of Sharia in the Nablus Sharia Court during the nineteenth century. The first endowment was registered in the records of the Nablus Sharia Court at the end of Shawwal 1264 AH / late September 1848 AD, the second endowment was registered in mid-Safar 1275 AH / September 23, 1858 AD, while the third endowment was registered on 16 Dhu al-Qa'dah 1285 AH / February 27, 1869 AD.
The study plan was divided into seven demands: the first requirement dealt with the life of the endowment, while the second requirement talked about the three endowments in terms of formula and language, the third requirement was devoted to talking about residential real estate, the fourth requirement dealt with agricultural real estate, the fifth requirement was devoted to talking about industrial real estate, the sixth requirement dealt with commercial real estate, and finally the seventh requirement was devoted to talking about service civilized real estate
The study relied on a number of approaches that complement each other, so it relied on the inductive and historical approaches, which are based on extrapolating the texts of endowments and some references related to the subject of endowment. The study also relied on the comparative approach by comparing the texts of the three endowments, and also comparing the real estate they contained on the one hand and the properties owned by the endowment registered in a number of records of the Sharia Court on the other hand. Finally, the study used the statistical-quantitative approach by collecting numerical data and displaying it tabulatively.

The wars and military disputes always lead to harmful things, particularly for children who are weak in this issue because they cannot protect themselves and they rely on others. This article entitled: (the rights of children in wars between Islamic Jurisprudence and International Law) to illustrate the concept of Sharia and legal protection of children during wars in Islamic Sharia and International law. This article consists of three parts, firstly: it introduces the terms of right, child and war. Secondly: it speaks about the rights of child during wars in Islamic Sharia and International law. In the third part: it explains the mechanisms of protection child’s right during wars in Islamic sharia and International Law. The article concluded with important results

This research, entitled (The Reasons for Doctrinal Transformations), studies the reasons for the transition from following one doctrine to following another doctrine, as this became a phenomenon, and spread among scholars after the establishment of doctrinal schools since the end of the second century AH. The scholars were brought up on a doctrine, then they turned from what they were raised on, and moved to another doctrine. There are objective reasons for this phenomenon, which we studied, and we limited the most important of them to seven, and we dealt with each one of them through a topic: The first topic studies the scientific and methodological influences. The second topic studies the transformation due to obtaining a position in the judiciary or the fatwa. The third topic studies the transformation due to obtaining a position in the Imamate or teaching. The fourth topic studies grumbling and rivalry between students and elders, and between followers of a single doctrine. The fifth topic studies the transformation due to spatial change. The sixth topic studies the transformation as a result of the Doctrinal call. The seventh topic studies the effect of dreaming vision on transformations.

The objective of the current research is to identify the level of achievement of the science curriculum for the fifth grade of elementary school for the dimensions of sustainable development from the point of view of its teachers. Public primary schools in Nineveh Governorate for the academic year (2022-2023) and according to the stratified random sample according to the variables of sex and years of service, In order to achieve the aim of the research and answer his questions, the researcher prepared a questionnaire consisting of (14) items in its final form for the environmental dimension, and the researcher adopted the triple Likert scale through the alternatives (large, medium, and few) and also verified the apparent validity of the tool, as well as its psychometric properties (factor validity). ) in the distinction and internal consistency of all its paragraphs and they were all within the acceptable range, As for the stability, it was calculated in two ways, the first is the repetition, and its percentage was (0.82), and the second was internal consistency through the application of Cronbach’s alpha equation, and it amounted to (0.89), which are two high levels of stability. He analyzed it statistically by using the weighted mean equation, the t-test for one sample, and the t-test for two independent samples, and he reached the following results: - The science curriculum achieved the environmental dimension of the dimensions of sustainable development by (77%).
In light of the results, the researcher came out with a number of conclusions.
1- The science curriculum for the fifth grade of primary school has an intermediate role in achieving the three dimensions of sustainable development (environmental, social, and economic).
2- The curriculum had a good role in achieving the environmental dimension.
3- The male and female teachers' viewpoints converging on the role of the science curriculum in achieving the dimensions of sustainable development.
The researcher also made several recommendations to the relevant authorities.
1- The Directorate of Preparation and Training held training courses for science teachers on the concepts and dimensions of sustainable development.
2- Emphasizing science teachers in adopting the dimensions of sustainable development when teaching the content of textbooks.

An intentional sample of (60) fifth-grade students was chosen، divided into two groups، and the random assignment was used to distribute them into two groups: an experimental group of (30) students، and a control group of (30) students. The educational material was prepared for the experimental group according to the strategy (note - reflect - explain) and for the control group according to the usual method، and its validity was verified by arbitration، and the positive thinking test was prepared، and the tool enjoyed acceptable validity and stability indications، and after analyzing and processing the data statistically using the package system Statistical (spss) The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the dimensional positive thinking test.

This study dealt with the CEDAW Convention, which means the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women, where the following problem arises, which is the extent of harmony between Jordanian legislation and the provisions of CEDAW. One of the results of this study is that CEDAW is an international agreement whose stated goal is to eliminate all forms of discrimination Against women and their equality with men in all fields, and give them civil, political, social, cultural and economic rights equal to men. Jordan also had reservations about three articles of CEDAW that were mentioned in this study, and then withdrew one of these reservations, which is Article 15 of the Convention
The researcher believes that Jordan should withdraw the reservation related to not granting nationality to children of Jordanian women married to non-Jordanian men, because this is part of human justice and not only because of CEDAW.