kufa Journal for Nursing sciences

Background: Thyroid hormones are essential for brain development. Transient hypothyroxinemia early in life may increase the risk of neurodevelopment disabilities in preterm infant .
Objectives: to study thyroid function among preterm infants & factors that may affect the results .
Methodology: This study was done on 50 preterm infants in Al-Zahraa teaching hospital in the period of 1st of March to 1st of November 2012. Thyroid function test was done to those neonates within the first 3 days of life. All the patients complain of complications of prematurity. Factors related to the neonate as gestational age ,birth weight , sex and complications of prematurity were studied in relation with the results of thyroid function test. Also factors related to the mother as diabetes mellitus, hypertension & family history of thyroid disease & mental retardation was taken into consideration.
Results: Thirty seven (74%) of neonates have normal thyroid function test, one neonate (2%) has hypothyroidism, 2 (4%) neonates have transient hypothyroxinemia and 10 (20%) neonates have transient moderate elevation of TSH (10 - 30 U/ml).The preterm with hypothyroidism have family history of mental retardation. and the hypothyroid state could be related to familial cause rather than prematurity. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS version 17.
Conclusion: Although the study shows no statistical relation between gestational age & complications of prematurity with thyroid function test results, thyroid screening for premature infants especially those with complications should be taken into consideration for better outcome.
Recommendation: we recommend neonatal screening for thyroid function especially for preterm infants.

Objectives: The aim of presented study was evaluated the role of some immunological parameter associated with Graves' disease and comparison that with other non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism, by the following objectives: (1) measurement T3, T4 and TSH. (2) Evaluation of Anti-TSHR-antibody. (3) Estimation Anti-TPO antibody.
Methodology: A case control study included patients with early diagnosis with thyrotoxicosis. Whole blood samples were collected of 73 cases in hormonal unite at Al-Sadder Medical City, Najaf, Iraq, in the period between May, 2011 to Oct., 2011. Out of the 73 hyperthyroidism patients, there were 48 females and 25 males, the patients' age range was between (15-50) years. All patients with hyperthyroidism under treatment and pregnant women excluded of the study. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS version 20 in which include the followings: (1) ANOVA (analysis of variance) and LSD test (F-test). (2) persons correlation (r), coefficient for measurement data.
Results: According to the results of this study, the female: male ratio (2.17:1) in GD patients and (1.37:1) with non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism group, which detects more frequent in females (68.5% and 57.9%, respectively) than males (31.5% and 42.1%, respectively). The age group between (36-50) years with GD it is the most vulnerable age group was recorded (66.7%), followed (26-35) years age group (20.4%) and (13.0%) in age group (15-25) years. However, hormonal tests (T3, T4 and TSH) levels were highly significant difference (P<0.001) between GD patients and other groups (non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism and healthy control). Furthermore, the levels of Anti-TSHR antibodies were highly significant between GD patients (P<0.001), and both non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism patient and healthy control, while there was no significant difference between non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism and healthy control groups (P>0.05). Additionally, the serum levels of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) was a highly significant difference between GD patients and (non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism and health control) (P<0.01), while no significant difference between non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism and healthy control P>0.05). Anti-TSHR antibodies have a highly significant positive correlation (P<0.01) with (T3 and T4) hormones (0.583 and 0.536, respectively) and a highly significant (P<0.01) but negative correlation with TSH hormone (-0.475).
Conclusion: Anti-TSHR antibodies assay is helpful in diagnosis of autoimmune GD, as they can be detected very early in AITD. They may predict the eventual development into AITD when founded in making them a good diagnostic marker.
Recommendation: For adults, the best recommendation may be to put thyroid function testing (TSH, T4, T3) on your list of health care provider

Objectives: This study was aimed to investigate the ability of Enterotoxigenic E.coli and their enterotoxins to induce cellular immune response by means of erythrocyte-rosette formation and leukocyte migration inhibition factor tests.
Methodology: Total of 30 stool sample was collected of patient with severe diarrhea whom attended to Al-Sadder teaching hospital in Al-Najaf city in period extended of April to June 2013. All bacterial isolates was identified according to morphological and biochemical testes and by API 20 E system, which further conformational tested for heat stable enterotoxin production by Suckling Mice Assay (SMA). three antigens (heat killed bacterial cell, crude enterotoxin and purified heat stable enterotoxin ETECST) was prepared and injected in experimental animals(rabbit) and tested in the level of systemic and mucosa (appendix and duodenum). Statistical analysis was done by least significant difference (LSD).
Results: The results showed that 20% (6 isolates) was Enterotoxigenic E.coli and the immune experiments showed significant increase level of E-rosette formation in rabbit injected with heat killed antigen (50.1%, 49.7% and 53.0%) compared with control (23.1%, 31.8% and 29.6%) in blood appendix and duodenum consecutively, while high level appeared in crude enterotoxin and ETECST in appendix (41.3%) and (47.4%) consecutively. The assessment of ETECST LIF in migration percent to sensitizer was showing high significant LIF (54.5%, 47.6% and 43.3%) compared with control (82.0%, 79.5% and 79.5%) in blood appendix and duodenum consecutively.
Conclusions: crud and partially purified enterotoxins have ability to induce cellular immune response in blood and mucosa.
Recommendation: prepare a carrier molecule model for partially purified enterotoxins to make a vaccine against Enterotoxigenic E.coli .

Objective: A descriptive study utilizing a study approach was carried out to assess the level of anxiety and depression for infertile couples in AL-Hilla city, Babylon Governorate- Iraq.
Methodology: A purposive (non-probability) sample of (50) infertile couple ((50) infertile wives and the other (50) infertile husbands) was selected from the center of infertility in Babylon Governorate. The data had been carried out in February 17th 2015 to March 22nd 2015. Data were collected through the use of the questionnaire, the application of the interview technique, and review of the infertile couples' records. Data were analyzed through application of descriptive statistics analysis which include; frequency, percentage, mean and the inferential data analysis approach (Pearson correlation coefficient, standard deviation, Chi-square and t-test).
Results: The results of the study indicated that a significant differences between males and females with level of anxiety.
Conclusion: The study concluded that is a high significant relationship between anxiety and depression.
Recommendation: The study recommended that a competent counselor nurse to assist the infertile couples during attending the center and follow them by home visiting to found any solution for their psychosocial problems. Raising awareness among gynecologists about the prevalence of psychiatric and personality disorder among infertile couples and their psychiatrists for proper management.

Objective (s):To assess of contributing factors related to hypothyroidism/ hyperthyroidism for adult patients, and to find out the relationship between some demographic characteristic (age, gender, level of education ) with contributing factors.
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted at the outpatient consultation in Bagdad teaching hospitals the period between October 2014 to May 2015in order to assess the contributing factors related to Hypothyroidism / Hyperthyroidism for adult patient at Bagdad Teaching Hospitals .A random sample consisted of (50) patients from suffering hypothyroidism and (50) patients from suffering hyperthyroidism who were systematically admitted to the outpatient consultation were selected one by one. A questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of the study, which is comprised of three parts that include: (1) Sociodemographic Characteristics data (2) The past medical history for patient and family (3) Assessment of contributing factors related to diet , psychological factors, social factors and medication. Content validity of the questionnaire was determine through a panel of (14) experts. Reliability and validity of questionnaire was determined through test re-test (r= 0.861) of pilot study. Data was collected by the researcher who interviewed those patients and filled out the constructed questionnaire form. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical approach (frequency, percentage and mean of score) and inferential statistical approach (stander deviation and correlation coefficient).
Results: The study findings indicated that there is highly significant difference between Women and man the incidence of thyroid disease (hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism) more than female. It is aged between (28-37) years old for hypothyroidism patient s and (48-57) years old for hyperthyroidism patients, the most of study sample primary graduates and urban setting. Our results also show that there are significant difference between history of thyroid disease patient and non-history of thyroid disease patients.
Conclusion: past history of thyroid disease raises the risk to develop hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism disease and barely sufficient income for hypothyroidism and sufficient income for hyperthyroidism patients.
Recommendations: The study recommends that the further research aimed at early detection hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism and education program to help and understand the thyroid disease and find ways to reduce the risk of future thyroid problems and life style habit

Background: The study examine the knowledge and utilization of antenatal care among the women of reproductive age group in Al-Hilla city. Perspectives of antenatal care services is particularly critical for enhancing effectiveness of services delivery and addressing pregnant women's needs and antenatal care services.
Objectives: To assess of antenatal care services in pregnant women's and identify the relationship between level of antenatal care services with demographic data and maternal health history characteristics.
Methodology: Descriptive Study is carried out in Al-Hilla City/ primary health care centers, of December, 2nd 2014 to May, 10th, 2015. A non-probability (Purposive Sample) of (220) pregnant women's, those who visited primary health care centers. The data were collected through the utilization of the developed questionnaire after the validity and reliability are estimated, and by means of interview technique. Reliability of the questionnaire is determined through a pilot study and the validity through (13) experts. The data analyzed through the use of the descriptive and inferential statistical analysis procedures.
Results: The findings of the present study indicate that the overall assessment for pregnant women's compliance antenatal care is middle at 73.3%.
Conclusions: The study conclude if that the factors (demographic data and maternal health history ) to effect antenatal care compliance.
Recommendations: The study recommended the increase number of primary health care centers to reduce the momentum on health centers, which suffers from high population density and concentration to create enough room for the rest of the primary health care centers. Follow the previous model of care for the birth of a new world health organization in maternal and child care services, and that early detection and detection of complications pregnant and that promote maternal health care in our community

Objectives: to assess the elderly's satisfaction toward health care through the use of the domains of health care seeking and physical activity, and to find out the relationship between elderly's satisfaction and their demographic characteristics of age, gender, marital status, level of education, health state, and economic status.
Methodology: A descriptive study concerning the assessment of elderly's satisfaction toward health care at geriatric home in Baghdad city. of November 26th, 2013 to September 3rd, 2014.The selection of the sample through a non-probability purposive sample is (N=86) of elderly aged 65 years and over who reside in geriatric home. Data are collected through interview using questionnaire tool and analyzed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis which reveal, The reliability of the questionnaire which is determined through a pilot study and the validity is achieved through a panel of (18) experts.
Results: The study results showed demographic characteristics analysis of the sample concerned, the large number of the sample that was with age (65-69) years (34.9%) and also showed that majority of study sample (59.3%) are men and the remaining are women, and with regard to marital status it was found that many of them are widows and their percentage (38.4%). Regarding subject level of education, the greater number of them are illiterate and they are accounted for (48.8%) In addition, the majority of the elderly who suffer of chronic disease are (73.3) while the majority of them have no previous surgery and their percentage (58.1%) Regarding housing ownership (74.4%) they are absent or (do not have a house), and most of the elderly's monthly income is (53.5%) insufficient.
Conclusion: The present study conclude the elderly were generally satisfied with health care, and it was the best domain of elderly satisfaction is the nutrient intake and the less domain of health care seeking. While the study showed that, the demographic characteristics of elderly had no impact upon their overall satisfaction toward health care except the level of education. Therefore, that gender affects the satisfaction of the elderly in seeking of health care. In addition, the monthly income effects on elderly satisfaction with nutrient intake. As well as the age and suffering of chronic diseases affecting the physical activity domain and with level of elderly satisfaction in this aspect there is an impact of each gender, level of education and monthly income of the elderly on their satisfaction towards the social domain, the age affects the elderly satisfaction with psychological domain.
Recommendations: The study recommended the following: Promotion of health care provided to the elderly especially with regard to access to health care and the practice of physical activity. The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, in cooperation with the Ministry of Health can establish a special health center for the elderly to help them to get health care. As well as the establishment of a sports hall equipped to encourage the elderly to exercise of daily activities sports. Work of collective entertainment trips continuously to improve elderly mental and social state

Background: Revascularization with coronary bypass grafting (CABG) has been the gold standard therapy for left main coronary artery ( LMCA) stenosis. Improvements in angioplasty and coronary stent techniques and equipment warrant a reappraisal of angioplasty in LMCA stenosis.
Objectives: To assess in-hospital and six-month clinical outcomes after stenting of unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis.
Methodology: Prospective study in a tertiary center of interventional cardiology and cardiac surgery for 64 patients with unprotected LMCA stenosis who were treated with bare-metal stents and underwent angiographic follow-up at 3 and months following the intervention.
Results: The procedural success rate was 100% with no episodes of acute or subacute stent thrombosis. in-stent restenosis rate was 15.6% and 15.9% in the first 3 and 6 months respectively. Six month mortality was nil.
Conclusion: Stenting of unprotected LMCA stenosis deserves to be considered a safe and effective alternative to CABG in carefully selected patients
Recommendation: Larger series should clarify whether unprotected LMCA stenting has the same favorable results as CABG

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the psychological stress-related angina pectoris among adult patients (male and female) and find out relationship between patients' stress and some socio-demographic characteristics such as age, marital status, level of education, occupation, socioeconomic status and BMI.
Methodology: A comparative (descriptive) study was carried out at two hospitals (Kirkuk general and Azadi teaching) in CCU and medical ward in Kirkuk city for a period of the 1st of May 2014 and up to the 1st of January, 2015. A non-probability (Convenience) sample of (50 male) and (50 female) definitely diagnosed angina pectoris patient. To achieve the objectives of the study a constructed questionnaire conducted for the purpose of the study, which consisted of three parts: the demographic characteristics; medical data and assessment of stress which includes (24) items. The data were collected through the use of the interview. They were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical analysis (Frequency, Percentage%) and inferential statistical (T-Test and ANOVA) data analysis.
Results: The majority of the study sample were male aged (50-59) years while, the female aged (40-49) years old. 90% of the male and (62%) of the female were married. The majority (20%) of the male was graduated of primary school, while (42%) of female were graduated of the institute. Both male (36%) and female (46%) had (1-3) child. Most of the study sample was employed, had moderate socioeconomic status and mostly of urban residency. Regarding to the medical data, finding of the study indicated that (38%) of them were no history of chronic disease. 58% of the male and (82%) of the female were no smoking, Majority (42%) of the male and (38%) of females was overweight
Conclusions: the study was detected as a gender difference between male and female with psychological stress. In the study sample were found a significant relationship between psychological stress between male and female and ages. As the study concluded that most of the study sample were to have moderate psychological stress. Also founds a significant relationship only in female patients with angina and level of education, occupation, BMI and psychological stress.
Recommendations: Routine screening patients who attending to the hospital and primary health care center , for psychosocial vulnerability, current feelings and state of stress, with the use of reliable and valid measures.

Objectives: To assess feeding patterns for children under two years at primary health care center.
Methodology: A Descriptive study is carried out at Al-Najaf AL-Ashraf City. In February 10th to May 19th 2015. Sample consisting of (50) children were selected randomly of the Primary Health Care Centers. Data collected by used questionnaire, which includes the first parts was about demographic characteristics of mother (age, occupational, educational levels, residence area, socio economic). Second part about demographic characteristics of children, Third part about information about normal and artificial feeding, Fourth part about information mother for breast feeding and fifth part about causes of reject of breastfeeding. Data was analyzed by using the application of descriptive and inferential statistical approaches.
Results: The finding of the present study indicate that there are mother with age group is highly (25 -33) were 44%. women using the mixed of feeding were higher 68% than the normal breast feeding 31.1%. No find any relationship between maternal age and has information about breastfeeding and feeding grounds for refusal of the child.
Conclusion present study concluded that more than half of the study are mixed feeding. The study indicates that are the mother age has relation with her information about breast feeding .
Recommendation: Breastfeeding educational programs for mothers. Recommended mother about cleaning of equipment's artificial feeding and good formula of milk. infants should be breast fed exclusively for the first six months of life.

Background: Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are chronic diseases, therefore; they had negative effect on quality of life of affected patients.
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess health related to quality of life of hypertensive and diabetes mellitus patients through measuring their socioeconomic status, medical conditioning and co-morbidity.
Methodology: This is cross sectional study that has been carried out in Kurdistan- Iraq. Health Survey Questionnaire, Short form-12 was used for measuring health related quality of life. Conventional sampling method was carried out for collecting of data. T-Test was used to analyze the data
Result: Mean Health Survey Questionnaire, Short Form-12 score was 39.0±1.64, mean of physical component summary was 36.6±1.9 and mean of mental component summary of was 41.5±1.6. Health related quality of life among hypertensive and diabetes mellitus patients were poor in Kurdistan. On the other hand, poor health related quality of life was less observed in hypertension patients 39.7±1.7 as compared with diabetic patients 41.9±1.6.
Participants who were female, elder, did not have spouse and did not have job and/or retired were significantly and negatively associated with poor health related quality of life.
Conclusions: Health related quality of life among hypertensive and diabetes mellitus patients were poor in Kurdistan as compared with other countries. Included participants, who were female, elder, did not have spouse, did not have job and/or retired were significantly had poor health related quality of life.
Recommendation: Further recommends study longitudinal for assessing components of health related quality of life in both diseases separately(hypertension and diabetes).

Background: Coronary heart diseases (CHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), are caused by the buildup of plaque in the arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart. Plaque, a mixture of fat, cholesterol, and calcium deposits, can build up in the arteries over many years.
Objective of study: The study aims to: Assess patient’s compliance about therapeutic regime with coronary heart disease and find out the relation between patient’s compliance about therapeutic regime and patient demographic data, and find out the relation between patient’s compliance about therapeutic regime and their type of disease.
Methodology: Descriptive Study is carried out in Al-Najaf City/ Al-Najaf Center for Cardiac Surgery and Trans Catheter Therapy, from December, 4th, 2014 to May, 27th, 2015. A non-probability (Purposive Sample) of (150) coronary heart disease patients, those who visited Al-Najaf Center for Cardiac Surgery and Trans Catheter Therapy. The data were collected through the utilization of the developed questionnaire after the validity and reliability are estimated, and by means of interview technique. Reliability of the questionnaire is determined through a pilot study and the validity through (19) experts. The data analyzed through the use of the descriptive and inferential statistical analysis procedures.
Result:The findings of the present study indicate that the overall assessment for the patient’s compliance therapeutic regime is middle at 50.7%.
Conclusion: The studyconclude if that the factors (type of diseases, therapeutic regime, socioeconomic states) to effect patient compliance.
Recommendations: The study recommended that reinforcement should be employed, for example at home visits, visits to the outpatient’s clinic or by telephone can help patients to cope with their therapeutic regimen.

Background: Patients are considered to be the best source of information about a hospital system's communication, education, and pain-management processes. Patients' satisfaction has become an important indicator in measuring the quality of care rendered to the patients while in hospitals.
Objectives: 1. To assess level of satisfaction of the patients with different dimensions of nursing care provided in selected general units i.e. (medical, surgical). 2. To determine the relationship between the satisfaction level of patients with their demographic variables.
Methodology: A Non Probability "purposive" sample of (150) patients are included in the present study. The data is collected in Jan. 10th, 2015 to March 10th, 2015 through the utilization of a developed questionnaire (Arabic version) and by means of interview with each patient who is included in the present study the study instrument rated as (strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree, and strongly disagree). The final copy of the questionnaire consists of the following parts: the first part is composed of patient's demographic data sheet. Second part includes the Patient's Satisfaction form. Validity of the study instrument was determined through the panel of (14) experts, and the reliability of the study questionnaire through the pilot study. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis procedures were used to data analysis.
Results: The results showed that there was an accepted satisfaction (54%) among the nurses-patient's communication, also more than half of the study sample (56.7%) were satisfied with nursing care domain. In addition, the study subjects (56%) were satisfied with overall satisfaction with nursing care domains.
Conclusions: The study concludes that majority of the study sample were satisfied with nursing care provided in medical and surgical wards.
Recommendations: The study recommended that the nursing administrators and nurses can utilize the findings of the present study to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of nursing care services and adopt necessary measures in enhancing quality of nursing care to increase patient satisfaction. Moreover emphasis to be put on importance of patients satisfaction especially with nursing care in the curriculum of medical and nursing colleges as well as health institutes and nursing schools

Objective: To assess the psychological problems in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, and to find out the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics such as (age, sex, marital status, educational level, and occupation) and psychological problems for those patients.
Methodology: A descriptive study used the assessment approach in 20th September 2014 to 30th November 2014 in order to study the psychological problems in acute myelogenous leukemia patients with the psychological problems. Non probability (purposive) sample is selected for the study which includes (50) patients diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia were treated at Baghdad teaching hospital and City Imams Kazimain Teaching Hospital or the patients who visited the outpatient clinic in the same hospital for medical follow-up and further treatment. Data were gathered through the patients` interviewed. Assessment questionnaire consist of two parts contains demographic characteristic, the other part concerning about assessment the psychological problems for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Reliability and validity of this tool is determined through application of a pilot study and panel of experts. Data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical (frequencies and percentages), inferential statistical (chi square).
Results: The Overall results revealed that the psychological problems in acute myelogenous leukemia patients with psychological problems was unacceptable, and there is significant correlation between the psychological problems related for these patients and was region (residency) of patients.
Conclusions: The study concluded that the majority of the items related to psychological problems for patients with acute myeloid leukemia were low or out of the comparison, reflecting the ferocity of those problems.
Recommendations: The study recommended to increase awareness and psychological education for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia

Objectives: To assess of Science Teachers' Awareness towards immunity and immunization in Baghdad City Primary Schools.
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted, included (100) primary school, (50) in Al Rassafa sector, and (50) in Al Karkh sector, of March 5th 2012 to March 15th 2013, to assess of science teachers' awareness towards immunity and immunization. A cluster sample of (100) Science teachers (males and females) were selected, as one teacher of each school. A questioner format was used for data collection. The validity of questioner was estimated through a penal of experts related to the field of study, and its reliability was estimated through a pilot study conducted in (20) schools is excluded of the original sample which included (20) teachers of April 8th 2012 to April 14th 2012. Data were analyzed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis.
Results: The results of the study indicated that (78%) of sample were female, and (39%) of them their ages were between (30-39) years old, (65%) of them were married, while (21%) of them were single, and (50%) of them were institute graduates. Also the study indicated that (26%) of teachers had (15-19) years of employment in teaching sector. Furthermore, (58 %) of sample had no opportunity to be involved in training courses concerning communicable diseases control. The results of this study indicate that, teachers' awareness was poor (in adequate awareness) towards immunity and immunization against communicable diseases in Baghdad City Primary Schools
Conclusion: The study concluded that teachers' awareness towards immunity and immunization in Baghdad primary schools was poor.
Recommendations: The study recommends that there is a need for cooperation between the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education on writing a book systematically for primary schools about the nature of the transitional diseases and how to control them through immunity and immunization, and Emphasis on continuous sessions concerning communicable diseases control for teachers in all primary schools.

Background: Viral hepatitis infections are important cause of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients, and its prevalence varies considerably among different areas of the world. Patients receiving maintenance HD are at higher risk for acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections than the general population.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the HBV and HCV among HD population in Holy Kerbala, as well as to identify the risk factors associated with their transmission.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out in HD center at Imam Hussein medical city in Holy Kerbala, Iraq. A total of 165 patients with end-stage renal failure who have been receiving HD therapy were involved in this study in the period of June 2014 to March 2015 in order to investigate the prevalence of HBV and HCV infection also to detect the presence of risk factors associated with their transmission among HD patients such as duration on HD therapy; family history of hepatitis, blood transfusion history; previous dialysis in another HD center; history of HBV vaccination; history of war and traumatic injury; tattoos, cupping and injecting drug user history, history of kidney transplantation and previous surgery. Blood samples were taken of all patients, then tested for the presence of both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies of hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV). Patients were considered to be HCV positive if they had a positive test result for the presence of antibody by serologic testing (anti-HCV-positive), and patients were considered HBV positive if they had HBsAg-positive in their serum. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 16. p-value 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Out of one hundred and sixty five patients, one (0.6%) patient were HBsAg positive and eleven (6.6%) patients were anti-HCV sero-positive, none of the patients were infected by both HBV and HCV, this results suggest that there is a low prevalence of HCV and HBV among our patients. Longer duration of HD have a significant association with anti-HCV and HBsAg positivity at P value (0.005), history of blood transfusions, and previous dialysis in another center were significantly associated with HCV and HBV positivity at P value (0.000). Female gender, age between 41-60 years, married, urban residency, illiterate, and housewives patients were having highest prevalence of anti-HCV, and HBsAg positivity
Conclusions: Considering the outcome of this study, there is a low prevalence of HCV and HBV in HD patients in our center. The risk of acquiring HCV infection is significantly associated with increasing duration of dialysis, history of blood transfusion, and previous dialysis in another center.
Recommendations: The study recommended that the rate of viral infection can be decreased by strictly adherence to infection control measures in HD unit, regular HCV and HBV screening, also erythropoietin should be replace blood transfusion for the treatment of anemia, and reduce the dependence for the treatment outside patients center. Careful observation of preventive measures is required to improve infection control in HD center

Background: The World Health Organization's (WHO) framework for measuring health for disability at both levels physical and psychological activities including self-care, attending to one's hygiene, dressing, and eating, also interpersonal interactions and relationships, and social relationships, especially family relationships.
Objectives: This study aims to identify and assess the self-care activities for disabled patients, and to identify the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and physical and psychological factors.
Methodology: The study is Descriptive study, the study sample were 51 disabled clients who had been attended to emergency management center, the study start in 1/7/2014 to 1/2/2015, Constructed questionnaires were used to obtain the feedback, and interview was used as methods of data collection and data was analyzed using SPSS version 18.
Results: The mean age of the participants was (36.66) years. Results revealed that feedback responses as a general was good in all factors underline the study, and the lowest score for physical self-care was in items related to ability to do sexual activity while for psychological factors was for item related to concern of having any own personal psychotherapy .
Conclusion: the study concluded that Self-care assessment outcomes for disabled were positive for the most of the physical factors except for sexual intercourse while the psychological self-care assessment were negative in many factors including haven't own personal psychotherapy, not engage in any intelligence in new area, and ability to read favorite books
Recommendation: The study recommended establishing rehabilitation centers for training disabled about physical and psychological care and informing these negative factors to the emergency management center so the information gained of self-care assessment could lead to changes in some of physical and psychological aspect of disabled clients

Objective: To identify the satisfaction of patients concerning hospital care post-acute myocardial infarction.
Methodology: Quantitative design (connective a descriptive study) was carried out to identify the patients' satisfaction concerning hospitals care post-acute myocardial infarction at Maysan governorate hospitals. Starting in December 30th 2014 up to May 28th 2015. To achieve the objectives of the study, a non-probability sample (a purposive sample) consisted of (100) patients were acute myocardial infarction. Data were collected through the use of questionnaire which is related to acute myocardial infarction patients' The questionnaire was interview with acute myocardial infarction patients who were attended coronary care unit at Al-Sadder Teaching Hospital, and Maysan Center of Cardiac Disease after obtaining agreement of the patients throughout using Arabic version of questionnaire. The researcher conducted private meeting with each patient who spends about 25-30 minute to respond to the interview which were developed for the purpose of the study. Instrument validity was determined by a panel of experts. Reliability of the instrument was determined through the use of Cronbach Alfa which was (0.85) which are strong acceptable for acute myocardial infarction patients'. Analysis of data was performed through the application of descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage), mean of score and Standard Deviation.
RESULTS: high patients' satisfaction was in item (4) with mean score (5.59) and stander deviation (0.494) and anther items with less mean score
CONCLUSION: The results indicated that there is a high satisfaction for patients when little of the items of satisfaction and little satisfaction in most of the other items
RECOMENDATION: increased the medical staff to provide the important health care for patient that led to increased patient satisfaction concerning hospital care.

Objective (s): To find the Body Mass Index of women with infertility and To find any association between infertility period and increase BMI .
Methodology: A cross-sectional study conducted in Baghdad in outpatient department in Teaching Hospital, & Bab-Al-Moadham primary health care center Sampling was (non-probability convenient) & sample size was 600. The study started in 1st of March 2013 to 1st of October 2013. Data was collected by questionnaire to obtain socio- demographic information & weight and height measurement.
Results: The result shows that about (28.8%) of women in age group (30-34) years. Obesity in the infertility period (less than 5) years was (59%). Infertility period and age group, type of infertility, were significant associated with BMI .
Conclusions: Most of the study sample was obese and a highly significant association is noticed between body mass index and infertility period, age, type of infertility, mean weight and mean height.
Recommendation: Health education about the healthy eating approach and relation to diet and physical exercise to prevent obesity.

Objectives: Human rotavirus is the common cause of diarrhea-related illness and death among infants and young children, can lead to severe and sometimes lethal dehydration .
Methodology: This study deals with the prevalence of rotavirus during a period extending of March to December 2014 . A total of 120 samples of diarrheal samples from patients up to 5 years age, who were admitted for medically care unit in the hospital of pediatrics and maternity of Al-Najaf governorate were investigated by latex agglutination, based on specific monoclonal antibodies directed against VP4 and VP7 of human rotavirus then the detection by PCR technique and isolation of the virus on these culture.
Results: Rota virus was detected in 80 cases (66.7%) of the total cases investigated by latex agglutination test, while PCR positivity was recorded in 85 cases (70.8%). Rota virus infection was also detected in healthy children who were involved as control group; 1/50(2%) detected by Latex agglutination assay versus 3/50 (6%) detected by NSP5 gene PCR assay. From the total of ten isolates that selected to propagate via cell culture using rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells, confirmation of the detection was accomplished by 8 isolates (80 %).
Conclusions: We concluded that polymerase chain reaction is sensitive and specific technique for the detection of NSP5 coding gene and RD cell line is successful for the propagation of rotavirus.
Recommendations: we recommended to achieve future therapeutic studies depending on this study conclusions.

Aim of study: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of educational program on diabetic patients knowledge and practice regarding self-administration of insulin.
Methodology: Quantitative, quasi-experimental study was conducted in Leila Qasim Center for Diabetes Care in Erbil City in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in 15th June 2014 to 15th October 2014.Non-probability (purposive sample) was used for selection of 50 diabetic patients. Questionnaire and checklist were designed and divided into three parts; socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of diabetic patients, knowledge regarding insulin medication and the practice of insulin self-administration. Pilot study was conducted on 10 diabetic patients for obtaining the reliability of the study and it was statistically adequate)r = 0.885). The content validity was determined through 15 experts and all 15 experts agreed the content of the questionnaire and checklist with some changes. The data were analyzed through the SPSS software V.20 application, descriptive data analysis was done through frequency, percentage and mean. Inferential data analysis was done byt- test correlated one sample in two occasions (paired), it was used to test the significant differences between two variables x (test) and y (retest).
Results: The study results show that the most of the study sample was between 18-31 years old, female, illiterate of urban area, and the highest percentage of the duration of disease was between 1-15 years and 1-10 years of the duration of the insulin management. The mean scores of the knowledge regarding insulin medication and insulin self-administration practice after the education program were increased in comparing between pre-test and post-test (p-value of t-test was very highly significant <0.001) which is related to the effectiveness of the education program.
Recommendations: The study recommends that preparing educational programs to be implemented for all diabetic patients who have insulin medication and their caregivers.

Objective: The aim of the study to evaluated the students' self-directed learning laboratory practices related to Administration of medications procedures (Intramuscular injection, Intravenous injection and oral medication).
Methodology: A cross-sectional design was carried out at colleges of nursing in southern of Iraq has been used in the present study in 28th October 2014 to 15th May, 2015. To evaluation of students' self-directed learning laboratory practices. The present study was conducted in southern of Iraq at 3 nursing colleges which included (Missan nursing college, Thi-Qar nursing college and Basra nursing college). purposive sample was selected which consist of (90) nursing students (45) male and (45) female and the sample were contain (30) students of first class of every nursing college .The check-list competency evaluation consist of two parts the first one is general information data (3 items) and the second part is observation check list included (73) items include three administration of medication procedure which involve the intramuscular injection (25) items, intravenous injection (28) items and oral medications (20) items that concerned with students self-learning laboratory practices technique and each procedure has three steps of strategy technique (preparation, equipment's and procedure) which considered important steps that must be performed by students .The items concerning students self-directed learning laboratory practices were rated on three levels Likert scale; (satisfy , need more practice and unsatisfied). Reliability of instrument was determined through the use check-list is based on Cronbach's practices, the instrument validity was determined through a panel of experts. The data of present study were analyzed through the application of two statistical approaches. A descriptive statistical approach that includes (frequency, percentage, Mean of score (M.S.) and standard deviation. (SD) and an Inferential statistical approach that includes (ANOVA and t- test).
Results: The result of the study indicated that the majority of nursing students have high level of the self-directed learning in laboratory practices, (96.7%) intravenous, (93.3%) intramuscular and (88.9%) oral medications and also the study shown on significant relationship between self-learning and their demographic data.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the SDL program regarding students' practice concerning the administration of medication is a positive and significance . also the study show there is non-significant between self-directed learning and demographic information for nursing students
Recommendation: Introduce a policy and supportive plans to assist and encourage personnel of every nursing students in the colleges to extensively apply self-directed learning as a method of learning for their professional and self-development and develop visual aids for learning and set up comprehensive, up-to-date sources of learning i.e., a library, the internet service, communications room and/or educational technology room – in order to facilitate convenience for nursing students in searching for information they need for learning and self-development

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a harmful, medically important, pathogenic bacteria that colonizes stomach of different age groups. Therefore, it is important to conduct research on this particularly wide-spread bacteria.
Methodology: tissue samples were taken of the stomach lining of 350 patients who attended Endoscopic Unit in Karbala, where 194 patients showed urease positive gastric specimen samples. of these 194 urease positive patients, ninety two (92) gastric biopsy specimens showed H. pylori positive test that confirmed by molecular method. All (92) H. pylori positive patients with different disease status (peptic ulcer disease and non-ulcer dyspepsia) that were confirmed by endoscopic examination.
Results: It was shown that the age groups with highest prevalence of H. pylori infection was 31-40 (29.3%) and 21-30 (28.2%), but it was the lowest in age less than 20 years old ( 8.6%).
Conclusions: The infection with H. pylori was low in young adults less than 20 years, but it was high in age groups 21-30, 31-40 years, and decrease in age group 41-50 but it was returned to be increased in the age over 50 years.
Recommendations: study of Helicobacter pylori infection in children less than five years old age.

Background: Lung cancer is the common repeated cause of death in both gender. The highest risk factor for lung tumor is the smoking and the relationship of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and lung tumor has been reported. HPV can be detected in patient suffering of lung tumors. But there was conflict in the detection of (HPV) infection in patients with lung tumor as a result of racial and geographical diversiform, this current study to detect the rate of HPV infection in lung cancer tissue sample by immunohistochemical technique.
Aim of study: This study was designed to detect the presence of HPV in lung cancer patients by immunohistochemistry in specimens taken as lobectomy ,tru cut biopsy or bronchoscopic biopsy.
Methodology: A total forty 40 lung cancer tissue samples of thirty 30 male and ten 10 female patients, who had undergone lobectomy or tru cut bronchoscpical biopsy in their lungs, where involved in this study, that performed in the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine. a University of Kufa in January 2014 to February 2015, twenty seven patients 27 were squamous cell carcinoma (67%5) and seven 7 patient were adenocarcinoma (17.5%) And six 6 patients were small cell carcinoma (15%). wart ( benign skin lesion) was considered as control involve in this study. All these cases were collected of Al-Seder Teaching Hospital and three private laboratories in AL-Najaf governorate. Their ages were ranging of 37-95 years, with mean 64.15 year and standard deviation ±11.45, thirty two 32 patient were smoker, twenty four 24 were male, while eight 8 were female smoker, while the remaining eight 8 of cases not smoking, six 6 were male, and two 2 were female cases. Labeled Streptavi- Biotin (LSAB+) method for Immunohistochemical detection of HPV was employed. The statistical analysis was officiated using the SPSS version 20.0 statistical software program. The Differences of HPV prevalence among gender, smoking status, age groups and histological cell types, were calculated using the Pearson's Chi-square test. and correlation- regression test at P value <0.05 and 0.3 respectively.
Results: The immunohistochemistry detection of HPV was reported in seven 7 (25.9%) out of twenty seven 27 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, and one 1case (14.3%) out of seven7case of adenocarcinoma, But there was no detection of HPV in six 6 cases of small cell lung cancers (0%).
Conclusions: HPV expressed in lung cancer tissue, mainly in squamous cell carcinoma specially in male smoker patient but with no significant. Type of cancer and smoking and gender and age may have significant effect on expression of HPV in lung cancer. HPV play significant role as risk factor in lung cancer.
Recommendations:
1. Incorporation of HPV immunohistochemical study with other pathological parameters will give more
accurate prediction of clinical outcome .
2. Further study with large number of lung cancer cases and with other techniques like PCR and ISH
are recommended to detect the HPV in high sensitivity and specialty.

Objective(s): To assess impact of liver cirrhosis upon adult patients daily living activities. and to find out the relationship between demographic characteristic with activities of daily living.
Methodology: A descriptive study is carried out throughout the present study to assess activities of daily livings for adult patients with liver cirrhosis who attended the outpatient clinic department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Teaching Hospital and Baghdad Teaching Hospitals in Baghdad .The study was carried out during the period extended of 28th October 2014 to 15th May , 2015. A purposive (non- probability) sample of (100) patients with liver cirrhosis. Questionnaire form was constructed for purpose of the study and it comprised of three parts. They include (1) demographic characteristics (2) clinical history for patient and family (3) assessment of activities of daily livings. Content validity of the questionnaire was determine through a panel of (13) experts. Reliability and validity of questionnaire was determined through test re-test (r= 0.849**) of pilot study. Data was collected by the researcher who interviewed those patients and filled out the constructed questionnaire form. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical approach (frequency, percentage and mean of score) and inferential statistical approach (standard deviation and correlation coefficient).
Results: The findings of the revealed that( 58%) of the study samples were males, and most of them were age group (48-57) years old, (83% ) of the sample was married, high percentage of them were intermediate graduate (43%), most of them (33%) were Free job, majority of the study samples (60%) of urban residence, and (49%) were parley sufficient of monthly income classification, highest percentage (50%) had hepatitis B & hepatitis C as past medical history and (48%) of the study sample hadn`t family history for any disease.
Conclusions: Our data indicate that the activity of daily living of patients with liver cirrhosis is moderate decline in all domains of activities of daily livings.
Recommendations: The study recommended an establishing of a special department in all teaching hospitals called nutrition and prevention therapy to provide guidance and advice for patients who attending to the center to improve the health status of the patient and the activities of daily life.

Objectives: The present study aims to assess Nurses Knowledge and Attitudes toward Cancer Pain Management at Baghdad Hospitals.
Methodology: Descriptive study was conducted during the period of December 29th 2014 to July 1st 2015. The sample was selected purposive (non-probability) of 95 nurses of Al-Amal National Hospital for Cancer Management and Baghdad Teaching Hospital. The study instrument consisted of two major parts constructed for the purpose of the study (socio-demographic characteristic and Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (KASRP). Reliability of the questionnaire form was determined through a pilot study while the content validity of the questionnaire was determined through a panel of experts; and collected data in 30th of March to 10th of May 2015. The data were analyzed by used descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, mean, S.D), inferential statistical analysis (correlation coefficient and chi- square test,).
Results: Results of the study showed that, the knowledge and attitudes towards pain management were poor. The correct answer rate for the entire scale, on average, was 37.4%, ranging between (9.5% to 82.1%), And found that (7.4%) of nurses score were more than 50%, and (92.6 %) of nurses score were less than 50% level, In socio-demographic characteristics has no significant relationship with knowledge and attitudes, about cancer pain management, while training session in cancer pain management out Iraq has found significant differences at (P value < 0.05).
Conclusion: The study concluded that, the knowledge and attitudes of nurses in oncology units towards the toward cancer pain management is unaccepted to the importance of the patients disease.
Recommendation: The researcher recommends the establishment of regular courses for nurses about pain control and conduct studies on the impact of cancer pain treatments for the long term and activating pain measurement chart.

Objectives: The study aims to examine the level of nurses' attitude toward physical restraint in psychiatric hospitals in Baghdad. And to identify the relationship between nurses' attitude and some of their demographic characteristics.
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted in the period of January - May, 2014 on a purposive sample of 105 nurse who were working at psychiatric wards and hospital in Baghdad, these hospitals were: Baghdad Teaching Hospital\ Medical City Directorate and Ibn Rushd Teaching Hospital and Al Rashad Teaching Hospital \ Al Rusafa Health Directorate. A self-administered questionnaire was constructed by a researcher for the present study. The constructed questionnaire consisted of two parts: the first contained the covering letter to obtain nurses' agreement to participate in the study and some of socio-demographic and job characteristic of nurses; the Second is the scale of nurses' attitudes. The validity of the questionnaire was done by content validity through the using of panel experts, and reliability of the questionnaire was done by internal consistency through the pilot study and the computation of Alpha Correlation Coefficient. The data were collected through the utilization of the self-administrative questionnaire as a mean of data collection; and the utilization of structured interviewing. Statistical analyses were taken by using statistical software for social science (SPSS) version 15.0, in which a descriptive and inferential statistical approaches were applied such as: frequencies, percentage, mean of scores, standard deviation, alpha correlation coefficient and chi- square test.
Results: The results of the study revealed that the majority of nurses were males (72.4%) with age ranging between 30 - 39 years old (53.3%) and graduated of the medical institution (41.9%). More than half of them having 1-9 years of employment in the nursing field (55.2%) and working in psychiatric nursing for the same period of their employment in nursing (75%), and 88% of the nurses was distributed in the psychiatric wards. Psychiatric nurses have higher attitudes toward using physical restraint (64.8%). There is no significant relationship between nurses' attitudes and any of their characteristics concerning the current study.
Conclusions: The study concluded that psychiatric nurses have positive attitudes toward using of physical restraints as alternative management for psychiatric patients. And also attitudes do not influence by Nurses' demographic characteristics.
Recommendations: The study recommended the importance for psychiatric nurses to know that physical restraints be implemented as a last resort. And is necessary to implement restraint, the decision to do so should be less arbitrary, more rational, less frequent, and less traumatic.

Background: Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section with hyperbaric Bupivacaine is widely used. The course of the procedure is frequently troubled by hemodynamic instability that is determined by the level of spinal block and this in turn depends on the spread of the local anesthetic within the CSF. By fixing the dose of the local anesthetic any increase in its volume leads to a decrease in its concentration because these factors are closely related to each other and they can affect the spread of the local anesthetic.
Objective: To compare between large volume but lower concentration (4 ml of 0.25%) and small volume but higher concentration (2 ml of 0.5% ) of hyperbaric Bupivacaine solutions used for spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section in respect to hemodynamic changes.
Method: A clinical interventional study was Performed at Al-Zahra'a Teaching Hospital (Najaf ) of 18th Jun.-18th Jul. 2013. Forty patients scheduled for elective cesarean section were randomly selected and randomly divided into two equal groups (A and B). Both groups received hyperbaric Bupivacaine via intrathecal route, group (A) received 4 ml of 0.25% solution while group (B) received 2 ml of 0.5% solution. Hemodynamic variables (blood pressure and heart rate) were recorded throughout the time of anesthesia. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20.
Results: There was no significant difference in the incidence of hypotension (P value=1.0) between the two groups while the incidence of bradycardia was equal between the two groups (10%) but there was a need for significantly higher average dose of Ephedrine that was used to treat hypotension in group (A) than in group (B) (P value=0.49%) reflecting more severe hypotension in group (A) than group (B).
Conclusion: we conclude that the volume factor has more influence than the concentration on blood pressure with regard to hyperbaric intrathecal Bupivacaine solutions used for elective cesarean section.
Recommendation: the use of smaller volume but higher concentration of intrathecal Bupivacaine is advisable in elective cesarean section

Background: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a term applied to psychological and emotional disturbance that develops after experiencing, witnessing or being exposed to a traumatic event. The event may involve actual or threatened death, serious physical injury or threat to physical integrity such as a natural disaster, wartime combat, torture, murder, severe harm to oneself or others, rape, and violent attack or an assault.
Objectives: To determine the infliction levels of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among the students in the college of Nursing/ University of Baghdad, and to find out the relationship between these levels and some demographic characteristics.
Methodology: Observational design study of undergraduate nursing students has been achieved in December 4th, 2013 to the May 17th, 2014 in order to identify the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in all stages in the College of Nursing University of Baghdad. A non-probability of two hundred students in all four stages of the college of Nursing/ University of Baghdad was recruited. To meet the study objectives a questionnaire was constructed. This questionnaire consisted of two parts: firstly, four demographic characteristics: gender, age, stage, and residency; and 17 items represent Davidson Trauma scale-DSM-IV for diagnosing and measuring levels of PTSD within the civilians. Data were analyzed by applying: descriptive statistical analysis: frequencies and percentages and distribution; and inferential analysis: Correlation Coefficient, Chi-squire, and independent t-test.
Results: The study indicates that the majority of the students (63.0%) has PTSD: low (29.0%), medium (21.5%), and high (12.5%); and only 37.0% of them have no PTSD. The results indicate that 35.0% of the participants who have different levels of PTSD (63.0%) are female; and 21.5% of those who have PTSD are in age group (≥ 24); for the stages: the first stage shows having more PTSD (18.0%) than the other stages; and finally, 42.0% of those who live in Baghdad have levels of PTSD than those who do not live in Baghdad.
Conclusions: The results of present study indicated that more than half of participated students were at age 22 years and more old; half of them were male students; and the majority live in Baghdad. The study showed that a high percentage of those students have had PTSD in different levels.
Recommendations: The present study recommends that students are to be advised to learn some coping strategies and stress managements by attending training and relaxation sessions.

Background: The genetic susceptibility to IDDM maps to the MHC class II region, thus one approach to investigating the immunopathogenesis of diabetes is to study first degree relatives of affected individuals.
Objectives: To detect the inherited relationship between (HLA-DRB1) allels and type one Diabetic mellitus.
Methodology: A case-control study was performed on 90 persons, they divided into three group which are diabetic, siblings and control (30 persons in each group), who attended to Al Zahraa Teaching Hospital /Diabetic Center in Al Kut/Iraq between the period of April; 2012 till April; 2013.data was analyzed by using SPSS 16th version. Distribution of HLA-DRB1 loci among the study groups (type 1 Diabetic patients, Siblings and Control group) were performed using MR.SPOT ROBOTING system.
Results: results showed that the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*3,*4 {25 (69.4%)} among Diabetic group were Significant (P value = 0.002), in compare to the corresponding frequencies among control group {11 (30.6%)}, in compare to the frequencies of other HLA-DRB1 loci in both Diabetic group and Control group { 15 (34.1%), 29 (65.9%)} respectively. Meanwhile results have showed that there were no Significant (P value = 0.116), in the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*3,*4 {25 (58.1%)} among Diabetic group in compare to the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*3,*4 {18 (41.9%)} among Siblings group, in compare to the frequencies of other HLA-DRB1 loci among Diabetic group and Sibling group {15 (40.5%), 22 (59.5%)} respectively, also results have showed that there were no Significant (P value = 0.104), in the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*3,*4 {18 (62.1%)} among Sibling group in compare to the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*3,*4 {11 (37.9%)} among Control group, in compare to the frequencies of other HLA-DRB1 loci among Sibling group and Control group {22 (43.1%), 29 (56.9%)} respectively.
conclusion: In conclusion there were a genetic predisposition of diabetic Siblings for development of Diabetes since, both Diabetic group and Sibling group showing the highest frequencies of HLA-DRB1 *3,*4, in compare to Control group.
Recommendation: larger sample group are required to include other allels

Objectives: To asses of mother's information and belief regarding to child with colostomy. And to identify the relationships between mothers information- believes and their socio demographic characteristics of age, education, occupation and socio economic status.
Methodology: A descriptive study was carried in surgical ward at pediatric hospitals in Baghdad city of November 1st (2011) to April 30th (2012). Purposive sample of (100) mothers who have children with colostomy and were hospitalized for management were selected of pediatric hospitals data collection by the investigator who interviewed others and fill out the constructed questionnaire formats. A questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of the study; it was composed of (3) major parts. The questioner identified by a group of experts and specialist in this field. The data was analyzed by used statistical package for social science and descriptive statistical analysis frequencies and percentages and inferential statistical analysis Chi- square.
Results: The study general indicated that information of mothers related to colostomy were (45%) in addition, (52%) of mothers have belief poor toward their children with colostomy.
Conclusion: Generally, the information was poor about colostomy among mothers who have child with colostomy. And the cultural norms, values and religious believes effects on mothers, that reflected poor belief about colostomy among their in relation to colostomy.
Recommendation: The study recommended that national survey can be carried out to assess mothers needs of awareness toward colostomy of their children, mothers health education program can be constructed and presented to all mother to their characteristics of age, occupational, educational level, marital and socioeconomic status, as well aspects of awareness and its level and Ministry of Health can take an action to use the mass media to deal effectively with this condition.