Iraqi Journal of Cancer and Medical Genetics

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has an etiological relevancy to the pathogenesis of an increasing number of cancers. Cervical carcinogenesis is a multifactorial stepwise process that has a possible link with many infective factors, including EBV infections where the standard procedures in their histopathological diagnosis rely on in situ hybridization. This retrospective research was designed to(1) investigate the frequency of EBV infections in correlation with the age of patients with cervical adenocarcinoma, (2)validate the impact this virus on the histopathological grade expression of those cancers; and(3)rating the EBV-infections by evaluating the signal scores and intensities of RNA -in situ hybridization (RISH) reactions. A total number of 49 patients, who had undergone hysterectomies or punch biopsies from their cervices were enrolled in this study. Twentyone tissues were collected from cervical adenocarcinoma where as the control groups comprised 28 blocks from cervical tissues either without any significant pathological changes or from chronic cervicitis. Molecular detection of Latent Epstein- Barr Virus Early Repeats (EBERS) was performed by using ultra-sensitive versions of RNA-in situ hybridization (RISH) technique. The mean age of this group of Iraqi patients with cervical adenocarcinoma was 46.7 ± 11.6 years and histopathologically, well and poor grades of cervical adenocarcinoma each constituted 14.3% whereas 71.4% was moderately differentiated. The EBV was detected in 38.1% (8 out of 21) of cervical adenocarcinoma tissues while EBERs were neither detected in chronic cervicitis tissues nor in those healthy cervical tissues. Seven out of eight cases (87.5%) with positive EBERs–ISH reactions have well and moderate differentiation grades while only one case (12.5%) has poor differentiation. It may conclude that EBV infections in cervical adenocarcinoma could point for an initiating and/or cofactor roles, along with other important oncogenic viruses, in cervical oncogenesis. The observed impact of EBV on the differentiation of cervical adenocarcinoma could possibly shade light on an early- eventual occurrence of such molecular attack in cervical carcinogenesis.

Human papilloma viruses (HPV) have been detected in several types of cancers. Over the last few years, a possible correlation between HPV infection and colorectal cancer has been suggested. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and colorectal cancer. To determine the relationship between HPV and colorectal adenocarcinoma, a retrospective study was done. This study was carried out on 50 patients with hisopathologically confirmed primary colorectal cancer. Two samples were collected from each patient: one sample from the tumor site and the other one from adjacent normally appearing colorectal tissues, as well as ten (20) colorectal tissues from control individuals with no cancer. In situ hybridization (ISH) was used to detect HPV DNA (HPV 16 and 18 DNA ISH and 6/11 DNA CISH) in colorectal tissues. HPV 16 was detected in 16(32%) of tumor samples, and in 7 (14%) of adjacent normal tissues, and in additionally two cases of apparently healthy group gave positive results for it. HPV 18 was detected in 11 (22%) of tumor samples and in 6 (12%) of adjacent normal tissue. HPV 6/11 was detected in 24 (48%) of tumor samples and in 7 (14%) of adjacent normal tissue.Our results suggest that colorectal HPV infection is common in patients with adenocarcinoma colorectal, albeit at a low DNA copy number, with HPV16 being the most prevalent type. HPV infection may play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis.

This research was conducted to evaluate three main methods usually used to assess cellular DNA damage in genotoxicity assays. These methods were single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay), micronucleus formation, and DNA fragmentation assay. Nanoparticles genotoxicity is a subject of compelling immediate action as a result of wide application of nanotechnology in many sectors which in contact with humane health. The mentioned methods were used to assess the genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in vivo. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by laser ablation of pure silver plate submerged in double distilled water. The synthesized nanosilver was characterized with UV-Visible spectroscopy and atomic force microscope. After its characterization, silver nanoparticles were injected subcutaneously in to BALB/c mice at 200 μg/ kg BW for two different periods of time, one week and two weeks in daily manner. After the end of injection the animals were sacrificed and their bone marrow cells, lymphocytes, and spleen cells were collected. DNA damage in these cells was assessed using the three mentioned methods. Results indicated that the three types of DNA damage assessment methods were capable to detect the genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in the treated animals. Spleen cells were the less DNA damaged cells as indicated with the three assays in the first week of injection. Lymphocytes and bone marrow cells was effected in more aggressive manner.

Bladder cancer is a highly prevalent human disease world wide This study of bladder cancer was conducted to assess the significance of level difference in some cancer biomarkers in bladder cancer patients like IL-8 which is an angiogenic factor associated with inflammation and carcinogenesis and Bladder cancer-associated protein (BLCA4) that is a specific nuclear matrix protein (transcription factor) found in bladder cancer functioning in the regulation of the gene expression related to cell growth. IL8and BLCA4 evaluated in urine of 48 bladder cancer patients and 40 healthy controls by ELISA test, result indicated that urine IL8 and BLCA4 shows high specificity in diagnosis bladder cancer patients, The correlation between IL-8 with BLCA4 showed a significant association in patients with recurrent bladder cancer, urine IL8 and BLCA4 have a role in discrimination between ( newly diagnosed vs recurrence, low grade vs high grade, muscle invasion vs non muscle invasion), but unrelated to some risk factors like smoking, Schistosomiasis, Urinary tract infection, stones and family history of cancer.

Arial part of Andrachna aspera ethanolic extract was evaluated by studying their effect on human rabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell line. The cytotoxic activity was determined by anti-proliferative effects when the human rabdomyosarcoma cells were cultured under different concentrations. After 24, 48 and 72h when treated with the ethanolic extract, using cell viability assay. The plant extract showed the strong cytotoxic affect upon the cell like RD with IC50 of 25 μg/ml concentration after 72h, Furthermore, cell cycle analysis showed a significant increase in the accumulation of RD- treated cells at G0/G1 phase (p<0.01), and apoptotic rate also shows significantly increasing in a dose- time dependent manner.The extract of A. aspera induced apoptosis and possessed the most robust anticancer activity, against RD cells.

This is a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study evaluated the knowledge, attitude and practice towards breast cancer and breast self-examination (BSE) among 225females (125 schoolteachers &100 students) in female secondary schools in Samarra City, from November 2013 to March 2014. The result of the study indicated that majority of female had better knowledge level about breast cancer and (BSE) but with bad practice. Television was most reported source of information on breast cancer and (BSE) mentioned by the respondents. The knowledge of the respondents about breast cancer was assessed and scored. The most reported correct answer about breast cancer symptoms was painless lump for schoolteachers 84.8% and change in breast shape for students 88%.Radiation was the most known risk factor in all 100% of teachers, while the most known one in students was smoking 99%. In spite of about 73.3% of participants had heard about BSE, only 27.6% of them practiced it even at irregular intervals.67.7%of them are of high knowledge level and 32.3% are of moderate level. This study demonstrated that majority of respondents were aware of breast cancer as a disease entity, but their practice toward breast self examination was poor. Accordingly, relevant educational programs to improve the practices of females regarding (BSE) are needed and qualitative researches to recognize the factors effective in the improvement knowledge and practices of breast cancer screening methods among these females are necessary.

The present research includes the cytogenetic study on the same biopsies of the pathological studies that were excised from human and bovine, where the direct cellular culture method was used to obtain cells in metaphase. The chromosomal analysis was successful in six cases using banding technique as well as eight cases of numerical changes. Some of BCC showed simple numerical changes represented by gain in chromosome 18 and 15 and loss of Y chromosome. Non-melanocytic skin tumors (SCC and BCC) almost showed complex numerical and structural changes which occurred in the following chromosomes: #9, #5, #7, #12, #1, #17 and #Y. These tumors were characteristic of marker chromosome which appeared several times in some cases. The sebaceous adenoma was of normal karyotype. In bovine, the cytogenetic study was made on malignant and benign skin tumors, some cells of SCC displayed metaphase of cellular division which due to its low number and fuzzy quality cannot be reliable as indicators for these tumors, and most of these cells showed complex numerical and structural abnormalities.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Ethanolic crude extract Cnicus benedictus leaves on the proliferation of the cancer cell line (AMN-3), as it has been taking the start of the decimal concentrations (1,10,100,1000,10000) μgm / ml, showed there was no inhibition at concentrations (1,10,100) μgm / ml, less than 50%, but there are significant differences between the concentrations, either concentrations (1000, 10000) μgm / ml inhibition rate was more than 50%, reaching respectively damping ratios (76.2 , 50. 6)% at after 24 hrs. The study found the presence of toxic effect murderer to extract ethanolic plant at concentrations approved, concentrations (1000 , 10000) μgm / ml, followed by the inhibitory results when after 72 hrs., the concentration (10000) μgm / ml, with total inhibition rate (40.9%) as well as at the same concentration came When the damping ratio less time after 48 hrs., amounting to increase (31.7 (%.. The comparisons horizontal statistical between concentrations three times susceptibility, the results for ethanolic of the leaves showed that the time after 24 hrs. was more times influence inhibition as the concentrations (1000, 10000) μgm / ml high significant rates discourage respectively (76.2 , 50.6%) compared to concentrations interview at other times, as well as the difference was significant at after 72 hrs. of concentration (100) μgm / ml compared to the times the other for the same concentration, increase at after 72 hrs. were not any obvious differences in terms of results indicated that the damping ratios of concentrations (1 , 10) μgm / ml It showed no significant differences for the three times. It was obtained on these results it can be concluded that this plant blessed thistle is one of the most promising medicinal plants with the active role in the treatment of cancer through its influence inhibitory and toxic effects of cancer cells.

The present research includes a pathological study of 35 human cases, there were 27 type of tumor of malignant nature (77.15%), of these 14 were basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (51.85%) which represent most of the excised tumors. It was observed that there were an association between ulcerated gross appearance (85.71%) which were the common appearance of the tumor. The squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is shown to be the second most common tumor, it was diagnosed in twelve cases of the malignant tumors (44.4%). It was shown that those who have SCC are older than those with BCC, all cases of both types of these tumors were located in head region. One case of malignant melanoma, while the rest of tumors diagnosed were five cases of benign tumors and three pre – cancerous lesions (xerodermapigmentosum). The benign tumors were: two cases common warts, two nevus (junctional and compound), and one case sebaceous adenoma.