Iraqi Journal of Cancer and Medical Genetics

This study was carried out to establish the correlation between expression of Transforming growth factor beta receptor
one (TGF-βRI) and Transforming growth factor beta receptor two (TGF-βRII) and prostate cancer progression, and to
establish the role of prostate cancer development. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique was used to detect the level of expression of TGF-βRI and TGF-βRII protein in tissues of patients and healthy control groups. TGF-βR1 protein was expressed in 3 (18.7%) and 14 (56%) of poorly and moderately differentiated malignancy respectively. There was significant difference in mean level of TGF-βRI protein expression among all studied groups. TGF-βRII protein was expressed in 6 (37.5%) and 22 (88%) of poorly and moderately differentiated malignancy respectively, There was significant difference in mean level of TGF-βRII protein expression among all studied groups. We concluded that there was statistically significant association between the loss of expression of TGF-β1 signaling receptors, especially TGF βRI, and increasing grades of malignancy in prostate cancer, leading to a more malignant phenotype.

Comet assay (Single cell electrophoresis assay ,SCGE) is a very sensitive method to determine DNA damage caused by exposure to mutagenic , carcinogenic and environmental agents that affect women infertility. This study was aimed to assess possible genomic instability in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Fifteen blood samples were collected from women complaining with RSA and 5 normal fertile females, who had at least one or more child. The results showed that patients female with RSA had a significant higher DNA damage than in the control group.

Background: Chronic myelogenous leukemia is a clonal disorder of the pleuripotent stem cells which accounts for about
15% of leukemias. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the first line therapy for CML which have substantially improved the prognosis of CML. Nilotinib is a second generation TKI which is being used widely. as a frontline drug for CML treatment and also for imatinib resistant cases. Nilotinib has been reported to induce hepatotoxicity and to affect renal function.
Objectives: The current study aims to evaluate the effect of nilotinib on liver and renal function in a sample of Iraqi patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (chronic phase) treated with Nilotinib and its possible association with grades of other haematological parameters.
Patients and Methods: Thirty three patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia and the same number of healthy controls were enrolled in this cross sectional study. All the patients were on Nilotinib hydrochloride for at least 6 months. Switching to Nilotinib treatment was due to intolerance or resistance to Imatinib. ALT, AST, blood urea, creatinine as well as other haematological parameters were measured.
Results: only one patient out of thirty three( 3%) had a very high ALT and AST with grade 3 and only 2 patients (6%) were classified as grade 1 for ALT level. All the patients were within the normal range values of blood urea, creatinine and eGFR .
Conclusion: Hepatotoxicity is a serious adverse effect of nilotinib that mandates regular check-up of liver function.

This study aimed to detect the consistent chromosomal abnormalities of each type of common bone tumours . Thirty bone tumors specimens were processed for direct cytogenetic preparation , only (9 cases) showed success results for chromosomal preparation by banding technique , the results of cytogenetic study were:
1- Osteosarcoma (4) cases revealed multiple numerical and structural changes with complex karyotype and pronounced cell to cell variation. chromosome 17 was the most frequent involved in these chromosomal alteration . Also loss or structural changes of chromosome 13 was found in (2) cases of osteosarcoma loss or gain of sex chromosome were detected in these cases , loss of Y chromosome in (2) cases ; loss of X chrosome in (1) case and gain of X chrosome in another case.
2- Osteochnodroma: reveled the simple numerical change with no structural change in one case.
3- Chondroblastoma: in this tumor structural and numerical abnormalities of chrosome 5.
4- Chondrosarcoma: showed chromosomal aberration with multiple numerical and structural changes in chromosome (1) was of interest and monosomy 18 was reported in one case.
5- Giant cell tumors : It showed a complex changes and the range of chromosomal number was 50 – 58 with the characteristic telomeric fusion in malignant cases while simple numerical change only in benign giant cell tumor.
Conclusion: Cytogenetic study of both benign and malignant bone tumors have revealed abnormlities in the number and / or structures of chromosomes X, Y , 1,5,6,11 , 13,17,18 and complex chromosomal changes in malignant types of bone tumors.

Cancer photothermal therapy (PTT) depends on the size, and shape of nanoparticles, consequently, on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks of the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) synthesized by pulsed laser ablation (PLA) method in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMED), found to be located between (549-580) nm. The size of GNPs measured the calculation of SPR spectra, dynamic light scattering (DLS) methods and analysis of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) images were found to be ranged between (59-116) nm. The concentration of GNPs in prepared colloidal solution found ranged between (8-16) ppm. Irradiation of GNPs which incubated with Hela cells for 24 h by R light for (15,30, and 45) minutes, enhanced the killing percentage especially for GNPs diameters (50- 70) nm.

Quantification of chimerism after bone marrow transplantation is essential for evaluation the successful of engraftment
after allogenic stem cells transplantation. The aim of this work is to use STR typing test for identification and quantification the chimerism in bone marrow transplant patients. Two patients subjected to bone marrow transplantation were analyzed. DNA extracted from patients (recipient) blood, cheek swabs and donor cheek swabs. Quantifiler Real time PCR kit was used for DNA quantification. Powerplex21 kit was used for amplification STR loci. STR profiling was performed by Genetic analyzer. DNA extraction and quantification were successfully performed with suitable quantity and purity. STR loci fully amplified and analyzed. In both cases recipient and Donor shared alleles with no DNA mixtures. Few loci showed Type 3 chimerism. In conclusion the results showed that the test successfully identify used for identification and quantification of chimerism in recipient patients.

Luminal (L) and triple negative (TN) subtypes of breast cancer (BC) are recorded in Iraqi women which have different incidence, treatment, progression, and metastases. This study is aimed to compare some risk factors and salivary biomarkers between them. Only premenopausal Iraqi women with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) are involved in this study. Based on histopathologic and immunohistochemistry (IHC) report carried out by hospital itself, the age, Subtype and grade of tumor were recorded, while waist/hip ratio, secretory status, and salivary levels of Ca 15-3, total protein (TP), and PH were determined 2-3 weeks after surgery and before starting therapy. Results revealed that luminal is the predominant subtype of IDC and constitute about 80.5% and the rest (19.5%) is TN subtype, however HER-2 subtype didn’t recorded. Also women with TN are presented at age 40.7 year which is significantly (P ˂ 0.05) lower than that in (L) subtype (47.1 year). All TN cases are non-secretor and presented at grade 3 and their saliva is more acidic and containing higher levels of Ca 15-3, and TP than those in (L) cases. Our results suggested that saliva can be used as an alternative diagnostic sample in differentiation between various subtypes of IDC, and secretory status of patients may be contribute in determining the subtype of BC.

Background: Human health hazard due to exposure to chemical pollutants is a global and chronic problem. The pesticides constitute the primary toxic chemicals in the environment. The present study explored the effects of grape seed oil supplementation on diazinon (DZN) induced chromosomal aberrations and sperm abnormalities in male mice.
Materials and methods: The tests were carried out on 35 adult male albino mice (16-20 weeks, weighed 30-35 g). Animals were categorized into seven groups each with five mice; the first group was treated with phos¬phate buffer saline (PBS) as negative control group. The second and third groups were treated daily and orally with two different doses of the DZN (60 and 90 mg/kg body weight) respectively dissolved in corn oil. Animals of fourth, fifth and sixth groups were orally administered grape seed oil at a dose of 2 g/kg body weight, after 6 hours the fourth and fifth groups subjected to DZN at the same dose given to second and third groups. Animals of the seventh group were supplied with corn oil. The treatments were continued for five weeks.
Results: The results showed that DZN increased the frequency of both chromatid and chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells and sperm abnormalities. Treatment with grape seed oil extract showed a significant decrease (P<0.01) on both total abnormal chromosomes and sperms, and there was no significant difference between these groups and negative control in most analyzed parameters. The dose of grape seed oil has significantly minimized the effect of first dose of DZN concerning chromosome structure while it worked in the second dose regarding sperm abnormalities.
Conclusions: This finding suggests the protective action of grape seed oil against DZN induced clastogenecity and sperm abnormalities.

Oral cancers are still poses one of the top ten risk globally in most countries worldwide, there are some factors involved the survival and spread of cancerous tumors, we will determined some of them in this study, such as viral agent and some immunological aspects, like T-lymphocytes. The present study was designed to discuss the evolution of the relation of Epstein Barr virus, CD3 T- lymphocytes with oral squamous cell carcinoma patients, by using Insitu hybridization technique and Immunohistochemical method correlation with different aspects like, age, gender, stage, grade, site and smoking patients. Eighty biopsies were collected from oral squamous cell carcinoma patients during the period from july 2013 until September 2015. By using (ISH), Epstein barr virus was detected in 33.7%(27 out of 80), CD3 T lymphocytes detected immunohistochemically in 61.2%(49 out of 80)patients. According to all of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients , with mean age 59 years, ranged between (27-76)years, male to female ratio 3:1 with 60 men and 20 women. histological grade involved 63 well , 6 moderate and 11 poor differentiated carcinoma with 60 tobacco smoker and 20 non smoking patients . Most of cases 38 out of 80 were tounge SCC and other 29 were gingival and 13 palate, 59 out of 80 (73.7%) falling in stage I and II, the rest 21 cases were falling in II and IV. The results of this study shows highly significant correlation between each of Epstein barr virus as well as CD3 T-lymphocytes with all aspects above like aspects above like age, sex, tumor grade and stage , smoking and the site of the tumor at p ˂ 0.01.

Aim: Cancer nanotechnology offers great potential for cancer diagnosis, targeted treatment, and monitoring, Among the rapidly evolving types of NPs, magnetic NPs (MgNPs) – biocompatible and superparamagnetic nanomaterials with chemical stability and low toxicity – are especially promising. the biosafety of this material needs to be estimated. the aim of this study evaluate the cytotoxic effect with MgNPs-Fe3O4 on some cancer cell growth in vitro. Material and method: Six concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticles(IONP) [(100,200,400,600,800and1000 ) μg/ml] were prepared and tested on Hela, RD and ANM3 cancer cell line in compare with REF cell line as a normal control for( 24 and 48) hr. nine replicates for each concentration. The optical density of cell growth read by Elisa reader at 500nm, MTT colorimetric assay was employed to estimate the percentage of viable cells after each treatment. Results: All tumor cell lines (RD, HeLa, and AMN3) demonstrated significant reduction in the values of OD and GI% after 24 and 48 hr exposure to all concentrations of iron oxide NPs, while those of Ref cell line revealed non-significant elevation, when correlated with control group .Conclusion: IONP(20-30nm) induced cell cytotoxicity at all concentration when exposed to (Hela ,RD ,and AMN3) cancer cell lines when compared with REF normal cell line.

Extra and intra-cellular L-asparaginase were produced from E.coli, purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography and tested for their anti-tumor activities against four human tumor cell lines include MCF-7 , PC3 , A549 and Hep-G2 using MTT and (HCS) array scan. The MTT assay showed that the enzymes exhibited antiproliferative activity in different cell lines growth, PC3 cell line were more sensitive to extra and intracellular L-asparaginase as it gave a lower IC50 value (27.41±2.95 and 70.12±2.53) for extra and intracellular respectively, extracellular L-asparaginase treatment increases nuclear condensation, plasma membrane permeability, MMP attenuation and increased cytochrome C in the cystol compared to control. We suggest the extra cellular Lasparaginase of E.coli was a therapeutic agent against human PC3 cell line.

Theses or dissertations contain many chapters; the most vital and important one is the discussion chapter. Most other chapters were previously investigated for writing problems and the results revealed so many mistakes in the writing process. However, the discussion chapter still hasn’t been studies in these theses or dissertations. Therefore, the context of discussion writing was studied and analysed in 124 theses and dissertations of Iraqi postgraduate students in the field of biology to assess the major problems and mistakes facing the discussion text writing. At the same time an interview was carried out with 114 students from the same field to obtain soild idea about the awarness of those students in the discussion writing style. The study involved many factors and criteria used internationally to analyse the situation of discussion writing. The results revealed that most students have little knowledge or no idea about discussion writing process. The writing process showed many mistakes contextually, structurally and scientifically. It was well realized that the students, before they wrote their theses or dissertations, hadn’t previously possessed any information about the writing discussion text and they wrote them as previous student did regardless of they were correct or not. This study concluded that postgraduate students wrote their theses or dissertation in unsystamatic random style indepent of proper writing rules or criteria indicating their ignorance to the right style of writing proper discussion text. This invites the Universities to evaluate that and establish a plan to make the students in a level that they have sufficient awareness of scientific writing.