Kirkuk University Journal For Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)

The field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2021-2022 in one of the farmers'
fields in the village of Al-Budayab, affiliated Ramadi city . The study aimed to investigate the effect
of potassium fertilizer levels (120, 160, and 200) kg K ha-1
and planting dates (November 15th,
December 1st, December 15th) on the growth, yield, and quality characteristics of wheat . The
experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Statistical analysis
revealed significant differences among the levels of potassium fertilizer, with the 200 kg K ha-1
level
superior to other levels in plant height 94.25 cm, leaf area 48.16 cm², number of spikes per square
meter 285.60 m-
², number of grains per spike 65.50 grains, 1000-grain weight 34.10 g and grain yield
6.40 ton ha-1
. Additionally, the planting dates showed significant differences, where 15th of
December record a significant yield significantly higher results for the above-mentioned
characteristics, measuring plant height 82.30 cm, leaf area 43.31 cm², number of spikes per square
meter 270.94 m-
², number of grains per spike 58.94 grains, 1000-grain weight 32.64 g and 5.36 tons.
The interaction between the level of potassium fertilizer and planting dates also had a significant
effect on grain yield, as the 200 kg K ha-1 level combined with the December 15th planting date
resulted in the highest grain yield of 7.30 tons ha-1
. Regarding the grains protein content in, the 120
kg K ha-1
level recorded the highest percentage of 12.57%, and the November 15th yielded the
highest percentage of 12.12% compared to the other planting dates.

This article aims to find out the impact of water in the process of sustainable agricultural
development in Iraq, by presenting the reality of water resources in Iraq and water sources with
reference to water sources globally and at the level of the Arab world, the low efficiency of the use
of water resources in Iraq, which was considered one of the biggest challenges that led to the
depletion of this important and vital resource, as it did not exceed in the best cases 40%, which is a
small percentage if compared to neighboring countries and the Arab homeland. Moreover, the study
did not indicate any trend to use virtual water as a more rational alternative to importing water
between the high costs of water and its transportation, and it was also shown through the study that
there are many challenges that affected water management in Iraq, including water share and water
security, as well as shared water with neighboring and upstream countries. The study recommended
supporting and encouraging the use of modern irrigation systems (sprinklers) to raise the efficiency
of water use and link water security with food security because of their major role in raising the
process of sustainable agricultural development in Iraq As well Aa activating the rule aquatic
Agricultural extension because of its role in guiding and guiding farmers in rationalizing the use of
water resources and urging them to adopt modern irrigation technologies.

The science of nutrition includes the provision of balanced nutrients that meet the need of chickens
(animal) to grow, maintain and continue production, and for economic reasons, these foodstuffs
should be at the lowest prices, so we should provide these materials only with what the nutritional
requirements need without a significant increase. However, we must provide some nutrients at higher
levels in practical situations, in order to try to meet the shortage of some food components The costs
of feeding chickens represent 60-70% of the total expenses in poultry projects, so the nutritionist's
goal is to obtain the highest production at the lowest possible costs while making use of feed
materials whenever possible. And the nutritionist must form a relationship in which all the nutrients
that the bird needs are available, whether for the production of meat, table eggs or hatching eggs. In
this review, we will review the basics of feeding poultry birds, the most commonly used feed
materials, the nutritional needs of each bird according to its type, age, production status, how to form
leeches and models of leeches that can be used, as well as diseases caused by a lack of various
nutrients

Seven genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were used (SK 95, Side14, Side 12,
SK94, Giemiza 9, Giemiza 7, Al-Fayyad) and their 21 crosses from half diallel crosses, and they
were planted at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station of the Faculty of Agriculture.
Agriculture - University of Kirkuk, using a randomized complete block design with three
replicates in order to study the hybrid vigor, the genetic and phenotypic correlation, and the path
analysis of the grain yield components. It is noted from the results that the hybrid 2*6 had the
heterosis deviation from the average of the parents and the best of them are significant and in the
desired direction in the number of active tillers plant-1
, the number of grains spikes-1
and grain
yield, and the genetic and phenotypic correlation was positive for the significant number of
active tillers plant-1
, the number of spikelet's spike-1
and the number of grain spike-1
, and
significant positive for the weight of 1000 grains with the grains yield plant-1
, and the highest
genetic and phenotypic correlation value of the number of grains spike-1 was 0.8** and 0.785**,
respectively with grain yield, and when the correlations were divided into direct and indirect
effects, the number of grains spikes-1
had the highest direct effect, which confirms the possibility
of adopting it as a selective indicator to improve grain yield.

Plant development, kinds, and benefits of bio-fertilizer inoculation will be discussed
in this paper, Studies have shown that using bio-fertilizers increases the growth of the
host plant, as well as improving the root growth and increasing the root system area,
which leads to an increase in water and nutrient absorption. Also, the use of biological
fertilizers helps reduce the toxicity in plant products as a result of a decrease in
chemical fertilizers, In addition to increasing plant resistance to stress conditions like
salt, drought, and temperature, bio-fertilizers can also increase soil fertility by
contributing to soil aggregation and increasing the activity of soil enzymes like
dehydrogenase, phosphatase, and urease, for example. These enzymes help plants be
stronger against stress conditions like salt, drought, and temperature.

Plant tissue culture techniques have made tremendous progress in the production of various
active compounds of interest, including Steviol Glycosides in Stevia. Stevia rebaudiana is a
perennial herbaceous plant known for its sweet-tasting leaves that contain active substances used
as natural low-calorie sweeteners called Steviol glycosides. Because of its high sweetness and
low-calorie nature, it is an alternative to sugar. However, conventional cultivation of Stevia
plants for the production of Steviol Glycosides faces challenges such as long growth cycles,
changes in chemical composition, and environmental determinants. Therefore, plant tissue
culture is an alternative for the production of large quantities of Steviol Glycosides by altering
various factors such as nutrient media, growth regulators, and response. Photovoltaic and tissue
culture methods have been successfully used for plant propagation as well as the production of
high-quality glycosides. Through techniques such as callus culture, organogenesis, and somatic
embryo culture, large quantities of cotyledons can be rapidly established from small plant parts
in a relatively short time. With further advances in tissue culture techniques and an
understanding of the physiology and genetics of stevia, the potential for large-scale production of
glycosides using Tissue culture methods is a promising technique for the commercial use of this
natural sweetener.

Agricultural sector has faced some obstacles and problems in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRG),
therefore, a huge number of rural residents have migrated to urban areas because of lack of work
opportunities, agricultural technologies, and product marketing problems. This research was
conducted in the KRG to find out the importance of current problems related to potatoes production
and marketing process in the KRG according to priority; the research population included all potato
farmers who were (790 farmers), and the research sample was taken by stratified random sampling
comprised (257 farmers) in seven districts, after excluding (22 farmers) for the pre-test. The data
were collected using questionnaires, the questionnaire was sectioned into two main parts, the first
part was to study the farmers’ socio-demographic profile, and the second part was designed to find
out the importance of current problems related to the process of potatoes production and marketing,
and the farmers were interviewed face-to-face, afterward, the collected data were analyzed by
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 25). The result shows that most of the farmers
suffered from these five significant issues (Absence of state support for exporting potatoes, High
price of fertilizer, importing potatoes from abroad, High price of seeds, and High price of pesticides),
It implies that the problems were related to the government. Accordingly, governments must play a
crucial role in supporting farmers and ensuring the availability of affordable agricultural inputs to
assist farmers.

This study aims to examine the impact of adding chitosan and probiotics to the diets of broilers oon
the carcass characteristics of broilers. A total of 144 broiler chicks from Ross 308 were used in this
study. They were of average weight (43 g). They were divided into 6 treatments with 3 replicates (8
per treatment). The first treatment was without any addition (control treatment), the second was
adding 1 g/kg of probiotic, he third was adding 0.5 g/kg of chitosan, the fourth was adding 1 g/kg of
chitosan, the fifth was adding 0.5 g/kg of chitosan plus 1 g/kg of probiotic and the sixth was adding 1
g/kg of chitosan plus 1 g/kg of probiotic. The foundation of this study were significant differences
(P≤ 0.05) in the percentage of carcass refining and superiority of the third treatment, but there were
no significant differences in the relative weight of the main cuttings and the relative weight of the
secondary cuttings of carcass. For the internal organs (heart, gizzard and liver), there were significant
differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the relative weight of the heart, and the superiority of the fifth treatment. As
for the relative weight of the gizzard, the third treatment was significantly superior (p ≤ 0.05). The
fourth treatment was significantly superior (p≤0.05) to the rest of the treatments for the relative
weight of the liver. There were no significant differences in the relative weight of uneaten viscera.

The study is conducted in Kosar's company experimental fields / Erbil to study the improvement
of the carcass characteristics of broiler chickens, specifically those feeding on diets including
"Toxbond Forte". The experiment lasted for 35 days and used 120 unsexed one day old chicks from
Rose 308 type with an average of 42 ± 3 g per chick. The chicks were randomly classified into five
treatments with three replications; each treatment had eight birds / replicate). The first treatment (T1)
is called the control treatment in which the feed was without any addition, the second treatment (T2)
included the addition of the compound with an average of 0.5 g / kg of feed, the third treatment (T3)
included the addition of the mixture with a percentage higher than the second one, i.e. with a rate of
1 g / kg of feed, the fourth treatment (T4) included the rate of 1.5 g / kg of feed, and last treatment
(T5) had the percentage of 2 g / kg of feed addition to the mixture. Results have shown that there
are no big differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the relative weight of the main segments (chest and thigh piece),
while the relative weight of the drumstick is significantly higher than the other treatments. Moreover,
no differences have been seen for the secondary cuts, internal viscera and empty carcass weight, (p ≤
0.05). Finally, the study has noted a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in the percentage of the net
weight.

The name Atropa is thought to have been derived from the Greek goddess Atropos while,
meaning a beautiful lady. Belladonna has also been used over the past centuries to relax
muscles, especially of the stomach and intestines, to help relieve intestinal colic, and to treat
peptic ulcers. It also relaxes the urinary tract, removing spasms. The ancients used the plant
to treat Parkinson's disease, as it works to reduce tremors and stiffness. Modern medicine
proved that belladonna alkaloids inhibit the parasympathetic central nervous system that
controls the various involuntary activities of the body. These alkaloids increase heartbeats. It
has been shown that belladonna is a sedative used to remove the pain of diseases
accompanied by bouts of muscle contractions.

The beginning of this study in the seasons of 2021-2022 from the orchard at agricultural training
center in Erbil /Ministry of Agriculture / Kurdistan Region/ Iraq, The experiment examines the
impact of Algae and Iron Chelate at three doses on growth, blooming, and yield as a foliar spray and
their interactions on growth, chemical composition, production, and quality of strawberry at two
strawberry cultivars (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Festival and Sabrina, using the six spraying while
doing the experiment in the morning start in November 10 2021 to January 1 2022. The results
showed The effect of fertilizer (Algae and Iron chelate) were significantly effect on leaf area, the
value was (9.94) were obtained from Sabrina cultivar by using (6gm.L-1 algae and 2ml.L-1 iron
chelate). and significantly Effect on fruit size, the value of fruit size is registered with Festival, (6
gm.L-1
algae) and (2 ml.L-1
iron chelate) which are (12.37). Also by spring (6gm.L-1
algae and 2ml.L1
iron chelate), recorded the anthocyanin\'s value significant value (16.71 mg.100g-1 F.W.).
Additionally, the relationship between (Cultivars + Fertilizers + Concentration) was significantly
affected on leaf area, the value recorded in (sabrina + 6 gm.L-1
algae + 2ml.L-1 iron chelate) (14.46
cm
2
). Also was significantly affected on fruit size, the value was recorded in (sabrina + 6 gm.L-1
algae + 2 ml.L-1
iron chelate) (13.04) in comparison with untreated strawberry cultivars, on the
interaction among (Sabrina + 6gm.L-1 Algae + 2ml.L-1
Iron chelate) obtained the value (10.06
mg.100g-1
F.W.), which obtained from the (sabrina + 0.0 algae+ 0.0 iron chelate).

A study was conducted in the poultry field of the Department of Animal Production, College of
Agriculture at the University of Kirkuk. The study involved seven treatments, each with 24 chickens,
and six replicates per treatment, with four chickens in each replicate. The experimental period lasted
for 20 weeks. The birds were fed different diets: the control diet contained 100% soybean meal, the
second treatment replaced 33% of the soybean meal with raw local sesame seed meal, the third
treatment replaced 66% of the soybean meal with raw local sesame seed meal, the fourth treatment
replaced 100% of the soybean meal with raw local sesame seed meal, the fifth treatment replaced
33% of the soybean meal with roasted sesame seed meal, the sixth treatment replaced 66% of the
soybean meal with roasted sesame seed meal, and the seventh treatment replaced 100% of the
soybean meal with roasted sesame seed meal.
The results of the statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences (P≤0.05)
between any of the experimental treatments and the control treatment in most of the qualitative
characteristics of the eggs. These characteristics included the egg shape index, percentage of white
weight, whiteness index rate and air unit. It was found that there were significant differences during
the second, third and fifth period in the average thickness of the cortex, However, when considering
the total amount of protein in the eggs, all of the experimental treatments showed superiority
compared to the control treatment.

This study was conducted in the sheep field of the Department of Animal Production-Faculty of
Agriculture - University of Kirkuk for the period from 15/6/2021 to 15/9/2021. The study
targeted the role of different water types in influencing some of the productive traits of ewes
exposed to heat stress in the summer. 20 mature ewes were used at the age of 18 months with an
average weight of 44.12 kg. The animals were divided into four groups, each group included five
ewes of homogeneous weights, and randomly divided then the coefficients into groups. The 1
st
treatment was orally administrated with tap water, the 2nd treatment was orally administrated
with well water, the 3rd treatment was orally administrated with tap water treated magnetically
(1500 gauss) and the 4th treatment was orally administrated with well water treated magnetically
(1500 gauss). Both magnetically treated tap and well water groups showed a significant
increasing (P≤0.05) in the weight of ewes, an average weight gain, a decrease in the amount of
feed intake and an improvement in the coefficient of nutritional conversion.

The study was conducted in the nursery of the Department of Horticulture and landscape,
College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, during the growing season 2022, on one year old
pomegranate seedlings cv. Salimi, in order to know the impact of organic fertilizer (sheep
waste) with three levels (M0=control, M1=20%, and M2=40%), and some stimuli with eight
levels (S0=control, S1=5000 mg L-1
glucose, S2=100 mg L-1
IBA, S3=200 mg L-1
IBA,
S4=100 mg L-1 NAA, S5=200 mg L-1 NAA, S6= 6 ml seedlings-1
Taravert Evo and S7=12
ml seedlings-1
Taravert Evo) in the chemical Composition of the leaves of these seedlings. A
factorial experiment according to (RCBD) with two factors. The results showed that M2
treatment significant effect in the chemical characteristics of the leaves in N, P, K,
carbohydrates and the C:N ratio reached 2.34, 0.24, 1.46, 11.74 and 5.08%. The application
of growth stimulators enhanced seedlings growth, where Taravert Evo gave the best results
in the leaf content of N, P, and K. As for the interaction between the treatments, the M2S6
interaction treatment achieved a significant superiority in the leaf content of N, P, K,
carbohydrates and C:N ratio.

The current study was conducted at Kani –Graw private field around Erbil city –for the period from
01/09/2022 to 01/05/2023. The study was carried out to know the impact of changes in live weight of
Kurdish local chickens due to sex and generation effects. The number of the Kurdish local chicks was
two hundred and fifty chicks and their first generation. The effects cleared that, the live weight range
substantially in accordance to the sex and generation of the chicks and their interactions especially at
some stage in the period from one to eighteen weeks (P<0.01). Also, the live weight in male greater than
females and accelerated steadily from zero to eighteen week of age the value the closing weight used to
be 1704.06±11.83g and 1380.00±20.50g for males and females parents, respectively and
1649.69±15.64g and 1299.22±10.30g for males and females in 1st generation, respectively.
Heritability estimate (h2
) indicated that, the heritability estimates for live weight trait. Estimates of h2
two values had been average to excessive the value it ranged from 0.27 to 0.41 for live weight.

A factorial experiment was conducted through fall season 2022 in the Bani Magan area belonging
to the Directorate of Agriculture of Chamchamal and affiliated to the General Directorate of
Agriculture of Sulaymaniyah using randomized complete block design in split plot system with three
replication, to know the effect of three concentrations (0, 2, and 4) g.L-1
of nano-sama NPK and the
response of seven genotypes of maize crop to some growth traits and total yield, and the following
results were obtained:
The concentration of 4g L-1 NPK nano-compound fertilizer was significantly surpassed for the
characteristics of the duration from sowing up to 50% of male flowering, plant height, ear height,
and total grain yield. The two genotypes (Yugoslavian and DKC6664) were significantly surpassed
for period from sowing to 50% male flowering, and the genotype (DKC6664) was significantly
surpassed for the period from sowing to 50% female flowering (day(.The two genotypes (Babylon
and Bahia) were significantly surpassed for plant height, the genotype (Bahia) for ear height, the
genotypes (Sangunto, Bahia and Babel) for leaf area, and the two genotypes (DKC6664 and Erbil
215481) for grain yield Total and the effect of combination between, treatment 2g.L-1
. and genotype
(Yugoslav) had the least number of days 50% of the female flowering, and the combination between
the fertilizer level 2 and 4 g.L-1
and genotype (DKC6664) had the least number of days 50% of the
female flowering, and the combination between the fertilizer level was 4 g. L-1 with genotype
(Babylon) significant in plant height and fertilizer level 4g. L-1 with genotype (Bahia) in ear height
character and control treatment .The level of fertilizer is 2 and 0 g.l-1 with genotypes (Bahia) in the
characteristic of leaf area, and the level of fertilizer is 4 g.l-1 with genotype (Erbil 215481) in total
grain yield.

The experiment was carried out from October 14 through November 24, 2021, in a private
farm next to Qamchughah hamlet in Dukan town, 15 kilometers from Sulaymani City. This
study was conducted to determine effects of using organic acids to diet will impact
physiological parameters and production efficiency of broiler chicks. From a total of 400
broiler chicks (ross 308), 42-one day chicks divided to 4 treatments (C, T1, T2, and T3), each
of which had four replications. A diet free of organic acid served as a control. Organic acid
was added to the treatments T1, T2, and T3 at rates of 200 mg, 300 mg, and 400 mg/kg of
diet, respectively. From 0 to 42 days, the organic acid was introduced to the meal. Body
weight gain in T1, T2, and T3 birds was significantly higher (P 0.05) than in the other groups
(T1, T2, and T3). Although FCR was significant (P0.05) in weeks 4 and 5, it was not
significant (P>0.05) in 6 weeks of age compared to treatment 1. With the exception of T2 in
the fourth week, which was not significant (P>0.05), feed intake was significantly higher in
weeks 4, 5, and 6. Non-significant (P>0.05) cholesterol level on the fourth week. Creatinine
and calcium did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between weeks 4 and 6, however calcium
did differ significantly (P0.05) from week 6. The uric acid had no significant (P>0.05) effects.

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the efficacy of lycopene and vitamin C in
alleviating heat stress in broilers and improving its overall performance. The experiment used 120
one-day-old broiler Ross 308 not sexed, each weighing 42 g, they were randomly distributed among
five treatments with three replications (8 birds/replicate) and raised for 35 days under a temperature
above 30 °C during the summer. The following are the experimental treatments: T1 was the first
treatment, and it's a no-extras diet. T2: 1 gram of lycopene per kilogram. T3: 2 g of lycopene per
kilogram of diet, T4. Lycopene (1 g/kg) and vitamin C (25 mg/kg feed) are combined as the fourth
therapeutic option, T5. Lycopene (2 g/kg) and vitamin C (25 mg/kg feed) are combined as the
fourth therapeutic option, T4. There were no statistically significant differences in the first three
weeks of the experiment, but there were significant differences between the addition treatment and
the control treatment in the rate of live body weight from the W2 until the end of the experiment.
Feed consumption increases within the first, second and three week of contro treatment. Compared
with addition treatments.

This study was conducted in the Poultry Farm for KYSAR Company in Erbil City and aimed to
determine the effect, adding of the single Powder of Hawthorn tree leafs PHTL with or without
adding mixed Garlimmune liquid to Obtain the Synergism effect upon physiological blood
parameters for ROSS-308 broiler. In this experiment randomly distributed 144 unsexed one-day age
broilers to 6 treatments with three replicates for each. The system of feeding was ad libitum and the
drinking water was available and the average live weight of the chicks was 40 gm. The nutritional
treatments were as follow. T1, basal diet (Control I diet), T2: basal diet with 0.025 % of PHTL, T3:
basal diet with 0.50% of PHTL, T4: basal diet and the drinking water contained liquid Garlimmune
as 0.50ml per100 liter. T5: basal diet with 0.25% of PHTL and the drinking Wart Contained liquid
Garlimmune as 0.50ml per N100 water, T6: The basal diet with 0.50% of PHTL and drinking water
contained liquid Garlimmune as 0.50ml per 100 drinking water. The Statistical analysis for the serum
bio chemical parameters obtained significantly (P ≤0.05) depression of the cholesterol and
Triglycerides for the 2,3,4,5, and 6th treatments serum by comparing with control group birds the
Serum by comparing with control group birds. The serum total protein percentage for the 3rd
treatment was significantly (P ≤0.05) bigger than another treatments and average for the same
parameter for the serum of control group birds was less from all treatments, while the low density
lipoproteins for the serum of 6th treatment birds were significantly (P ≤0.05) less than control
treatment birds. There was no significantly difference between the serum cef the all treatments birds
for the values of albumin and globulin.

Studying heritability and genetic correlation between traits is important to improvement genetic
programs and indirect selection, for that, this study was conducted in the poultry field of Animal
Production department - College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk for the period from 88/3/2022 to
51/5/2023, to study heritability and genetic correlation between production and biochemical traits of
white Japanese quail. One day hatched white quail chicks were obtained from College of Agriculture -
University of Kirkuk, and reared for 35 days until reaching sexual maturity. Then chicks were
randomly distributed to 30 families, with a male and a female for each family for two generations.
Simple correlation between productive traits and blood biochemical were estimated, and heritability
using full sibs method by variance between dam and total variances. The results of the study showed
that there was a highly and significant genetic correlation between estrogen hormone in blood serum,
egg production and egg mass, while a negative and highly significant genetic correlation was found
between estrogen hormone and feed conversion ratio. Heritability values for productive and blood
biochemical traits ranged from 0.22 to 0.42 and they considered within mediate heritability. The study
recommended to use of selection programs and indirect genetic improvement based on some blood
biochemical values (estrogens, total protein and glucose) due to their positive and significant
association with productive traits of white Japanese quail.

This experiment was carried out from 15th October, 2021 to 15th May, 2022 in the plastic house
in Duhok city, Iraq. A study included the effect of three factors, the first one is two different
propagation dates 15th October and 15th December, second one is three propagation media includes
peat moss + perlite (1:1), sand + perlite (1:1) and peat moss + sand + perlite (1:1:1), and third one
included three auxin concentrations includes (control, 3000 IBA+1500 NAA and 6000 IBA + 3000
mg. L
-1 NAA) on the rooting of Cupressus macrocarpa semi-hard wood cuttings. The results
analyzed by (RCBD) design and indicated that the planting of cuttings at 15th October significantly
gave the best results of all studied characters (rooting percentage (51.11%) and shoots characters) as
compared with those date in 15th December which gave the lowest values. As for propagation media
had significant effect only on rooting characters, the best results of rooting obtained when cuttings
planted in both of (sand + perlite) and (sand + peat moss + perlite) media but the media hadn’t any
significant effects on shoot characters. Auxin treatment meaningfully affected on rooting ability of
cuttings, high concentrations of auxins (6000 IBA+3000 NAA mg.L-1
) gave the best results of
rooting characters comparison with low concentration (3000 IBA+1500 NAA mg.L-1
) and control
(0 mg.L-1
) but hadn’t any significant effects on shoots characters. Generally, the interaction among
three factors showed that the planting of cutting treated with both concentrations of auxins in both
of (sand + perlite) and (sand + peat moss + perlite) media at 15th October provided the best results
of rooting percentage and improve most roots and shoots characters.

This study investigates the role of manufacturing characteristics on some mechanical and physical
properties of poultry feed pellets. laboratory study of 3 x 3 x 3 factorial experiment laid out to study the
effect of die lengths (L1 = 3, L2 = 4, and L3 = 5) cm, moisture content of feedstuff (M1 = 12, M2 = 14
and M3 = 16) % and particle sizes (P1 = 0.5, P2 = 1 and P3 = 1.5) mm and their interactions on some
physical and mechanical properties of poultry feed pellets. Pellet Durability Index (PDI), pellet
hardness, bulk density of pellets and feedstuff, unit density of pellets, and power consumption were
measured and evaluated. Results revealed that the interaction of longer die lengths, higher moisture
content, and smaller particle size treatment (L3M3P1) significantly increased the PDI (95.6%), hardness
(6.4 Kg), and bulk density (683.97 Kg m
-3
) when it compared with other treatments. Unit density
increased with the treatment (L3M2P2) when it compared with other treatments which it was 1453.29
Kg m
3
. The highest power consumption of 4.51 Kwh-1 was recorded with the treatment (L3M3P3) while
the lowest value was for the treatment (L1M1P1) and it was 3.07 Kwh-1
but statistically, there were no
significant differences in power consumption between the treatments, the differences were only
mathematically. According to the results obtained in this work, we can conclude that when using the
long die path combined with high moisture content and fine feedstuff can produce better pellets which
are physically and mechanically accepted by farmers

The root nodule bacteria are utilized in the production of natural biological fertilizers to achieve
clean agriculture by reducing chemical fertilizers. Therefore, the bacterial inoculum was prepared
from local isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum and Bradyrhizobium japonicum, which were
morphologically and molecularly characterized. Subsequently, the efficacy of the prepared
inoculum was tested in the formation of root nodules and some growth traits of mung bean plants in
gypsiferous soil at three levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 40, 80) kg N ha-1
The results showed a
significant increase in all plant growth traits during the flowering stage for the treatments inoculated
with Rhizobium leguminosarum and Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteria in comparison to the
treatment without inoculation. The inoculated treatments outperformed the non-inoculated treatment
significantly. Additionally, the treatment inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum showed a
significant superiority over the treatment inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum in all studied
growth traits, the recorded values for the count of root nodules were (0.00, 8.33, 35.11) nodule.
plant-1
, The wet mass of nodules was (0.00, 0.091, 1.802) g. plant-1
, and dry mass of nodules was
(0.00, 0.010, 0.337) g. plant-1
. The plant height was (52.11, 56.22, 58.05) cm. plant-1
. The dry mass
of the vegetative part, was (14.03, 20.10, 23.05) g. plant-1
, and ,the dry mass of the root part was
(1.37, 2.57, 2.67) g. plant-1
. The nitrogen content was (1.547, 2.765, 3.028) % phosphorus (0.121,
0.236, 0.377) %, and potassium (1.168, 2.342, 3.562) % in the vegetative part. The absorbed
nitrogen in the vegetative part was (217.41, 541.11,718.02) mg. plant-1
. These values were recorded
for the non-inoculated treatment, Rhizobium leguminosarum inoculated treatment, and
Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculated treatment, respectively. The results showed a significant
superiority for the 40 kg N ha-1
fertilized treatment in comparison to both the unfertilized treatment
and the 80 kg N/ha-1 fertilized treatment in all studied traits. The interaction effect was significant,
as the treatment that was inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and 40 kg N ha-1
fertilized
treatment exhibited significant superiority over the other treatments in all studied traits.

Like probiotics, postbiotics function without the presence of living cells and are composed of
bacteriocins and metabolites that are antibacterial. They improve chicken products and health by
reducing acidity in the gut and preventing infectious diseases. A total of 288 one-day-old unsexed
broiler birds (Ross308) were divided into sex-specific treatment groups, with each group having
four replicates and each replicate containing twelve birds.The treatment groups were as follows: T1
= Standard diet (negative control), T2 = Standard diet + 0.01% doxin200 (positive control), T3
(0.1%) = Standard diet + 0.05% thyme oil + 0.05% postbiotic, T4(0.2%) = Standard diet + 0.1%
thyme oil + 0.1% postbiotic, T5(0.3%) = Standard diet + 0.15% thyme oil + 0.15% postbiotic, T6
(0.4%) = Standard diet + 0.2% thyme oil + 0.2% postbiotic.
The results showed significantly (P<0.05) increased breast cuts and a decrease in back cuts, in
birds given varied levels of combined postbiotic and phytobiotic (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4%)
compared to the negative and positive controls. Serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides
showed significant reductions, and there was an increase in HDL among all groups of birds that
received different levels of dietary supplements, as compared to the positive and negative control.
The meat cooking loss rate was significantly reduced in birds fed at a 0.4% level compared to all
experimental groups. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in meat color were noticed by feed
additives compared to the positive control and stayed within the normal range. Various levels of the
combination diet significantly improved tibia bone health, especially at a level of 0.4% (T6). In
conclusions, a level of 0.4% combined (0.2% postbiotics+ 0.2% phytobiotics(thyme oil) as viable
alternatives to antibiotics in broiler diets.

The study involves a field experiment that will be conducted at the Ankawa field Directorate of
Agricultural Research - Erbil in the growing season of 2021–2022, 10 km to the north of Erbil City
(36.2463 N, 43.9931 E, and 420 m above mean sea level). To investigate the effect of three different
types of fertilizers (simbio, organic, and chemical) with three different concentration levels (B0 B1
B2, O0 O1 O2, and C0 C1 C2) with three replications. The field experiment consists of 81 plots (27
* 3) using factorial split plot design. The wheat yield ranged from (3.02-5.56 Mg ha-1
) the highest
yield was in the plot (B2O2C2) and the lowest was in the plot (B0O0C0), moreover, the weight of
1000 gm ranged from (33.48-39.11), the highest and the lowest was the same as the yield plots. The
concentration of NPK in the flag leaf of wheat ranged from (2.91-3.99 mg kg-1
), (0.11-0.14 mg kg-1
),
and (1.62-1.82 mg kg-1
) respectively

This study was carried out in the green house of the Agricultural-Research and
Experiment>Station, College of Agriculture, University of Kirkuk, Sayada area, Kirkuk, Iraq during
the season 2021-2022 to study the effect of humic and potassium sulfate spraying on the growth and
yield of Rubegym strawberries. The experiment was-included two factors, the first being three
levels of sulfate Potassium (0, 1000 and 20000) mg L-1, and the second factor was three
concentrations of humic, which is (0, 2 and 4) g L-1, using the randomized complete block design
(R.C.B.D.) as a factorial experiment, using 10 seedlings per experimental unit, and the data were
analyzed statistically using the (SAS V 9.0) program, and the averages were compared according to
Dunkin's multinomial test at the probability level (0.05). Total. Soluble. Solids and vitamin C
compared to control treatment.

According to the randomized complete block design, a field experiment was conducted at the
Agricultural Research Station in the Daquq Research Station located 40 km south of Kirkuk at the
longitude 28 - 44 ° east and latitude 8 - 35 ° north as a factorial experiment with three factors, six
genotypes, three doses of potassium fertilizer, and two spacing between lines, the data were analyzed as a
factorial experiment using the analysis of variance method, and the trait averages were compared using
Duncan\'s multi-range test at a probability threshold of 5% for all of the traits evaluated. Montana genotype
shows the superiority of No. of fruiting branches with an average of (8.15), Coker 310 genotypes No. of
balls per plant with an average of (17.81), Montana genotype boll weight with an average of (4.85), and
Coker 310 genotypes of Seed cotton yield per plant show an average of (87.26). While for fertilizer, it
exceeded (200) Kg h-1
, No. of fruiting branches with an average of (8.29), No. of balls per plant of
(17.66), boll weight with an average reached (4.86), and Seed cotton yield per plant, with an average of
(84.36). As for the distances between the lines, the distance exceeds 60 cm, in Seed cotton yield per plant
with an average of 83.99. As for the best selection index, it was (the number of boll per plant and seed
cotton yield per plant which amounted to (124.9922), and the expected genetic improvement was I1234,
which included (number of fruiting branches, number of boll per plant, boll weight, and seed cotton yield
per plant), which amounted to (8.7753), and the highest relative efficiency of the I2 index, which included
(number of bolls per plant) as it reached 3109.95).

This study was carried out during February 20 to July 1, 2023, at the lath house in the College of
Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, and aimed to
investigate the impact of rootstock type and grafting time on grafting success of loquat on two
rootstocks, loquat and quince, which were used for grafting the local selection cultivar of loquat at
three different times (February 20, March 10, and March 30) during the dormant season. The
experiment was laid down in a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), involving 6
treatments, each with 5 grafts and 3 replications, resulting in 90 grafts. Data analysis was performed
using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and means were separated using Duncan‟s multiple range
tests (P≤0.05). The loquat and quince rootstocks were grown through seed sowing and cuttings,
respectively. Cleft grafting was employed as the grafting method, ensuring the cambium layers of
the scion and stock in contact. Grafting success percentage, shoot length, shoot diameter, number of
leaves per budling, leaf area, and chlorophyll content were evaluated. Results showed that loquat
rootstock exhibited a significantly higher grafting success percentage (97.78%) compared to quince
rootstock (84.44%). Regarding vegetative traits, loquat rootstock resulted in significantly longer
shoots (11.74 cm) compared to quince rootstock (8.08 cm). The same rootstock showed a higher
number of leaves per budling (8.47) and chlorophyll content (43.82 SPAD). Also, the highest
significant grafting success percentage (100%) was achieved from the combination of loquat
rootstock and two grafting times (February 20 and March 30). The combination of rootstock type
and grafting time led to varying shoot characteristics.

The study was conducted during the agricultural season (2017-2018) and the size distribution
of soil particles was (10.5% sand, 51.7 clay, 38.25 silt) so soil texture is clay soil to find out the
effect of adding weights on the wheels of the agricultural tractor using the moldboard plow by
measuring some indicators, including the drawbar power, soil resistance penetration, tillage depth
achieved, and the soil disturbed volume and the field was divided according to a split plot
arrangement under Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The results of the
study showed that the addition of weights on the wheels of the tractor (310) kg recorded the lowest
value for drawbar power and highest value for the tillage depth achieved, and the soil disturbed
volume, while not adding weights (0) recorded the lowest value for the soil resistance penetration.
The forward speed (3.3) km.h-1
excelled in recording the lowest value of the drawbar power and
highest value of tillage depth achieved, while the third speed (7.7) km.h-1
excelled in recording the
highest value of the soil disturbed volume and the lowest value of soil resistance penetration. The
interaction between adding weights on the wheels of the tractor (310) kg and the forward speed
(3.3) km.h-1
registry the less value the drawbar power and the highest value for soil resistance
penetration and tillage depth achieved, while the addition of weights on the wheels tractor (310) kg
and the forward speed (7.7) km.h-1
registry the highest value of the soil disturbed volume.

The study was conducted to find out the effect of adding weights on the wheels of the
agricultural tractor and soil moisture content using the moldboard plow by measuring some
mechanical properties, including the drawbar power,fuel consumption, soil bulk density ,
irregularity index of tillage depth as a percentage and the soil disturbed volume in the cultivation
season (2017-2018)in one of the agricultural fields with soil of clay texture which is located in the
northeast of Mosul city. and the texture of the soil was clay the field was divided according to a
split plot arrangement under Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The
results of the study showed that the soil moisture content (14-16)% achieved fewer values for
drawbar power, fuel consumption, irregularity index of tillage depth as a percentage and soil bulk
density and the higher values for soil disturbed volume, while, the adding weights on tractor wheels
of (310)kg gave the less values for drawbar power, fuel consumption, soil bulk density and
Irregularity index of tillage depth as a percentage and higher values for treated soil volume, also the
interaction between the soil moisture content (14-16)% with adding weights on tractor wheels
(310)kg achieved the less values for each drawbar power, fuel consumption, soil bulk density and
Irregularity index of tillage depth as a percentage, and the higher values for soil disturbed volume .

This study provides a detailed description of Adoretus hirsutus (Ohaus, 1914)
(Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae), as a first record in Iraq. Between March and July 2022, we
collected specimens from various weed flowers in different locations within the Erbil Governorate,
Kurdistan Region, Iraq. According to molecular analysis, Adoretus hirsutus was used as a source of
samples for PCR amplification of the fragments (710 bp) of the mtCOI gene for phylogenetic analysis.
To compare the nucleotide sequence with those of other insect species, a section of the mtCOI gene
from the collected insect was aligned with the NCBI GenBank database using the BLAST tool. The
BLAST results showed that the second record in the NCBI GenBank identity of insects. The COI
sequence of Adoretus hirsutus was submitted to GenBank with accession numbers OQ4288117,
OQ428818, and OQ428819. The morphological diagnostic characteristics of the species are; Labrum
nearly cup shaped, lateral margins moderately concave with a row of small spines, median apical
projection overhanging the mentum. Mandibles irregular shaped, apically with single oval shaped
tooth. Terminal maxillary palpomere 1.5 times as long as the 2nd. Antenna brown, consisting of 10
antennomeres ending in a unilateral three lamellated club, equal in length. Outer margin of fore tibia
with three acute teeth. Aedagaeus moderately curved, parameres elongated oval, apical part is very
acute. Some important parts such as labrum, mandible, antenna, fore legs, elytra, pygidium and male
genitalia have been photographed

The study of tracking product flows, showing the stages of value added, determining
relationships with other actors in the chain are aimed at identifying the problems and obstacles of the
value chain link of tomato crops, calculating the costs and revenues of production and marketing,
calculating value added and related indicators. The study was conducted by the governor of Salah alDin (al-ishaqi-as a model) and the initial data for the study were collected according to a random
sample containing samples of actors within the value chain link of tomato crops and used a
questionnaire form created specifically for this link. Through the use of quantitative indicators to
draw conclusions, which are indicators for analyzing and calculating costs and revenues, the study
reached the most important results, the production cycle has achieved an average gross value added
(159.156) dinars/kg, according to the conclusion, based on the most important issues and limitations
of the production cycle of tomato crops, the total cost of production has reached (1149677) thousand
dinars. and the Results the total marketing costs amounted to about (208,712) dinars / dunum,
(42,594) dinars / ton and (42,594) dinars/kg, and the marketing costs ranked third in terms of relative
importance of the total total costs by (15.4%). The study recommends the need to activate the role of
agricultural extension in considering quality conditions and increase farmers ' awareness of the
importance of increasing supply over demand.

Since analysis of spatial events is region specific and cannot be generalized, local studies are of vital
importance to identify the most accurate interpolation methods. Furthermore, the trend analysis of
climatic parameters at different time scales is helpful for making a better climate change adaptation and
mitigation plan to overcome water scarcity. Accordingly, the current study was proposed to detect trends
in rainfall and evapotranspiration at monthly and annual time scales over the Erbil plain and the
surrounding area using parametric and non-parametric tests. Moreover, four deterministic and five
geostatistical methods were evaluated for searching the best interpolation method to generate a
continuous surface for the indicated climatic variables. The results revealed that the majority of data sets
are categorized useful class and serially independent. Furthermore, it was found both rainfall and
potential evapotranspiration have a mix of upward and downward trends and most of them are
insignificant at 5% level of significance. Further, the interpolation analysis indicated that local
polynomial interpolation (LPI) method was proven to be best interpolator for generating continuous
surfaces for rainfall and ETo over the area under study followed by the empirical Bayesian Kriging
method.

Rainfed agriculture in arid and semiarid regions is risky due to low rainfall and uneven distribution. To
improve crop productivity runoff water can be utilized as alternative source of available water. Two field
experiments were conducted at Chalook and Byok to study the interactive effect of five levels of catchment
cultivation area ratio (0,1,2,3 and 4) and two catchment slopes (5% and 10%) on wheat growth and yield,15
runoff plots were established at each site and for each slope. Lower part of each plot served as a cultivated
area, with dimensions of 2.5 m x 3 m and kept nearly flat. Conversely the upper part of each plot served as
scarified catchment, all of the same width of 2.5 m, but of different lengths to offer catchment cultivated area
ratios of 0,1,2,3, and 4. Results showed a gradual increase in wheat grain yield and aboveground biomass with
an increase in catchment to cultivated area ratio (CA:C) at both sites. However, the catchment slope produced
a higher grain yield compared to 10% slope, but the difference was insignificant. The theoretical CA:C values
compared to the maximum applied ratio suggest the possibility of further increase in grain yield with an
increase beyond 4:1, particularly at Chalook site. Byok site outperformed the Chalook site due to increased
water arability at the former site. Linear regression analysis revealed that CA:C merged as the most effecting
factor affecting grain yield, followed by annual rainfall. Over 91% of variation in grain yield can be assigned
to variations in CA:C, annual rainfall, and catchment slope.

laimani governorate. The aim of this research was to examine the consequence of cutting dates on
the yield of forage and seeds, as well as on the components of various Vicia varieties. The experiment
was designed as a factorial design and conducted using a randomized complete block design. The least
significant difference (L.S.D.) test with a significance level of 5% was used for the statistical analysis.
The three Vicia varieties tested were common vetch (Vicia sativa), narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis),
and bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia). Two cutting dates were used, namely, control (Co, no cut), cut 1 (80
days after sowing), and cut 2 (20 days after the first cut). The findings of this research demonstrated
that the interaction between common vetch and cutting at 80 days after sowing produced the highest
values of the dry matter percentage trait. Meanwhile, the interaction between narbon vetch and cutting
20 days following the initial cut produced the maximum fresh yield (ton/ha) and stem dry weight (g)
values. The highest recorded values for the characteristics "pod count per plant" and "seed yield
(kg/ha)" were obtained through the interaction between the control treatment and narbon vetch.
However, the interaction between cutting at 80 days after sowing and narbon vetch produced the
highest values of the 100-seed weight trait (gm). The variation in climatic conditions between seasons
may explain these results.

Agricultural investments, agricultural capital accumulations and average per capita agricultural
product are considered as important factors in raising levels of sustainable agricultural development,
and it is important to quantify the relationship among these factors. The study aimed to measure the
impact of some factors affecting sustainable agricultural development in Iraq. The variables used in this
study are agricultural investment, accumulated agricultural capital and the average per capita
agricultural product as independent variables, while sustainable agricultural development represents the
dependent variable. The data for these variables are the time series covered the period from 1990 to
2020 obtained from Ministry of Planning - Central Statistical Organization (COS), Statistical Group for
the years (1990-2020). The Johansen's cointegration method was used to estimate the long-run
equilibrium relationship among the study variables, and the Toda-Yamamato methodology was used to
test the causality. The results showed the weak levels of sustainable agricultural development in Iraq
during the period (1990-2020), as it did not exceed (0.160), and the reason for this may be due to the
failure of most development indicators to keep pace with the increase in population as well as the
unstable political and security conditions that faced Iraq during this period. Also, there is a long-run
equilibrium relationship among these variables, as an average per capita agricultural product can causes
the sustainable agricultural in the long-run, which requires the Ministry of Agricultural to promote the
agricultural sector and pay more attention to the agricultural product, which seems to be one of the
sources of sustainable agricultural development in the long-run. The research also recommends
encouraging agricultural investments and overcoming obstacles towards targeted investments to
promote the agricultural sector, especially investment in agricultural land reclamation, encouraging
agricultural workers to maintain their work.

In this research, the effects of some financial and economic determinants of agricultural
investment in Iraq during the period (1990-2020) were analyzed using the autoregressive distributed
lag (ARDL) methodology. In this context, agricultural loans, inflation rate, budget deficit, exchange
rate, and financial allocations to support agricultural projects were chosen as determinants of
agricultural investment. The problem of the research is that the Iraqi agricultural sector possesses
many components and capabilities that encourage investment, but it suffers from low investments
directed to it. This is not commensurate with the importance of this sector, which negatively affects
the rates of agricultural development and the decline in the agricultural sector’s ability to increase
the rates of self-sufficiency in agricultural products. The research aimed to know the economic
determinants and the extent of their impact on investment in the Iraqi agricultural sector. An
inferential analytical approach was used based on estimating the autoregressive distributed lag
model and demonstrating its suitability to the research data by testing statistical hypotheses related
to the model. The data were analyzed and econometric models were estimated using econometrics
and time series analysis software Eivews-12. The results of estimating the long-run relationship
showed that all determinants have significant effects on agricultural investment except the inflation
rate, the most influential of these determinants is the exchange rate, which negatively affects
agricultural investment as the dollar exchange rate increases by one dinar, this leads to a decline in
agricultural investment by (1.444854) million dinars. Then agricultural loans with a positive impact
where an increase in the agricultural loans by one million dinars is offset by an increase in
agricultural investment by (53,057) dinars. Followed by financial allocations for agricultural
projects with a positive impact, where every increase in investment allocations by one million
dinars will lead to an increase in agricultural investment by (422) dinars. And finally, the public
budget deficit with a negative impact on agricultural investment, where every increase in the budget
deficit by one million dinars will be offset by a decline in agricultural investment by (50) dinars.
The joint integration test showed a long-run equilibrium relationship between economic and
financial determinants and agricultural investment. The research recommends the need for the state
to implement a package of policies and procedures to activate the role of variables affecting
agricultural investment, which contribute to attracting local and foreign investments, most notably
maintaining a stable exchange rate for the local currency and increasing the volume of agricultural
loans provided.

The study was conducted in the grape orchard/Horticulture and Landscape Department, College
of Agriculture - Tikrit University. During the growing season (2022) with the aim of knowing the
effect of spraying with the foliar nutrient NPK MILLER on the mineral and chemical contents of
the leaves of young vines of Shatur Al-anz and Olivette noire varieties. The experiment was carried
out with the split plot system according to the factor design of the randomized complete block
Design (RCBD), the first factor was spraying with the NPK MILLER foliar nutrient (0, 3, 6) g liter1
, the spraying repeated three times with 15 days between each other. The first treatment was on
15/4/2022, the Second one includes grape varieties (Shatur Al-anz and Olivette noire). The
spraying with foliar nutrient achieved a significant effect in most mineral and chemical content
characteristics, especially the F2 (6 g liter-1
), treatment, which achieved the highest levels in the
content of the leaves of the elements N, P and K and the percentage of carbohydrates and protein in
the leaves, and values amounted respectively (2.03, 0.37, 2.18, 7.29, 12.66 %), and the difference of
the two varieties under study led to a significant effect in some of the studied traits, as the Olivette
noire variety significantly outperformed the Shatur Al-anz in the content of the leaves N and
protein, While the Shatur Al-anz variety significantly outperformed the Olivette noire variety in
the content of the leaves of Chlorophyll. The study aimed to determine the effect of the best level of
NPK MILLER foliar nutrients on the mineral and chemical content of two grape vine varieties.

During a field study in Bazian Plain which is one of the most important agricultural areas in
Sulaymaniyah it became clear that current scenario is linked to rapid climate change directly. Arid and
semi-arid ecosystems are likely to be particularly affected by changes in wind speed and vapour
pressure regimes, changes in those regimes may show from climate data that vapour pressure has
clearly increased during these years. For instance, in January and February of 2017 wind speed reached
8 and 9 (m. sec.-1
). Sulaymaniyah Meteorology Department reported a lesser speed of 0.1 (m. sec.-1
) in
the months 4, 5, 6 and 9, on average the greatest rates of 3.1 and 2.2 (m. sec.-1
) in 1985 and 1992. on
the other hand, in 1991 recorded the lowest rate of (1 m. sec.-1
) amounts and times of precipitation
during the study years, floods occurred in some seasons the dry seasons less than 300 (ml) were very
few, while the remaining seasons were more than 450 (ml) rainfall amounts in the seasons 2006-2007,
2007-2008 and 2008-2009 were among the driest seasons during the years of the study Which was
straight (66000, 87000, 86000) dunam. as the agricultural areas were reduced to their lowest levels,
although the levels of precipitation were acceptable. The data gathered found that the average annual
temperature rate has increased by over 1.3(°C) with the warmest year for this time being recorded in
2010 at 21.55(°C). Sunshine was the lowest in terms of the number of daylight hours in December with
total annual averages for the period 1985-2022 for December being 184.4 (hours) 1996 was the lowest
with 2.3 (hr.) and 2018 was also the second lowest with a value of 3.3 (hr.) During the decades of the
study period, wheat growing seasons advanced mostly to November, and in recent decades (2011-
2020) (2010-2009) 20 farmers plant in December to ensure rainfall.

The objective of the study was to provide valuable palynological characteristics for the identification
of Fabaceae taxa, which could potentially serve as distinguishing features for closely related species
differentiation. Pollen samples were collected from fully developed flowers of 25 samples,
encompassing five species within the Fabaceae Family Colutea cilicica Boiss. & Balansa, Glycyrrhiza
glabra L., Spartium junceum L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., and Anagyris foetida L. The investigation
involved the utilization of both light microscopy and electron scanning microscopy. Consequently, the
observed pollen grains exhibited monad symmetry and were of medium to small dimensions. These
grains displayed diverse ornamentation patterns including perforations, fossulate, reticulations, regular
structures, and granulations. Moreover, a wide array of outline shapes was noted for pollen grains in
both equatorial and polar views. Detailed examinations were performed using both light microscopy
(LM) and electron scanning microscopy (SEM) techniques, revealing distinct differentiating
characteristics among the examined taxa.