journal of Language Studies

This study aims to investigate the various types of challenges and limitations at semantic levels that translators face in the business and economic translation products of tenders and bids from English into Arabic. To achieve the objectives of the study, a sample of four tenders of business documents was collected from a variety of national and international non-governmental organizations such as the bilingual specialized texts that were published between 2019 and 2020 in Iraq, specifically in Erbil, Kurdistan Region. The study relies on Holmes’ map (1988) of descriptive translation studies, developed by Toury (1995). To answer the research questions: how does a translator deal with specialised terminologies and expressions in translating business tenders and bids and what effect and role do semantic changes play in business and economic translation products? The study employs the analytical-descriptive translation methodology in analysing business texts. The analysis of business and economic texts has revealed that inaccurate synonyms at the semantic level, such as using different synonyms and translating semantic collocations, appear more frequently than other issues in translating business texts in the target language. The findings of the study have indicated that business and economic terms may have more than one accurate and faithful translation. Nevertheless, one translation can be appropriate and accurate. The study has concluded that cultural phenomena rarely appear in business and economic tenders and bids in comparison with other areas of economic and business texts, e.g., metaphors and idioms in general business texts.

The Normandy conquest to England represented a shift in power from the Anglo-Saxon into French or Norman possession. It sheds great effects on people’s life. This shift undoubtedly made a great influence or impact on English in considering that languages are channels for the interaction of cultures and habits. Hence, English was influenced by Latin descendants which reflected by Old French, Old Norse and later the Anglo-Norman variety. This paper tackles French phonetic impact on English which made crucial changes in each spelling and pronunciation by which English shifted from old to middle era. Moreover, by French conventions, some consonants and their literary representations were added to English by loanwords. Vowels were reduced, lengthened or diphthongized by certain processes or phonetic environments. The modifications and merges appeared in the Middle English phonemes were nearly the main inputs for Present- Day English.

The goal of this study is to find how interactive games can inspire pupils to teach English as a foreign language (EFL). Pre- post tests have been used as a tool for collecting data and given to 60. The pupils have been then divided into two groups of 30, one for control and the other for experimental. The experimental group received games during language. courses and classes, whereas the control group received traditional courses. This study found that most teachers believe games have a positive impact on pupils' achievement in learning English and that using games in the classroom has many educational benefits. Game participation also increased EFL learners' ability to communicate with others.

Roundtable is a technique that consists of two-step cooperative learning structures. In step one, the teacher asks a question with many possible answers, and in step two the students respond in turn to make a list of possible answers for the questions. Writing composition is an advanced process that allows writers to explore thoughts and ideas and make them visible and concrete. It is a form of thinking . Although, the brains process ideas in different ways: mathematically, musically and visually; the use of language is the basis of all thinking (Nazario et al ,2010:5) .
This research sheds light on the importance of using roundtable technique in teaching writing composition for EFL students. It consists of three sections: section one is related to writing composition, section two deals with the skill of English composition, and section three is related to Roundtable technique. Finally, the researcher ends up with some conclusions

The current study is an extracted paper from an MA thesis that relates to exploring the ability of Kurdish undergraduate students of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) to translate English metaphorical expressions into Kurdish Language and vice versa. Furthermore, it aims to highlight the most frequently applied strategies in translating English and Kurdish metaphorical expressions and the challenges that EFL students encounter in their translations. The study adopts three models: Lakoff and Jonson (1980), Larson (1984), and Farahzad (1992). Based on these models, a test is administered to 143 students to gather the quantitative data. Additionally, a semi-structured interview was conducted with six university lecturers to collect the qualitative data. The results show that the ability of Kurdish EFL students at the Colleges of Basic Education/English Department to translate English and Kurdish metaphorical expressions is very low and minimal. Moreover, the most frequently applied strategies are metaphor to another metaphor with the same meaning and transference of meaning without the metaphorical image for Kurdish and English metaphorical expressions, respectively. It also reveals that the majority of the students have difficulty in translating ontological types of metaphorical expressions, and the inability to find appropriate or near-like equivalents, insufficient Kurdish resources and cultural differences between the source and target languages are challenges that EFL university students face in their translations

This paper is an attempt to study gossip in two Newspapers. It pragmatically tackles gossip in these mass media. Consequently, it attempts to achieve the following aims:1) examining to what extent Grecian pragmatic theory of cooperative principle is of any help for revealing the intended meaning of media gossips in the selected newspapers.2) identifying the pragmatic structure of implicature in which gossip is composed. To Fulfill the aims of this study, it is hypothesized that: 1) Pragmatic principles occur randomly in English and Arabic media gossips.2) The gossip columns (the data of the current work) in the six newspapers under investigation are analyzed according to the models (Violation of Grice Maxims and implicature) . 3)Carrying out a contrastive analysis of the ways of expressing gossip in both languages.4) Drawing conclusions from the results of the study and making some recommendations and suggestions for further study.

The advertisements (henceforth ads) have a vital role in the world of commercialization if it is employed in the suitable manner. Cosmetics ads have an integral part of our daily lives since the arrival of internet. Accordingly, there still exists an obvious gap to be filled by approaching these ads from the perspective of lexical pragmatics (henceforth LP). The problem addressed in the current study is simply represented by the sort of uncertainty that may exist over the type of lexical broadening processes employed by the designers of these ads and the strategies they employ to influence their consumers and get them involved into these ads. The present paper aims to investigate the lexical broadening processes employed by the advertisers to construct their intended meanings and messages. This study is based on the hypotheses that the advertisers depend heavily on lexical broadening processes to convey their ideas and intended messages. It is also hypothesized that by using various lexical broadening processes, the advertisers express the intended meaning in their ads. The selected cosmetics ads have been analyzed in the light of Wilson and Carston )2007( model. The analysis of the selected ads has shown that the advertisement-markers depend on lexical broadening processes because they are heavily used in the selected ads.

يستعرض هذا البحث طبيعة الاستفهام الضمني في اللغة الانكليزية وما يقابله في اللغة العربية، حيث يهدف البحث الى دراسة هذا النوع من الاستفهام نحويا لمعرفة اوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين اللغتين. كما انها تركز على الاستخدامات الدلالية لهذه الظاهرة علما ان استخدامه اقل شيوعا في الحياة اليومية في اللغة العربية، بينما نجده شائع في النصوص الدينية بالإضافة الى تركيبه النحوي الذي يشبه الى حد كبير تركيب الجملة الخبرية. افترضت الدراسة بان معظم الطلاب سيواجهون صعوبة في الترجمة بسبب اختلاف اللغتين وهذا ما قاد الطلاب للوقوع بأخطاء خلال عملية الترجمة لتطبيق الفرضية تم توزيع 12 جملة على 20 طالب /مرحلة رابعة/قسم اللغة الانكليزية/ جامعة الحمدانية للسنة الدراسية 2020-2021لاكتشاف قابلياتهم في ترجمة الاسئلة بشكل عشوائي وهذا ما يزيد من صعوبة ترجمته. كما استنتجت الدراسة من خلال العينات التي وزعت على الطلبة بأنهم لا يملكون معرفة كافية فيما يخص هذا النوع من الاستفهام مما يؤدي الى ترجمته بطريقة غير صحيحة على انه جملة خبرية وليست استفهامية.

This research aims at finding out the attitude of teachers toward developing Kurdish EFL university students’ verbal and non-verbal sociopragmatic competence, and the problems of developing this sort of competence that are mainly cultural problems. The sample of the study consists of fifty EFL instructors, who have experienced in teaching speaking, conversation, communication, and cross-cultural communication at the colleges of education and basic education at six universities: Sulaimani, Salahaddin -Erbil, Duhok, Halabja, Charmo and Garmian Universities A quantitative method has been adopted for this study and the data have been collected through using a survey questionnaire. The findings of the research reveal that teachers regarded sociopragmatic competence as an essential part of teaching in EFL classes. The findings also show that teachers agree that the problems of developing sociopragmatic elements relate to the fact that students lack cultural knowledge and they are unable to identify cultural similarities and differences between Kurdish and English.

Multimodality is the analysis of language besides other modalities (images, sounds, gestures, video images, etc.). Election billboards as a kind of multimodal text is used during elections to promote a candidate's image and advertise their presence. The current study seeks to analyze a sample of Trump’s 2020 election billboards in the American presidential election billboards as a type of multimodal texts from the view point of Multimodality and Cognitive Semantics. Kress and van Leeuwen's (2006) model and Langcker’s Construal Theory (2013) are used to demystify how the visual and linguistic elements cooperate to serve the purpose of the billboard as a whole.
The visual elements are analyzed based on Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) Grammar of Visual Design model. On the other hand, Langacker's construal operation model is used for the analysis of both linguistic and visual elements as a cognitive semantic theory. The analysis's findings indicate that the models are essential to constructing and deciphering the meaning of political election campaign billboards, and they also prove that in constructing meaning, the visual and textual elements of Trump’s election billboards complement one another even though the focus on the linguistic elements is observed to be higher to some extent rather than that of the visual elements.

Many students find difficulty in writing. Teaching writing is more difficult than teaching other language skills especially to EFL students because the students have limited knowledge of the foreign language and they do not have enough experiences in it. Writing is not an easy task, for this reason, the present study aims at highlighting and suggesting some strategies to provide the students with information and to help them to write successfully. It also aims at developing students’ knowledge about writing effectively and encourage them to gain confidence and overcome the difficulties. The present study hypothesizes that the new strategies for writing have a good and positive impact on the students’ performance. The procedures used in the current study are summarized as follows: A theoretical background of the writing process and effective writing in general is presented. Collecting new strategies for writing from different available sources to help student to overcome the difficulty in their writing. The study concludes with some suggestions for further research.

The Flandra Road novel is one of the most famous works of the French writer Claude Simon, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1985. His novel, which dates back to 1960, is full of indications that show the extent to which the writer was affected by the horrors of war, especially the First and Second World Wars. He is a soldier who escaped from Nazi prisons. In addition to being greatly affected by France\'s defeats in wars ago. This is what left its influence on the plot of Flandra Road and the linguistic style used in it.
The reader of the novel finds himself in front of unfamiliar linguistic methods, the writer\'s intention to include them in a way that draws attention, as if it is an implicit message that needs to be read between its lines, and this is the goal of the research that sheds light on three themes that were chosen to be studied and analyzed in order to know the motives for their appearance in this text. The writer deliberately fragmented the language in the narrative text. For example, the narrator appears once with the pronoun (I) and again with the pronoun (he), which refers to George, the main character, who is lost with his companions in the forests of Flandra.
The second theme of the research deals with the frequent use of the subject\'s noun and the relationship of this use with the writer\'s influence on drawing and photography. As for the last axis, it deals with punctuation marks that disappear in some places, such as: comma, period, and quotation marks, especially in direct speech, or those that are repeated, such as parentheses, for example, in many passages within the novel.

This paper aims to reveal and study one of the phenomena of Arabic that occupied linguistic thought in the past and present, which is the phenomenon of metathesis in which the ancient linguists wrote many books and the modern scholars made it their concern and wrote researches and studies through a heritage dictionary which is called Al-Ubab Alzakhir by Alsaghani. This dictionary involves words Alsaghani dealt with in criticism which manifest metathesis. This led the researcher to conduct a critical study that reveals the depth of linguistic thought in general and the lexical thought in particular of Al-Saghani in his dictionary.

In this research, an aspect of the Prophet's discourse, namely the prophetic discourse with the revelation Jibril (as) and other angels, was studied through Jibril (pbuh) sent by God and suggested to the messenger, God willing, whatever he wanted, in various ways or images that he brought to the Prophet Muhammad( peace be upon him). In its true form, or represented by the image of a man, or only hears his voice, and in what way the meeting was taking place, the discourse was going on between the Prophet (pbuh) and Jibril (pbuh), either understanding or answering, as well as telling the Prophet (pbuh ) the companions of what Jibril comes and teaches, using his explicit name (Jibril), or addressing him in one of the letters of the speech, or baptizing him To ask him without mentioning his name or referring to him, with different positions, events and topics in which the revelation was accompanied by Jibril (as) from the descent of revelation until his attachment to the Supreme Comrade peace be upon him.

The Arabs recognized the perfection of the eloquence of the Prophet (peace be upon him), and his rhetoric, and he was the most eloquent of the Arabs as a whole, we are from his rhetoric we draw the beauty of the Arabic language, and his eloquence has reached the end in human speech, his words have doctrinal and legislative dimensions to show people what came down to them, the Sunnah of the Prophet is the second source of Islamic legislation, it separates the entirety of the Qur'an and allocates its general and restricts its absolute.And his news about the past and the future must be believed, and its establishment requires compliance with its orders and prohibitions, whether in worship or transactions, our modest research entitled: The style of the command in the book (qataf al'azhar almutanathirat fi al'akhbar almutawatira) by Al-Suyuti - rhetorical study - consists of an introduction and preface in which we mentioned the eloquence of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and clarify the vocabulary of the title, which is a brief about the life of Al-Suyuti and explain some terms, And the method of construction order and others, especially the matter in the construction of the order and the order of the first methods discussed by grammarians and rhetoricians, and pointed to the true meaning and to some of the purposes that come out to it, and the research consists of two sections in the first section we mentioned the hadiths in which the matter of the obligation and in the second section, which is entitled hadiths in which the matter of scarring and desirability and then comes the conclusion and sources and references.

This study aims to reveal the meaning of the bit and its uses when the deceased Ibn Jinni (392 e)، and was (at all) mean when the general perpetuation that does not come out of it، or that this judgment is launched when the perpetuation that he sees without regard to the doctrines of other scholars of the same issue?. The nature of this study necessitated that it be divided into two parts: the first part deals with the issues that have been completely proven، and the second part deals with the issues that have been denied at all. This research is derived from a doctoral thesis dealing with linguistic issues in which Ibn Jinni used the rule of the bit، and the research dealt with all his printed compositions that were raised on twenty-five authors، abbreviated in this research on some phonetic issues، dealt with after the introduction، Before the conclusion، the issues that were denied at all، and in two forms: the first of them: it was what was used at all in its first form، i.e.: perpetuation and cutting in its general sense، and the second: it was what was used at all in its second form، i.e.: perpetuation and cutting of his linguistic vision and doctrine، without regard to the doctrines of other scholars.

This research is based on the statement of the hypothesis of the dialogic imperative in the Arab heritage through the exegetical discourse in the features of revelation in the interpretation of the Qur’an by al-Baghawi al-Hussein bin Masoud. In an attempt to re-read the Arab heritage in a modern way according to the principles of the critics of modernity who have pragmatic theory, to define the purposes of linguistic performance in religious discourse according to the principles alluded to by Grace

For linguists, language is a system of abstract phonetic, phonological, lexical, synthetic, semantic, and pragmatic relations, and a tool for communication and expression. It is knowledge, culture, literature, civilization, and behavior. Therefore, language is considered the pillar of the nation and an important foundation for its civilization that expresses its entity and culture. The Arabic language is one of the basic constants of the Arab and Islamic nation, as it is the symbol of its identity and the tool of its artistic creations, and a landmark of its intellectual and literary production. Thinking about the present and future of the Arabic language is one of the most important interests that attract elites among linguists, thinkers and writers, and is closely related to the sovereignty of the Arab-Islamic nation, its culture and thought. Believing in the importance of the Arabic language, this study aims to highlight the challenges that Arabic faces in the twenty-first century: most notably the threat of cultural globalization, the growing role of the English language in most disciplines and sectors, in addition to the challenge of linguistic duplication in colloquial dialects; Then, he discussed how to advance the Arabic language and enhance its status and role in facing these currents and their challenges. In order to reach the goal, the research was divided into three sections, the first of which defined the language and the Arabic language and its status, the second talked about the most important contemporary challenges, and the third dealt with ways to confront these challenges and ways to enhance the Arabic language with all means of support and capabilities. It will have the greatest impact on her assuming the prestigious position that befits her primacy, originality and precedence

The research entitled (Basic Forms of Literature and the Relationship between Poetry and Drama) is an attempt to present accurate information about the genres of literature and point out the differences and relationships between them. In order to find the relationship between poetry and drama, which is the main purpose of our research, the beginnings of distinguishing literary genres go back to Aristotle's book on the art of poetry. That is, the classification that existed from the beginning until the Middle Ages dates back to the time of Aristotle, but what exists today, although there are differences between them, there are many commonalities and similarities between the elements and genders. Through its results, the research describes the relationship between drama and poetry as a historical century and from there goes to find the closest points of the relationship between poetry and drama.

Whenever the history of Kurdish literature is discussed, especially from the early periods to the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, most of the thoughts and signs go directly to Sufism, heavenly and earthly love. Little has been said that a satirical aspect mixed with lampoon and facetiae forms an important part of this literature. From this perspective, as an important part of the history of our ancient literature also the forgotten history of satirical literature at this stage, this subject became of interest to us. Satire itself as a significant and widespread literary subject attracted the attention of the poets and writers throughout the ages. Accordingly, satire has been integrated to all the other fields like psychology, sociology, politics, religion, etc. Thus, they used satire as a means to integrate these fields into their literary works as well.
The research is entitled (History of Satire in Kurdish Literature from the early period to the beginning of the twentieth century). It aims to be a new statement in this field that was previously underestimated and rarely researched. The research is divided into two chapters. The first chapter describes the terms and concepts related to satire, as well as the theories. The second chapter, which includes two sections, is dedicated to the history of satire. In the first section the history of satire in the Western literature and Eastern Islamic literature (Arabic and Persian) is tackled. The second section is about the history of satire in Kurdish literature from the early period to the beginning of the twentieth century. The research ends with the conclusions and the list of references.

The research is entitled (the dialectic of aesthetic fiction and other literary elements in the novel), it is a study and research and an attempt to present the dialectic between fiction as a basic structure for the text of the novelist and other elements to form the novel such as (reality, fantasy, illusion, memory), to clarify and find The difference, distinction, kinship, and lines of relationship between fiction and the elements mentioned in the novel, and this is the main purpose of our research.

Parallelism is one of the significant literary devices which are crucially employed to analysis literary discourse. Formalists look at it as key component to construct meaningful poetic script. Consequently, it leads to produce harmonization and establishing of the linguistic component of the text .This rhythm happens once the parallelism is inherently natural dissimilar to it is produced with effort. As long as the parallelism is dominantly perceived, it will prominently regulate the superlative of the written text. The study deals with constructing parallelism in the Kurdish contextual poetic manuscript namely (Salim Sahibqran) which is outlined from a doctoral dissertation .The study presents the theoretical background of the parallelism from the perspective of formalists to construct a poetic manuscript .Furthermore it is also employed as methodology of the study to analyze a bunch of poems from the stated poet. The study sheds light on the decisive point which is a distinction between parallelism and deviation. These two terms have been used in the literarily critical analysis of Kurdish texts and poetic manuscripts as an interrelated concepts, whereas the study has declared that parallelism is an independent literary device

This study aims to investigate the various types of challenges and limitations at semantic levels that translators face in the business and economic translation products of tenders and bids from English into Arabic. To achieve the objectives of the study, a sample of four tenders of business documents was collected from a variety of national and international non-governmental organizations such as the bilingual specialized texts that were published between 2019 and 2020 in Iraq, specifically in Erbil, Kurdistan Region. The study relies on Holmes’ map (1988) of descriptive translation studies, developed by Toury (1995). To answer the research questions: how does a translator deal with specialised terminologies and expressions in translating business tenders and bids and what effect and role do semantic changes play in business and economic translation products? The study employs the analytical-descriptive translation methodology in analysing business texts. The analysis of business and economic texts has revealed that inaccurate synonyms at the semantic level, such as using different synonyms and translating semantic collocations, appear more frequently than other issues in translating business texts in the target language. The findings of the study have indicated that business and economic terms may have more than one accurate and faithful translation. Nevertheless, one translation can be appropriate and accurate. The study has concluded that cultural phenomena rarely appear in business and economic tenders and bids in comparison with other areas of economic and business texts, e.g., metaphors and idioms in general business texts.

This research discusses the tagged (the aesthetic of the senses in the poems of Tayeb Jabbar ).
The foundations of aesthetics and Senses in lit erary according to the analytical and descriptive approach.
The content of the research consists of two main parts The first chapter consists of two theoretical parts.
1- aesthetic dimension
2- Tayeb Jabbar
The second chapter deals with both, the title of the research and the applied chapter, addressing the exach explanation of the five effects to the senses, in terms of employment and their achieve creativity in the embodiment of artistic painting the borrowed image.
The conclusion Summarized the most important findings of the research with a list of Sources.