Kirkuk University Journal For Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)

A basin’s characteristics and features need to be comprehended completely by conducting morphometric analysis, such as evaluating the basin’s size, form, and surface features, to estimate floods and erosion rates properly. The main objective of this investigation is to evaluate morphometric measures and hypsometric analysis of Erbil’s Ruste Basin employing remote sensing and geographical information system methods. To investigate the significant tributaries of the selected area, the hydrology tool within the Spatial Analysis Tools of ArcGIS, version 10.7, was utilized to define the basin boundaries, map the drainage networks, and obtain topographic data. The findings of the linear morphometric parameters revealed that the logarithmic relationship between stream orders and stream numbers was negative. The difference in stream order and number seen in the watershed is due to topography and bedrock influence. The results also showed a negative correlation between stream length and stream order, and a coefficient of determination of 0.972, which indicates that the basin is made of low-permeability formation and subsoil materials. Considering the areal morphometric parameters, the circularity ratio, elongation ratio, and form factor are 0.594, 0.853 and 0.572, respectively, suggested a semi-circular shape. A drainage density value of 2.259 km-1 showed that the Ruste Basin is a basin with steeply to very steeply sloping hilly terrain with varying plant covering. Furthermore, the Ruste Basin has high relief and slope with a relief ratio of 0.151 and basin relief of 2.576 km, both of which imply that it has a steep slope with high erosive force, limited infiltration, and a high runoff rate. Ruste Basin’s ruggedness number was 5.819, indicating that it has badlands topography. The average hypsometric integral was 0.467, denoting a mature basin featuring S-shaped hypsometric curves. In conclusion, the results showed that analysis of morphometric parameters and hypsometric integral and curve provides us with a notion to basin characterization and guidance to making appropriate decisions to establish effective actions to sustainable water and soil conservation and natural resources management through applying water harvesting methods, check dams, and bench terraces.

The experiment was conducted at two sites (Zakho and Sumel) belonging to Dohuk Governorate / Iraq, on 18 to 21 July 2022, using (R.C.B.D) design with 3 replicates, to study the response of two cultivars of corn (Furat and Dejla) to four levels of bio stimulant Disper Chlorophyll GS (0, 1 and 1.5 and 2g/L). The results revealed significant effect of Furat cultivar compared to Dejla in both sites in all studied traits except plant leaves number. As for the bio stimulant chlorophyll, it has been recorded the level of 2 g/L the highest values of the studied traits in the two sites compared to the rest of the levels. The interaction was significant for all traits in the two sites, where Furat cultivar with the level of 2 g/L of bio stimulant achieved the highest grain yield (9.76 and 10.22 tons/ha) in both sites, respectively.

The aim of this research is to study the effect of adding free curcumin and curcumin loaded with betacyclodextrin to laboratory-made yogurt by conducting a set of tests on the final product. Yogurt was prepared using three treatments. The first treatment was a standard yogurt without any additions, while the second treatment involved adding free curcumin (CU) at concentrations similar to the third treatment, which contained curcumin loaded with betacyclodextrin (B-CU) at concentrations of 100 and 200 μg/ml. which involved measuring the protein percentage, moisture percentage, fat percentage, and ash percentage of the samples studied from day one of production until day 28 of refrigerated storage, which were (4.61, 86.62, 5.64, 0.86) respectively. Various physical and rheological tests were conducted, including total acidity, pH, spontaneous whey separation, viscosity value, and water-holding capacity, which were (0.97, 4.61, 3.1, 2680, 72.36) respectively, up to day 28 of refrigerated storage. Microbiological tests were also conducted on the manufactured yogurt under the same conditions, which showed the efficiency of the active compound, whether in its free form or loaded with β-cyclodextrin, as a microbial inhibitor and preventing contamination of the manufactured product. The tests demonstrated the superiority of the B-CU treatment containing 200 mg/ ml of curcumin-loaded β-cyclodextrin over the other treatments. The sensory evaluation was well-received, ranging from (95-77)% from day one of production until day 28 of refrigerated storage.

The research project was conducted on the Batch Ohmic Heater, which was designed and manufactured in the laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences/College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul, to be used in sterilization of orange juice. The study included the effect of Ohmic heating at voltages of 80, 110 and 220 volts on the chemical, physical and sensory properties and compared them with samples of orange juice treated by the conventional heating method (95 Cº/15 s). Ohmic heating with the applied voltage gradients (9.2, 12.64 and 25.28 V/cm) significantly (p≤0.05) preserved the total phenols content of the orange juice samples compared with the samples treated with conventional heating immediately after treatment, however, voltage gradient ( 12.64) acquired significantly (p≤0.05) higher in average total soluble solids (TSS) over other treatments for average refrigeration period (14 days) Using a voltage gradient of 12.64 V/cm for orange juice samples showed a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the pH values compared with the other used voltage gradients. There was the highest significant increase (p≤0.05) in the concentration of vitamin C for orange juice samples treated by Ohmic heating at voltage gradient 9.2 V/cm compared with the other samples. In the study of sensory evaluation of orange juice treated by Ohmic heating at a voltage of 12.64 V/cm, which obtained the highest degree of sensory evaluation with two grades of excellent and very good within the evaluation scores used for that (1 unacceptable - 8 excellent) by the arbitrators compared with the rest of the orange juice samples.

This research was carried out in collage of Agriculture, Kirkuk University in season 2022, to study the effect of bracinolide and sodium chloride in proportion of aviator oil and proline in leaves Marjoram plant. The experiment designed by t two factors. fires factor baraceanolide (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) g. L-1 while second factor sodium chloride (0, 5, 10, 15) g. L-1. Using (R.C.B.D) and according Duncan's under probability 5%. Each experimental unit includes three pots, one sector contains sixteen experimental units, and the experiment consists of three sectors. Results showed positive effects as a result of using a growth regulator, that spraying 0.2g. L-1 baraceanolid gave the highest number of leaves 510.21, while concentration at 0.3 g. L-1 recorded the highest in nitrogen reached 2.52%, percentage of volatile oil carvone at 55.47%, Limonene at 14.96% and Linalool 6.48%, as well proline reached 26.91 at concentration of 15 g. L-1 salts.

The research was conducted at Kalar Technical College – Garmian Polytechnic University in Garmian region during the growing season 2023, using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six replications, to evaluate yield performance of four wheat cultivars i.e, (Al-Rashi, Adana99, Wafia, and Deng) under semi-arid conditions. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference between genotypes for all traits measured in this experiment (P<0.05). . For grain yield and number of spikes per m2, there was no significant difference between Deng, Wafla and Adana 99 (max. 343.3 for Adana99), but they had significantly higher values than Al-Rashid (P<0.05), while in spike length Al-Rashid had the longest spike (13.53 cm; P<0.05). Adana 99 had significantly the highest number of seeds per spike (48.36; P<0.05). For the weight of 1000 seeds, Deng, Wafia and adana 99 (max. 45.04 gm for Deng) were also able to have significantly higher weights than the local wheat cultivar Al Rashid which displayed a comparatively lower average weight for this particular characteristic, which was (37.44 g). The research recommends that Adana wheat cultivar has superior performance compared to other cultivars, making it well-suited to be cultivated in Garmian area.

The study aims to classify the land of the selected series to the types of land portability units and prepare a land portability map in the project north of Tikrit agricultural, where three series were se-lected by two hands for each series, namely the sdaeed series represented by pedon P 1 and P 2 , the Syneha series of p 3 and p 4 , and the Greesh series of p 5 and p 6 pedon, With an estimated area of (4,006.99) hectares, mostly Gypsium and limestone, permanent and temporary determinants have been adopted in the classification of the land Capability of study series. The climate factor, salinity and wind erosion are among the most influential determinants in determining an item under land susceptibility. Sub Capability land for the study series, and it was found through the results of the study that the Greesh series of p 5 .p 6 and an area (1379.62 hectares) was under the second class IIC4s, IIC4s3 for pedon 5 and 6 respectively , and the sadeed series represented by pedon P 1 and P 2 with an area (1255.86 h) under third class IIIC4s3 , IIIC4s2 for pedon 1 and 2 respectively , and the Syneha series of pedon p 3 and p 4 and an area (1371.51 hectares) under seventh class , V11C4s3e2 , V11C4s3e2 for pedon 3 and 4 respectively. Thus, most of the series of the study pro-ject are arable after taking some special administrative measures for soil reclamation based on their determinants, which can be addressed except for the Syneha series, which requires considerable ef-fort and money to rehabilitate them

Nursery are one of the most important reasons for the success and progress of the agricultural
renaissance, as it depends on the application of various advanced scientific methods and the use of
Nursery of various types in the propagation and production of forest seedlings and others. A
greenhouse is a place where small plants are produced to plant them in gardens, fields, and trees.
The plants produced by the greenhouse vary between ornamental plants and flowers, fruit plants,
vegetables, and forest trees, and Nursery are often held for commercial purposes.The incidence of
Nursery diseases increases from what happens in the forests through the increase in service
operations and attention to irrigation and fertilization and not sterilizing the soil and seeds, as this
appears on the resulting seedlings, and the seedlings resulting from Nursery can be a source of
transmission of infection when artificial afforestation is performed. Therefore, we must monitor and
ensure the safety of the productive seedlings. The disease of Root rot and seedling disease
Damping-off are one of the most critical diseases found in forest Nursery and the most widespread
throughout the hot and cold world. As these diseases affect many forest plants, it is preferable to
study them to avoid infecting forest species through the correct management of these Nursery by
sterilizing the soil and seeds, as well as regular irrigation and correct fertilization.

The research aims to analyze the economic implications of the State's policy in the production and marketing of wheat crops in Nineveh governorate (Mosul and Telkaif judiciary) by comparing private and social prices by adopting the method of the policy analysis matrix and calculating the standards derived from there. The study results showed that the protection measures showed that there was government support and subsidization for producers of this crop. This is apparent when examining the nominal protection coefficient figures for output per dunum (1.327, 1.322, 1.370 and 1.310) for each of the three categories and the entire sample, respectively. Nominal input protection coefficient values were per dunum (0.486, 0.436, 0.487 and 0.474) for each of the three categories and the entire sample, respectively. The comparative advantage indicators showed that the crop in Nineveh governorate (Mosul and Telkaif judiciary) had a comparative advantage and global competitiveness to produce, The value of the special cost ratio per dunum (0.284, 0.318, 0.319 and 0.316) for each of the three categories and the entire sample respectively. The study recommends increasing government support for crops that have a comparative advantage in their production and are globally competitive to achieve self-sufficiency and then reach the export stage.

This study included 10 genotypes of bread wheat, namely M45, Yakora, Giza168, Sids 12, SK95, Misr2, Giemiza 9, Sahel 1, Sids14, and Silano. The genotypes (parents and their single crosses) were cultivated at the research station of the Department of Field Crops of the College of Agriculture University of Kirkuk. During the winter agricultural season (2021-2022) using a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) and with three replications. The performance and hybrid vigour of the genetic compositions were studied based on the average and best parents . The most important results can be summarized as follows: The best performance of the parent (Sids12) was for the traits of the No. of grains. spike-1 (111.409) grains, the weight 1000 grains (42.991)(g), and the single grains yield (60.250) (g) . The hybrid (Sids 12x Sahel 1) showed the highest hybrid vigour for the traits of spike length (22.041) cm, No. of grains. spike-1 (147.835) grains, and single grains yield (96.991) (g). The hybrids (Yakora * Sids 12), (Yakora * Sids14), (Giza168* Sahel 1), (Sids 12* Sahel 1), and (Sids 12* Sids14) also showed significant hybrid vigour, calculated on the basis of deviation from the mean of parents for all the studied traits Days 75 % flowering , No. of tillers plant-1, spike length (cm) , No. of grains spike-1 , weight1000 grains (g) , single grains yield (g) and Biological yield plant-1 (g) , The hybrid (Giemiza 9* Sids14) showed significant hybrid vigour, calculated on the basis of deviation of the first generation from the best parents for all the studied traits Days 75 % flowering, No. of tillers plant-1, spike length (cm), No. of grains spike-1, weight1000grains(g),singlegrainsyield (g) and Biological yield plant-1 (g).

The research aimed to identify the level of financial, institutional, and humanitarian risks facing tomato farmers in Sulaymani Governorate, Furthermore, the study aimed to assess the variability in farmers' viewpoints with regard to these risks based on the pertinent research variables. the data were collected using a questionnaire and a personal interview method by taking a multi-stage random sample by selecting three areas famous for growing tomatoes in Sulaymani Governorate with (1750) farmers, Then, in the second stage, a proportional stratified random sample of (16%) was taken from the research population, so the sample size was (280) farmers. The results showed that the level of financial, institutional, and humanitarian risks facing tomato farmers is high, tending to medium. The results showed that there is a difference in farmers' opinions regarding the financial, institutional, and humanitarian risks facing tomato farmers in accordance with the specified research variables, (Age, Type of farm holding, Volume of tomato production during the year, Contact with the agricultural extension, Sources of agricultural information), While there is no discrepancy in farmers’ opinions regarding financial, institutional, and humanitarian risks according to the research variables (Educational level, Years of agricultural experience, Size of farm holding, Participation in training courses) Therefore, the researchers recommend diversifying the crops grown in addition to tomatoes, preparing an integrated agricultural indicative plan, and providing occupational safety and health for workers on the farm to reduce the financial, institutional, and humanitarian risks in tomato production.

Based on a study for 16 years of earthquake data in Sulaymaniyah city from 2005 to 2021 almost 11000 earthquakes were recorded, the degree intensity (4.4 Richter) was chosen to be the critical degree for the earthquake and for humans to feel it, After 2005 there was an increase in the number of earthquakes until 2012, in 2013 it was the peak witch reached 238 hitting, in 2014 there was a significant decreasing and kept down, climate change data focused on months of August, October, November and December, changes that occurred in number of sunny hours were studied there was a significant change in 2005 with value (15.5 hours) which gradually decreased to (10.4 hours), there wasn’t a clear evidence linked sunny hours to occurrence of earthquakes, Rainfall tends to increase relatively in some years in December as well as ( 2007, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2016 and 2018) that were consecutive ( 67, 118, 98.3, 103.6, 185.8 and 315.1 mm) but no evidence connect rainfalls to earthquake occurrence, Temperatures in the months of the study were relatively similar in terms of rise and fall, but the month of December differed slightly in the years 2012 to 2017.No changes noted in October and November in atmospheric pressure values but in December there was a relative increase in most years of study, evaporation rates in December after 2016 there was a relative increase in evaporation rates.

Rice is considered one of the main nutritional foods in the world, generally in Asian countries especially in the Kurdistan region widely consumed as a stable food. This research provided essential engineering data on the physical properties of Akre- Duhok rice during the harvesting stages 3,5 and 6 months. Some physical properties of rice throughout the three stages of harvesting were observed and compared. The average length, width, thickness, elongation, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, equivalent diameter, surface area, volume, sphericity and aspect ratio were 5.466 ± 0.26 to 5.766 ± 0.87mm, 1.823 ± 0.13 to 1.993 ± 0.13mm, 2.876 ± 0.18 to 2.906 ± 0.14mm, 0.503 ± 0.09 to 0.526 ± 0.03 mm, 3.436 ± 0.06 to 3.530 ± 0.26 mm, 3.106 ± 0.22 to 3.296 ± 0.30 mm, 3.230 ± 0.61 to 3.533 ± 0.42 mm, 30.463 ± 4.29 to 32.19 ± 2.18 mm2, 33.210 ± 6.60 to 35.336 ± 7.04 mm3, 0.543 ± 0.06 to 0.576 ± 0.01%, and 0.313 ± 0.04 to 0.353 ± 0.02 respectively. On the other hand, the composition of 13 elements of Kurdish rice was determined by employing inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The obtained results indicated that there was a significant difference among the samples, the highest amount of minerals was stated in Al was 10.52 ± 2.53 mg/kg in sample A, Ca and K were 380.95 ± 2.71and 868.41 ± 2.18 mg/kg in sample B respectively and Mg was 303.77 ± 2.49 mg/kg in sample C, while rice grains had zero mg/kg content of each Pb, Cd and Na. Moreover, the minimum quantity of minerals was Cu and Se that ranged between 0.93 ± 0.03 to 3.52 ± 0.04 and 0.05 ± 0.03 to 0.26 ± 0.03 mg/kg, respectively.

In this paper, single-factor assessment methods and comprehensive pollution index were chosen to evaluate the Sirwan River water quality situation. The mean physicochemical values of dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, turbidity, color, major cations, and anions ranged from 7.77 ± 0.55 to 7.80 ± 0.18 mg L-1; 472.83 ± 23.97 to 478.83 ± 24.23 mg L-1; 8.13 ± 8.28 to 14.61 ± 15.76 NTU; 14.15 ± 5.76 to 25.07 ± 17.19 Hazen; Calcium from 62.19 ± 2.05 to 64.06 ± 1.72 mg L-1; Magnesium 21.20 ± 2.01 to 21.74 ± 1.47 mg L-1; Sodium 17.68 ± 2.79 to 22.44 ± 2.76 mg L-1; Potassium 2.50 ± 0.22 to 2.64 ± 0.18 mg L-1; Bicarbonate 284.76 ± 5.43 to 289.80 ± 5.87 mg L-1; Chloride 18.10 ± 6.71 to 18.69 ± 7.82 mg L-1; Sulfate 59.70 ± 3.23 to 67.67 ± 3.01 mg L-1; and Nitrate 3.06 ± 02.90 to 3.85 ± 1.34 mg L-1, during the study, respectively. Using the single-factor assessment approach, it was determined that the concentration of total dissolved solids was observed at (S5), turbidity and color at (S4, S5, and S6), and bicarbonate exceeded the standard at all sites. During the study, the comprehensive water pollution index rates changed from 0.49 to 0.87 with a mean of 0.62 ± 0.16 and from 0.44 to 1.12 with a mean of 0.74 ± 0.30. According to the estimation results of both methods there was a slight to moderately polluted water class at all sites of the studied river.

This study aimed to determine the level of farmer application of scientific recommendation related to the use, design ,Protection and follow-up of wells and Its relationship with some factors in Al-baaj district, the questioner form was used to collected data, the research sample included 124 farmers were chosen in a relatively random method , then data collection tools were prepared to achieve the research objectives which consisted of two parts: the first was related the personal factors as well as the second part included two fields : the design, protection from pollution and follow-up of the use of wells aspected in the study area, , the results showed 78% of the farmers had a medium degree of application of scientific suggestions related to the use of wells generally and tends to decrease. Also showed that 80% of farmers had medium level of application of recommendations in the field of well design and tended to be partially, and was clear that the percentage of farmers committed to the application of scientific recommendations related to the protection from pollution and follow-up of wells reached 76% at a medium level and tends to seriously apply of the instructions. the results showed a correlation for (level of education, time period of agricultural working, financial cost of drilling a well) with the general application, and it was also found that there is no correlation for the rest of the factors and the dependent variable.

The study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences at the College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul - with the aim of using green walnut husk extracts to prolong the shelf life of table cream, with addition rates (zero, 100 ppm, 200 ppm) in addition to comparison with the industrial antioxidant BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene). with an addition rate (100-200 ppm) and a comparison sample without addition. Refrigerated storage of cream at 5 ± 1°C for a storage period of (1, 7, 14) days. The results of extracts from green walnut husks to cream stored in cold storage at addition rates of 100 and 200 ppm improved the chemical properties of the cream as it reduced the peroxide number and acidity number. This effect increased with the increase in the added concentration compared to the standard sample and the sample to which BHT was added. Adding green walnut husk extracts in the proportions mentioned previously limited the activity of total microorganisms and lipolytic and proteolytic bacteria in the cream during the storage period compared with the samples to which BHT was added and the standard sample. The best sensory evaluation was obtained for samples to which green walnut husk extracts were added during refrigerated storage compared to the standard sample and the sample to which they were added.

This study aimed to Identify the level of organizational obstacles facing the effectiveness of agricultural extension management in Sulaymani Governorate, As well as Identify the variation in the level of organizational obstacles towards it according to the study variables, The data was collected using a questionnaire from the study population consisting of (96) agricultural extension workers representing (100%) of the size of the study population. The results showed that the level of organizational obstacles facing the effectiveness of agricultural extension management is high and tends to be moderate, the field of planning obstacles came in first place compared to other obstacles, and that there is no significant difference in organizational obstacles towards the effectiveness of agricultural extension management with the variables (Age, Specialization, Educational level, Marital status, Years of extension service, Sources of agricultural information, Participation in training courses), while there is a discrepancy with the variable (Satisfaction with work, Gender), Therefore, the researchers recommend the need to improve the planning process, improve the monitoring and evaluation system, and enhance the training capabilities of agricultural extension workers when preparing future agricultural extension programs in the governorate.

Despite the importance of agricultural sector in Iraq, the reality indicates the inability of this
sector to meet the needs required of it, as the reason for this lies in the fact that it is managed by
individuals who do not possess the most basic elements of human development, the study aims to
measure and explain the impact of human development variables in raising the agricultural growth
rate in Iraq during the period from 1990-2022. In order to apply the quantitative aspect of the study,
the agricultural output growth rate was adopted as a dependent variable Y. As for independent
variables, they included agricultural capital X1, mechanical technology X2, chemical technology
X3, agricultural labor X4 and agricultural education X5, depending on the statically software Eviews10 and its tests according to the ordinary least squares method (OLS), the results showed the
significance of the variables of capital and chemical technology with a positive effect in agricultural
growth rate in short and long terms. The negative significant effect of mechanical technology and
labor force appeared only in long term, while agricultural education appeared to have a significant
and positive effect in the long term. The most important conclusions were reached was that human
resources contribute to the development of agricultural businesses until they are considered the
main means of achieving large-scale production. We recommend increasing government spending
in the areas of education, training and rehabilitation in rural Iraq, as it enables the population to
employ their skills and experience in raising the rate of agricultural growth.

A field trial was executed in a plastic house during the autumn season (2021-2022) to investigate the effect of azotobacter (with100ml and without), compost fertilizer at three levels (0, 1, and 2) ton.donum-1 and humic acid at four concentrations (0, 2, 4.and 8) ml.L-1 and their interactions on yield and quality of lettuce cv. (Alfajr). The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The data were analyzed using SAS program (2010). The obtained results revealed that the soil inoculation with azotobacter, soil addition of compost at level (2) ton.donum-1 and foliar spraying of humic acid at (8) ml.L-1 either singularly or combined significantly enhanced yield traits [fresh head weigh(1566.67) g, Marketable yield (8.05) ton. ha-1, yield (8.70) kg.m-2, yield per house(4351.85)kg, and total yield(76.59) ton. ha-1] as well increasing the quality traits [total soluble solids (%TSS), ascorbic Acid (%) as compared to control. However, the maximum ever values of yield and its quality were measured for plants received the dose: azotobacter + compost at (2) ton.donum-1 + humic acid at (8) ml.L-1 whereas the lowest ever values were recorded for plants given no dose of all studied factors (control). The application of azotobacter, compost and humic acid is recommended for organic production of lettuce crop.

The experiment was conducted in the city of Kalar for the period from April 1, 2022 to September 1. The experiment included three factors. The first factor is the percentage of shading at two levels open field and 50% lath house. The second factor was organic fertilizer for poultry (Penguin) at three levels (0, 25, 50) gm.plant-1, and the third factor was spraying with Gibberellic acid at three levels (0, 250, 500) mg. L-1. The experiment was designed according to a completely randomized design (R.C.B.D.). The results showed the following. The 0% shading treatment had a significant effect on the characteristics of the number of flower clusters (19,836 clusters per plant), the length of the flower clusters (23,327 cm), the length of the flower (7,768 cm), and the fresh weight of the flower. Inflorescence (0.390 g), and the number of flowers in one inflorescence (36,095 flowers. Pink inflorescence. Plant-1). As for the effect of organic fertilizer (Penguin), both concentrations (25 and 50 gm Plant-1) had a significant effect. Characteristics of flower spike length (23.239 and 23.217 cm). Inflorescence length (6.699, 7.133 cm), inflorescence fresh weight (0.292, 0.298 g), and number of flowers in inflorescence (30.438, 30.715 flowers. inflorescence. plant-1), respectively. As for the effect of spraying with Gibberellic acid, the concentration treatment (250 and 500 mg L-1) significantly affected the length of the flower spike (22.812 and 23.215 cm). Respectively, treatment with 250 mg.L-1 significantly affected the length of the inflorescence (6.977 cm) and the number of flowers per inflorescence (30.656 flowers.Flower-1).

Sesarma boulangeri (Calman 1920), a type of freshwater invertebrate, was collected between January and December 2022 from three stations at the Shatt AL-Arab River, Basrah/ Iraq in order to conduct the research. The goal of the study was to determine the effect of organic pollution on autotomy in this species of crab. The organisms were subjected to varying levels of organic contamination in the river that came from sewage, farming activities, boat traffic, and transportation of products and oil derivatives using the organic pollution index (OPI). The left fifth leg's object was the reason for the autotomy. According to the characteristics of the water quality impacted by the oscillation, the cut creatures have varied indicators in response to the aquatic species. As a result, an extended period of growth for the regenerated portions is caused by the rise in organic contaminants in the water. Thus, the present findings indicate that S. boulengeri exposed to high amounts of organic pollution has a slower rate of replacing the cut component than control animals, that the growing bud is more vulnerable to distortion, and that the period of compensating for the cut part is longer. According to the OPI result shows that the first station has significant difference (P<0.05) as compared to the sconed and third stations wish did not difference.

The world, including Iraq, suffer from the opportunity to obtain water sources, involves
groundwater which is necessary for daily uses, agriculture and industry, it face many problems of
environmental pollution, climate changes and the increasing in demand due to growth in population
.Groundwater is a source that present inside the voids and fractures in the rocks and various soils
under the surface of the earth forming water reservoirs which can be investigated and detected to be
used later to satisfy the needs of humanity. Geophysics is a branch of geological science, it based
on the theories of physics and their applications to detect the materials that make up the earth,
including groundwater, so it is necessary to explain the foundations of the different methods
necessary for those working in this field, geophysical research representation especially those who
conducted electromagnetic, electrical and self-potential methods have proven that they are good
and effective in detecting the locations, distribution and depth of groundwater